Since modern times，Due to the rise of the Western world，Colonialism is not only in politics、Economic and military dominates the world，Historical writing methods with colonial colors are also selected by materials、Symposium、The thickness of the pen and ink makes the truth of the world history confusing，Leave many suspension cases。For example，In the existing historical writing，"Pacific Silk Road" has some complex phenomena: on the one hand，The original path of freedom and equality has increased the background of the "colonialism" with violence and crushing as the essence of the essence; on the other hand,，There is also a comprehensive historical writing，The "Pacific Silk Road" lost historical truth。We think，"Pacific Silk Road" should avoid being simply defined as the "Manila bet365 Play online games sailing boat" in the context of the Spanish colonialism.，Instead, an equal freedom of economic and cultural exchanges jointly created by Pacific countries。Clarify historical facts，Constructing the concept and discourse system of Chinese history，It can fully unveil the historical facts obscured by the West，Refining the true connotation and historical truth of the "Pacific Silk Road"。

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In the era of colonialism，Facing the violent invasion and colonial plunder of the Western powers，The economy and culture of the looting nation still shows strong vitality。The political promoter behind the "Pacific Silk Road" is Western powers represented by Spain，and its carrier and main body are countries that are looted and squeezed by colonialism around the Pacific Ocean、Region and the people。These countries and regions include China、Japan、Philippines、Mexico and Peru, etc., are comparable to the Ming and Qing dynasties or the people of modern nation countries and peoples and their people，They are the founders and builders of the "Pacific Silk Road"。

The "Pacific Silk Road" in the context of colonialism is an ordinary thing in the concept of Spanish scholars。"Spain's Silver Age in the Far East" pointed out: They are concerned about characters from the silver from the American colonies，and the path of getting silver in the middle of the 16th century。These silver mainly come from Mexico and Peru in the Americas，Some of the silver circles of Spain circulate in Europe，Others bet365 best casino games flow into China or other places。This historical writing，I can't find the regrets and sins of colonialism at all，The exploitation and oppression of colonialism seems to be the righteousness。

Is the historical facts so bland? European colonialists represented by Spain are the development path of its capitalism through political oppression and economic exploitation.。"The Fourth History of the Americas or the World" published in the 16th century "Indian workers in Potori Silver Mine Mine，Truely records the many scenarios of the Spaniard found silver mines in South America and brutally exploit and squeeze the local Indians。It is based on this kind of labor，16th -century South American Peru's silver output accounts for 61%of the world，Colonial plunder for European countries such as Spain enriches resources。

From the second half of the 16th century to 250 years in the early 19th century，Most of the products running round -trip operations of large sailing boats are:，Most of the transported products from Chinese silk and porcelain，Most of them are the silver absorbed by China，Manila just serves as the American silk and silk fabrics in China and the intermediary of China ’s silver demand。Not only that，The construction and maintenance of the Manila sailing boat is mostly done by the Chinese。Manila big sailboat is actually the Chinese sailing boat，Only the colonial background and the lingering colonialist bloody smell of colonialist background。

The main body of the navigation trade of Manila sailing is Chinese。Colonialism in Spain is background，producers of large sailing and its products、Workers of the commercial trade of the big sailboat are also Chinese，Chinese talents are the main body of the Manila sailing trade。American scholars point out，1571 after Spanish conquered the Philippines，Building a route from Manila to Mexico to European routes，The famous "Great Triangle Trade"，This is the beginning of the road of silver。You must pay attention to，The earliest promotion of this trade originated from China，It is China's silver demand and overseas trade that has promoted the establishment of the world's first trading system。

What is the contribution of Spain? Professor Han Qi pointed out，1565 The trade routes of the Philippines and Western America colonies were opened，once unblocked free trade between China through the Philippines and America，But the good times are not long。This trade has impacted the original trade of the bet365 live casino games Son of Spain in the Americas，and leading to the flow of silver in the Americas to Asian countries，At the same time, it is not conducive to local colonial colonization and industrial and agricultural development of the Philippines。So，Starting from 1593，The Philippine colonies in Spain, Spain, promulgated a series of decree，In addition to making various regulations on trade with China，Also restricted the big sailing trade，Gradually formed a set of trade monopoly systems。Due to the disadvantages of the trade monopoly itself，Coupled with the challenges of other Western countries，Finally leading to the end of the sailing trade。colonialism in countries such as Spain，Not only brings exploitation and plunder to the "Pacific Silk Road"，It has also become the endor of the "Pacific Silk Road"。

