Since modern times，Due to the rise app bet365 download Western world，Colonialism is not only in politics、Dominate the world in economic and military aspects，The historical writing method with colonialism is also used in the selection of materials、Tilt of point of view、The shades of pen and ink make the truth of world history confusing，Leaving many unsolved cases。For example，In the existing history writing，There are some complicated phenomena in the “Pacific Silk Road”: on the one hand，The original path of freedom and equality has added the background of "colonialism" with violence and oppression as its inherent essence；On the other hand，There are also historical writings that are partial and complete，Making the “Pacific Silk Road” lose its historical truth。We think，The "Pacific Silk Road" should avoid being simply defined as a large trade route like the "Manila Galleon" in the context of Spanish colonialism，It is a path of equality and freedom of economic and cultural exchanges jointly created by the countries around the Pacific。Clear historical facts，Constructing the concept and discourse system of Chinese history，It can fully reveal the historical facts that have been obscured by the West，Restore the true connotation and historical truth app bet365 download “Pacific Silk Road”。

　　Who is the real founder app bet365 download “Pacific Silk Road”

In the era of colonialism，Facing the violent invasion and colonial plunder of Western powers，The economy and culture app bet365 download plundered nations still show strong vitality。The political driving force behind the "Pacific Silk Road" is the Western powers represented by Spain，The carrier and subject are the countries around the Pacific that have been plundered and exploited by colonialism、Regions and People。These countries and regions include China、Japan、Philippines、Dynasties equivalent to the Ming and Qing dynasties such as Mexico and Peru or modern nation-states and regions and their people，They are the founders and builders app bet365 download “Pacific Silk Road”。

The "Pacific Silk Road" in the context of colonialism is a trivial matter in the minds of Spanish scholars。The article "Spain's app bet365 download Age in the Far East" pointed out: They focused on the role of app bet365 download from the American colonies，And the path to app bet365 download in the mid-16th century。This app bet365 download mainly comes from Mexico and Peru in the Americas，Some of them became Spanish app bet365 download coins and circulated in Europe，Others flow into China or other places。Such historical writing，Can’t find the shortcomings and evils of colonialism at all，The exploitation and oppression of colonialism seems to be natural。

Are historical facts really so ordinary?？The European colonialists represented by Spain promoted their capitalist development path through political oppression and economic exploitation。Illustration "Indian Workers Mining in the app bet365 download Mines of Potosi" from "The History of America or the World Part Four" published in the 16th century，True records of the Spanish discovery of app bet365 download mines in Bolivia, South America and the brutal exploitation and oppression of local Indians。It is based on this kind of work，In the 16th century, South America and Peru accounted for 61% of the world’s app bet365 download production，Enriched resources for the colonial plunder of Spain and other European countries。

250 years from the second half of the 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century，Most of the goods transported by large sailing ships are as follows: from Manila to the port of Acapulco in the Americas，Most of the goods shipped are silk, porcelain and other goods from China，Most of the app bet365 download shipped back is app bet365 download absorbed by China，Manila only acted as an intermediary for America’s silk and silk fabrics to China and China’s demand for America’s app bet365 download。Not only that，The construction and repair of the Manila galleon were mostly done by the Chinese。The Manila galleon is actually a Chinese galleon，What belongs to Spain is only the background of colonialism and the lingering bloody smell of colonialism。

The main body of the Manila galleon sailing trade is the Chinese。Spanish colonialism is the background，Producers of galleons and their merchandise、The workers in the galleon’s commercial trade are also Chinese，Chinese talents are the main body of the Manila galleon trade。American scholar pointed out，After Spain conquered the Philippines in 1571，Constructed a route from Manila to Acapulco, Mexico and then to Europe，The famous "Grand Triangle Trade"，This is the beginning of the road to app bet365 download。What must be noted is，The earliest driving force for this trade came from China，It was China’s app bet365 download demand and overseas trade that promoted the establishment of the world’s first trading system。

What is Spain’s contribution？Professor Han Qi pointed out，After the trade route between the Philippines and Spanish American colonies was opened in 1565，It once smoothed free trade between China and the Americas through the Philippines，But the good times did not last long。This trade impacted the original trade of Spain, the sovereign country, in the Americas，And caused American app bet365 download to flow to Asian countries，At the same time, it is not conducive to the colonial expansion and industrial and agricultural development of the Philippines。Therefore，Since 1593，Spain, the sovereign state of the Philippine colony, issued a series of decrees，In addition to various regulations on trade with China，Restrictions were also placed on the trade of galleons，Gradually formed a complete trade monopoly system。Due to the shortcomings of trade monopoly itself，Plus challenges from other Western countries，Eventually leading to the end of the galleon trade。Colonialism in Spain and other countries，Not only brought exploitation and plunder to the "Pacific Silk Road"，Also became the terminator of the “Pacific Silk Road”。

