In recent years，With the diffusion of political and cultural research and the in -depth research of the global era of international relations，"Friendship" as a political concept began to cause widespread attention。In modern English，We often use "Friendship" to translate in ancient Greecetwo concepts of "amicitia" in ancient Rome。But in fact, regardless of extension or connotation，The latter two are very different from the "friendship" understood by modern people。The difference between the concept of "friendship" in ancient times，First of all, you need to clarify the basic understanding of modern people's "friendship"。

One of the classic expressions of modern friendship comes from the 16th century French Renaissance writer Monada。In the article commemorating a friend Labehi，Mengtian expresses friendship as "Frequent interactions and intimate relationships connected by the opportunity of the mind"。Friendship is similar to miracles in fate。Because friendship is based on private emotional connections，Therefore, friends who should deal with each other between friends are convinced，Actively respond and support any of the other party。

Mengtian quoted such an ancient Roman case。After Tibi Lau Glagu was judged in the name of a coup，His friend Blosius was interrogated by the ruling consultant Lelius。The former claims when self -defense，The attachment to Grago is due to his respect and friendship，Think that you "should do everything you want to do"。When Lellyus asked him if he would do unrighteous things like the sacred Capiteli mountain for friends，Broscius argued that he never received a similar command，But if the other party insists，I will obey。

This incident was originally recorded in the short theory of ancient Roman writer Cissero's "On Friendship"。Cyysor's mouth borrowed Lylus severely criticized the answer of Broscusus，Think that a real friend will not do not righteous for friends，Because "friendship is from the trust of a Bet365 lotto review person's virtue，If you abandon virtue，Friendship will be difficult to survive "，The crime committed by friends "No forgiveness can be said"。Comments on Ceaseo，Mengtian disagrees -just the opposite，Mengtian uses the same incident，Refueing the point of view of Sissero。From the perspective of Mengtian，Real friends should have a deep belief in each other's will，Because of their "consistent spiritual pace，Admire each other "，Therefore, "The intention and opinion of friends will not doubt"。"If their behavior is not coordinated"，So "They are no longer friends"。Based on this letter，Mengtian believes that Blosius's answer is worthy of recognition，Instead of being himself，"Answer like this"。

Mengtian's comment on Ceaseo's view，It has preliminarily revealed the change experienced during the transformation of friendship。Friendship as a concept of personal emotional relationship，Far far away from the classic friendship view in the classical period。Mengtian regards the profound beliefs of friends' will as the basis of friendship，And Cissero believes that the establishment and maintenance of friendship must be based on the persistence of virtue。To further understand the difference between classical friendship concept and modern friendship view，We need to return to the classic discussion of classical text。

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One of the classic descriptions of friendship in classical works comes from Aristotle's "Niger Marco Ethics"，Political friendship is the main category of its analysis。From the perspective of Aristotle，Friendship can be divided into three categories，Based on interests、Happy and good。The maintenance of the first two kinds of friendship depends on the usefulness of friends for themselves，Once "useless" friendship will disappear,，Therefore, it is not permanent。"Complete friendship is a good person and a person who is similar in virtue"，The premise is that both are "good people"。The difference between the two friendship and the previous two is，This kind of friendship is not for the purpose of satisfying self -demand，Instead, "I hope he is good because of each other because of each other，bet365 live casino games And they are all good people "。For them，Friends are another self，The good love for friends is the love for your own good，The expectations and help of friends virtue also dedicated to the completeness of their own virtue。This kind of friendship produced out of "good" is different from "love": the latter is similar to an emotion，And friendship "seems to be a quality"。"When a good person becomes his friend，A person gets a kind of good "，This is "the most obvious among good people"。The relationship between this friendship not only serves the realization of their respective human nature，and from the appreciation of each other、Recognition and perfect。Therefore, the friendship between good people not only exists between private，but have public attributes，The basis for achieving a fair life in the ideal city -state。Compared with it is Mengtian's classification of friendship。In "On Friendship"，He believes "There are four kinds of friendship since ancient times: blood margin、Social、The love of the guests and the love of men and women "。This classification method is different from Aristotle，The latter uses the conditions and purposes of friendship to divide the standard，The classification of Mengtian is expanded with the object of friendship。But in Mengtian's view，These four kinds of friendship are all considered "not in line with" the friendship he defined，Because they are mixed with "other reasons other than itself、Purpose and interests "，"Real Friendship" should be the product of "free will"，"Water and milk blending" of each other's will。This means，Friendship is limited to the field of free individuals and private contacts，The dimension of good and virtue is completely excluded from the definition of friendship，Friendship as the foundation of public life has become incomprehensible。