　East Asia Economic and Trade Evolution to the Mutual System

The establishment of the Daming Dynasty in China in 1368，Gradually formed a Chinese -centric East Asian DPRK tribute trading system，This system has become the main theme of mutual communication between China and its neighboring countries and regions in terms of politics and economy。After the middle of the Ming Dynasty，This situation has gradually changed，The "Treaty System" in the "tribute system" is a "treaty system"，Economically "mutual market system"。

Where is the root of the East Asian Mutual System? We believe that，It should be the germination of the "Division and Folding Silver" in the early Ming Dynasty in many villages，The new economic and trade system and financial system that bred silver monetized moves to the international market。In essence，The "tribute system" with the "tribute system" with the main body of the Daming Dynasty in the mid -14th century to the "Mutual City System" in the mid -16th century，Among them, silver、Silk、Tea、Sperm and other products，Especially silver is the main carrier of exchanges with each other，It passed Mongolia、Russia、Spain、Portuguese and its silver producer producers of the American colonies spread to Europe、America and even the whole world，The trade system of the world economy has been changed as a whole、Commodity structure and financial system，Constructing the market trade economy and financial system of the modern world，Historical forms of economic and cultural exchanges of neighboring countries around the Pacific Ocean。

Nakajima movement thinks，The fundamental of the Ming Dynasty tribute system formed at the end of the 14th century lies in，In bet365 best casino games terms of foreign trade in the Ming Dynasty and the surrounding countries, the tribute trade of the tribute to the DPRK，Folk trade is strictly prohibited。This tribute system reached its peak in the early 15th century，The mid -15th century started to shake gradually，In the waters -inland surrounding areas，Guangzhou, outside the tribute trade、The rapid development of the mutual market in Suzhou。mid -16th century，Due to Mongolia、The plundering of the pirates and the expansion of private private trade，The tribute trading system has gradually collapsed，Around 1570，The Ming Dynasty had to publicly recognize the legitimacy of Chinese businessmen to Southeast Asia and the establishment of trade with Mongolian Mongolian City。That is, "the reconstruction of this trading system has triggered the inflow of overseas silver brought by the opening of the new route of Portugal and Spain，A trade order coexisting in a variety of business channels，The formation of the 1570 -year system "。1570 -year system，"Mutual City System" transformed from the "tribute system"。China ’s demand for silver and the needs of Western countries such as Pacific Ocean and even Western countries such as silk and tea，Become the inherent motivation of "Road to East Asia" and changing the world price mechanism and economic system。

East Asia Trade Mutual Municipal Trade System originated from the demand for the gradual economic structure of Chinese folk internal economic structure。Land buying and selling contract documents during Hongwu to Chenghua years，Prove that almost all land trading in more than 100 years has been used as a transaction currency，It confirms the development process of silver from bottom to the bottom，that is, silver rises to the private market，Not the result of national laws。Public society uses a lot of silver transactions，Make China have a huge silver demand，It also made the Ming government start to "support the silver" from top to bottom，to meet the country's demand for silver。All this，The root of the road formed by the world of silver business。The demand for silver in China has inspired the silver trade of folk silver trade with neighboring countries such as Japan。In the late 1960s，The Ming Dynasty greatly eased the previous implementation of the sea ban policy，But still strictly prohibit Japanese Japan，Many Chinese -sea merchants in order to seek Japanese silver，Secret departure to Kyushu。At this time，Silver trade in surrounding Japanese bet365 Play online games countries also depends on Japan，They all through Japan through Japan through the trade path established by Fujian and Southeast Asia，From Chinese sea merchants to abroad to implement mutual markets，Therefore, the Chinese call it "to the city"。Many island nations in the Pacific Ocean and surrounding areas，Mongolia and Russia also played an important role。At that time, the Nanyang ban was lifted by the sea area，Inland areas established the border trade with Russia based on the "Chakt Treaty Treaty"。So，Mongolia and Russia are also one of the important paths that East Asian trade affects the entire world。