　The evolution of East Asian economic and app bet365 download towards a mutual market system

　The establishment app bet365 download Ming Dynasty in China in 1368，The East Asian tribute trade system centered on China has gradually formed，This system has become the main theme of mutual exchanges between China and its surrounding countries and regions in terms of politics and economy。After the mid-Ming Dynasty，This situation has gradually changed，What succeeded the "tributary system" in politics was the "treaty system"，Economically, it is a "mutual market system"。

What are the roots of the formation of the East Asian mutual market system？We think，It should be the beginning of the "taxation and app bet365 download payment" in many villages in the early Ming Dynasty，The new economic trade system and financial system that nurtures the monetization of app bet365 download are moving towards the international market。Essentially，The transformation from the "tributary system" dominated by China's Ming Dynasty in the mid-to-late 14th century to the "mutual market system" in the mid-to-late 16th century，Of which app bet365 download、Silk、Tea、Spices and other commodities，In particular, app bet365 download is the main carrier of mutual exchange，It passes through Mongolia、Russia、Spain、The app bet365 download producers of Portugal and its American colonies spread to Europe、America and the whole world，The trading system that changed the world economy as a whole、Commodity Structure and Financial System，Constructing the market trade economy and financial system of the modern world，It has become a historical form of economic and cultural exchanges between countries around the Pacific。

Nakajima Movement Thought，The foundation of the Ming Dynasty’s tribute system formed at the end of the 14th century is，In terms of external trade, the unification of tribute trade between the Ming Dynasty and neighboring countries，Private trade is strictly prohibited。This tribute system reached its peak in the early 15th century，It began to waver in the mid-15th century，In the sea area-inland surrounding area，Guangzhou outside the tribute trade、Suzhou’s mutual market develops rapidly。Mid 16th century，Due to Mongolia、The plunder of Japanese pirates and the expansion of private trade，The tribute trade system has gradually collapsed，around 1570，The Ming Dynasty had to publicly recognize the legality of Chinese merchants going to Southeast Asia and establishing mutual trade with Mongolia。That is, "The restructuring of this trading system triggered the inflow of overseas app bet365 download brought about by the opening of new shipping routes between Portugal and Spain，A trade order in which multiple trade channels coexist，That is, the formation of the system in 1570"。1570 system，That is, the "mutual market system" transformed from the "tribute system"。China’s demand for app bet365 download and Japan and other Pacific peripheral countries and even Western countries’ demand for commodities such as silk and tea，Become the internal driving force to pave the "East Asia Trade Road" and change the world price mechanism and economic system。

The mutual trading system of East Asia originated from the needs of the gradual change of China’s private internal economic structure。Land sales contract documents from Hongwu to Chenghua years，Proof that almost all land sales for more than a hundred years used app bet365 download as transaction currency，Confirms the development process of app bet365 download’s bottom-up monetization，That is, the rise of app bet365 download in the private market，Not the result of the implementation of national laws。Civil society uses app bet365 download trading extensively，causing huge demand for app bet365 download in China，It also caused the Ming Dynasty government to start "extracting money from taxes and servitude" from top to bottom，To meet the country’s demand for app bet365 download。All this，It is the root of the formation of the world’s app bet365 download business road。China’s private demand for app bet365 download has stimulated private app bet365 download trade with Japan and other neighboring countries。In the late 1660s，The Ming Dynasty greatly eased the previous maritime ban policy，But it is still strictly prohibited to go to Japan，Many Chinese maritime merchants seek Japanese app bet365 download，Secret departure to Kyushu。At this time，The app bet365 download trade of Japan’s surrounding countries also depends on Japan，They all used Japan to establish trade routes with their app bet365 download and other commodities through Fujian and Southeast Asia，Chinese maritime merchants go abroad to implement mutual trade overseas，So the Chinese call it "going to the market"。In addition to many island countries in and around the Pacific Ocean，Mongolia and Russia also played an important role。At that time, the Nanyang ban was lifted in the sea area，Inland areas established border trade with Russia according to the Treaty of Kyakhta。Therefore，Mongolia and Russia are also one of the important paths through which East Asian trade affects the entire world。

In the process of the formation and development of East Asia trade, with China as the main body and affecting the entire world trade and economic and financial system，Professor Fan Jinmin thinks，Input of huge amounts of app bet365 download，Changing China’s currency circulation。Japanese scholars believe，During the formation of the mutual market system in 1570，Asian waters and Indian Ocean at the same time、Atlantic、Connected by the Pacific Ocean，It is a symbol of the formation of the world economy with epoch-making significance。China is both the starting point and the end point of East Asian trade and economic and cultural exchanges in the three oceans，It is changing the entire world business and trade、Price mechanism、The birthplace of many natural and social forces of financial structures and economic systems。