In the process of the formation and development of East Asian trade with the entire world trade and economic and financial system,，Professor Fan Jinmin thinks，The huge amount of silver input，Change China's currency circulation。Japanese scholars think，During the formation of the mutual market system in 1570，Asian waters at the same time as the Indian Ocean、Atlantic、Pacific Connection，It is a sign of epoch -making world economy。China is both the starting point of both East Asian trade and the three major ocean economic and cultural exchanges.，is to change the entire world's commercial trade、Price Mechanism、Many natural and social forces of the financial structure and economic system。

　　"Folding and Folding Silver" and China's silvermonetization and internationalization

Many facts and archives literature indicates，The root cause of silver monetization comes from the special economic phenomenon of "Ending and Folding Silver" in the wealthy countryside of China。"Folding and Folding Silver" from the countryside to the city，From local to court，Silently changing the existence of Chinese currency and its economic trade。We think，The "Effect and Folding Silver" of the countryside of China has led to silver monetization and its internationalization。The powerful driving force from the Daming Dynasty，Change East Asia、Asian Europe and Europe and the United States，and even the entire world commercial trade、Financial system and economic structure，and directly lead to the arrival of the "price revolution" era。

The reason why "Division and Folding Bank" change China's currency and economic system，Mainly due to the arrival of China's rural agricultural economy and trade methods and the era of "dwellers"。Ming Hongwu Nine years (1376)，Taizu "Ling the people with silver、Banking Qian silk loses this year's rental tax "。In fact，The Bet365 app download phenomenon of "tax folding silver" in the early Ming Dynasty。Chenghua era，The phenomenon of "discounting silver with service" has sprouted。Chenghua era，"Folding silver with service" is more common，The Ministry of Industry issued a law of craftsmen with a silver service: "The rotary craftsman will be willing to get silver，Each one monthly silver nine money，Free to Beijing，The category of the company 赉 赉，Approval of workers in the Ministry。""，In particular, the proposal and implementation of the "one whip method" from 1530-1581，"Folding and Folding Silver" has achieved comprehensive popularity nationwide from the countryside to the royal family。

Check out according to Professor Wan Ming，Land trading transactions in Huizhou area from the beginning of the Ming Dynasty to Chenghua revealed the unusual development trajectory of the Ming Dynasty silver monetization: The monetization of silver in the Ming Dynasty was the beginning of the Liberal people，to Chenghua、After Hongzhi, it was only recognized for officials and started from bottom to the ground。to the middle of the Ming Dynasty，According to Mr. Liang Fangzhong checked，This period of the Ming Dynasty silver inventory was only 734450 two。Enter the trough when it arrives in Longqing，Silver monetization can no longer meet the needs of domestic commerce。End of Chenghua，that is, after 1480，The Ming Dynasty entered a large number of imported silver。It is estimated，From 1480 to 1600，Fiscal demand 3 million two，Long -distance trade demand 2 million -35 million two，Grassroots market demand 8 million -14 million two，greatly increased since then，Urgently need to be imported。According to relevant statistics，1550 years，Nearly 3 million silver from the United States from the United States in Europe; by 1800，China imported from Europe 18 million silver in Western America。In related trade with other countries，Silver also occupies an absolute proportion。1677，Other goods that are transported into China in East India, the United Kingdom, are 2110 two，while silver is 4778 two，The proportion is 65%; by 1749，Imported other goods is 1845 two，while silver is 80,000，The proportion is 97%。It is also exactly the import of silver in China and the economy entered the trough，Under the circumstances where British silver exports are exhausted but economic rise，Only the opium trade and the Opium War that funeral and humiliated the country appeared。

It can be said，"Manila bet365 Play online games sailing boat" in the context of colonialism、The common opening of the "Indo -Pacific route" of modern East Asia Trade and the China -Malaysia -Malaysia，and "Effect Folding Silver" as the root，The same time belongs to a era and is closely linked with China as the main body，It is an important element that constitutes the "Pacific Silk Road"。China is the founder of the main birthplace of international business resources and the development and construction of the route，is the core and subject of it，and Japan、Malaysia、Philippines、Mexican and Peru and other countries and their peoples to jointly bear the historical mission of the "Pacific Silk Road" construction and development。

　(This article is the major project of major historical issues of the National Social Science Fund China History Research Institute of China History Research Institute "'' Pacific Silk Road 'archives' archives" (LSYZD21017) phase

(The author is a professor at the School of History of Nanjing University、Vice President of the Chinese World Modern History Research Association、Chief Expert of the Institute of Research Institute of Nanjing University Belt and Road Institute)