　　The relationship between "taxes and servitude in exchange for app bet365 download" and Chinese app bet365 downloadapp bet365 download and Internationalization

Many facts and archival documents show that，The root of app bet365 download monetization comes from the special economic phenomenon of "taxation and labor exchange for app bet365 download" in wealthy rural areas in China。“Tax and labor in exchange for app bet365 download” from the countryside to the city，From the local area to the imperial court，Silently changing the way China’s currency and its economy and trade exist。We think，The "taxation and labor exchange for app bet365 download" in rural China has led to the monetization and internationalization of app bet365 download。The powerful driving force from the Ming Dynasty，Changed East Asia、Asia, Europe and America，Even the entire world business trade、Financial system and economic structure，And directly lead to the arrival of the era of "price revolution"。

The reason why "taxes and labor are exchanged for app bet365 download" changed China's currency and economic system，Mainly due to China’s rural agricultural economy and trade methods and the arrival of the era of “taxes and labor in exchange for app bet365 download”。The ninth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1376)，Taizu "ordered the people to use app bet365 download"、Cash money and silk to pay this year’s tax”。In fact，In the early Ming Dynasty, the phenomenon of "taxation for app bet365 download" already existed。Xuande period，The phenomenon of "exchanging app bet365 download with service" has begun to sprout。Chenghua Era，"Exchanging labor for app bet365 download" is more common，The Ministry of Industry issued a decree for craftsmen to use app bet365 download as a substitute for labor: "Shift craftsmen who are willing to pay for their work，Each person pays nine coins per month，Exemption from going to Beijing，The company is worthy of the title，Go to the ministry for approval。"after"，Especially the proposal and implementation of the "One Whip Method" from 1530 to 1581，The "tax payment for app bet365 download" has been fully popularized across the country from the countryside to the royal family。

Based on Professor Wan Ming’s research，The land sales and transactions in the Huizhou area from the early Ming Dynasty to the Chenghua period reveal the unusual development trajectory of app bet365 download monetization in the Ming Dynasty: the monetization of app bet365 download in the Ming Dynasty began among the private sector，To Chenghua、It was only officially recognized after Hongzhi and launched from the bottom up。By the middle of Ming Dynasty，According to Mr. Liang Fangzhong’s research，The app bet365 download inventory of the Ming Dynasty during this period was only 734,450 taels。When it reaches Longqing, it enters a trough，app bet365 download monetization can no longer meet the needs of domestic commerce。The last years of Chenghua，i.e. after 1480，The Ming Dynasty entered the era of importing large quantities of app bet365 download。Estimated，From 1480 to 1600，Financial demand 3 million taels，Long-distance trade demand 2 million-3.5 million taels，The grassroots market demand is 8 million to 14 million taels，Significant increase since then，In urgent need of import。According to relevant statistics，1550，Nearly 3 million taels of app bet365 download from Spanish America passed through Europe；In 1800，China imported 18 million taels of app bet365 download from Spanish America via Europe。In related trade with other countries，app bet365 download also occupies an absolute proportion。1677，Other goods shipped into China by the British East India Company were 2110 taels，And app bet365 download is 4778 taels，The ratio is 65%；In 1749，Import of other goods is 1845 taels，And app bet365 download is 80,000 taels，97%。It was also when China imported a large amount of app bet365 download that the economy entered a trough，When British app bet365 download exports are exhausted but the economy is rising，Only then did the opium trade and opium wars appear, which were humiliating and humiliating the country。

It can be said，“Manila Galleon” in the context of colonialism、The joint development of modern East Asian trade routes and the China-Malaysia “Indo-Pacific route”，And the root cause of "taxation and labor exchange"，Both belong to the same era and are all centered on China and are closely connected，Is an important element app bet365 download "Pacific Silk Road"。China is the birthplace of major international business resources and the creator of sea route development and construction，is the core and main body，With Japan、Malaysia、Philippines、Countries such as Mexico and Peru and their peoples jointly shoulder the historical mission of building and developing the "Pacific Silk Road"。

　(This article is a phased result app bet365 download National Social Science Foundation of China’s Institute of Chinese History Research on Major Historical Issues Research Project “Compilation and Research of Archival Documents on the ‘Pacific Silk Road’” (LSYZD21017))

(The author is a professor at the School of History, Nanjing University、Vice President of China World Modern History Research Association、Chief expert app bet365 download Belt and Road Research Institute of Nanjing University)