Classic discussions of Cisa Luo's friendship issues are represented by its "On Friendship"。This conversation may be completed in 44 BC，recorded a dialogue about friendship heard by Bu Guan Sikwalla in a memories。The content of the conversation is based on the death of Xiao Xizia in 129 BC，It is mainly composed of his friend Lelius's bet365 Play online games speech on friendship，Therefore, also known as "Lellyus Theory of Friendship"。​​Based on the discussion of Aristotle，Siciser further limits the scope of friendship，Think that "friendship can only exist between good people"，The legitimate way to associate friendship should not be due to its own shortcomings and demand for others，Instead, you should "first be a good person，Then find a friend who is similar to his own quality "。This is because of，"Naturally let friendship as an assistant to virtue，instead of the same conspiracy，Because virtue cannot achieve the highest realm that it has longed alone，to make it associate with friendship、Combination，To achieve it "。It is precisely because the premise of friendship is not "use"，and "virtue"，Therefore, when "virtue shows yourself，Radial glory，and can see and recognize the same glory in another person，Let yourself be close to it，When you accept the glory of each other's performance "，Some kind of "or love、or something called friendship "will be born。So why，The conclusion of friendship cannot be based on accidental or emotional dependencies，The premise must be based on the inspection of the other party: "A person should judge first，then love，Don't love it first，Then judge。"Due to the similarity on virtue，Real friends seem to be "self -image"。

Whether it is Aristotle or Sissero，All regard virtue as the basic prerequisite for the establishment of friendship。This view is in sharp contrast to the modern friendship concept with private emotional connection since Mengtian。but，Cisero clearly defines the boundary between himself and those "philosophers" in his expression，worthy of attention。

　　Friendship and Community:Siciser's definition of "goodness"

Although the emphasis on virtue seems to be in the same vein with Aristotle，Danicero's definition of morality and "good people" is different。In the conversation of "On Friendship"，Lelius shows that he is different from "those philosophers who make your definition too accurate"。The latter defines "good" on the basis of "wisdom"，Good people are people who love and pursue wisdom itself。This "real friendship" is manifested bet365 live casino games by the spiritual equality that good people get after contemplation and "harmony consistency"。and Lelius written by Sissero made an objection，Think of "wisdom" is not the quality that can be achieved by mortals in real life。The definition of good people should therefore follow the standard of "general views"，That is the "loyalty、Positive、Fair and generous "、Those who do not receive desires and are "perseverance"。Similar to this，Morality as the foundation of friendship should also be "explained with daily life and our language"，instead of "Measure it with gorgeous words like some people who have some knowledge"。

In the eyes of Sissero，The definition of virtue does not necessarily come from the common pursuit of wisdom，The virtue specified and recognized by tradition and customs。The maintenance of the relationship between friends is not based on the "good" and justice of Logis's sense of "goodness" and justice，It is based on the adherence to the public ethics order recognized by the law of the law of Xi Zhuan，Taking the maintenance of national interests (in action) is limited。This position of Cissero on friendship view，Thinking of the relationship between philosophical authority and political authority may be related。Cisa Luo claims the dialogue in the article，The exposition of these philosophical views is based on the actual experience in Roman political life，Thinking that the wisdom that "No mortal has already achieved" is not worth investigating，should "examine things that exist in practice and daily life"，The most noble "wisdom" is "useful to the country"。

So why，Siciser sets the rules of "Don't ask friends to do bad things" for friendship，"Especially the rebellion"，To "prevent all incidents that disturb the country"，To avoid "the road that we can choose for us and our ancestors"，For this, people should ignore love，"And a friend who betrayed the country with one knife and two breaks"。From this perspective of Sello's severe condemnation of Grago against the "rebel party" in Blosius，Its dissatisfaction is actually not because the latter's attitude towards friendship shows "unknown"，but because of "Unprofessional": "Bet365 app download Burning Carpitley", the charged crime behind it has nothing to do with wisdom，Refers to the betrayal of the Roman national order and the gods of the gods。Therefore，Cezero borrowed Lylius's mouth to warn the way，Do not fight against your country for loyalty to friends: "Similar like -mindedness between evil people cannot cover up with friendship as an excuse，And should be punished，so that no one thinks that it is allowed to follow or even the friends who have launched a war to the motherland。"Although the thinking about friendship is still based on goodness and virtue，Danico's discussion has reflected the different thinking of the "good" problem with the Greek philosopher。This difference reveals the tension of the relationship between the philosopher and the community。

Compared with the modern friendship view represented by Mengtian，Friendship concept of classical period emphasizes the basic role of virtue in the establishment and maintenance of friendship，Think that real friendship should be based on virtue's attraction to each other，instead of real use or individual emotional connection。but，Aristotle's friendship concept with the friendship between Sissero's friendship view，This reveals the different aspects shown in the philosophical thinking of "friendship" to a certain extent。

Aristotle lives in Greece in the 4th century BC，Just the growth of the Northern Empire forces，and when the life of the city -state is facing a falling analysis。The disintegration of the value of the city -state life，It is often blamed on the philosophers who stabbed the real political community because of the pursuit of wisdom and "ideal country"。Although Aristotle discusses the connection between friendship in the life of city -state，But rather than defending real political life，It is better to outline the outline about the order of justice in the ideal city -state，It is an anti -刍 for the pain of the lives of the real city。，The harm caused by the escape from the community life to the individual's contemplation to the city -state，At that time, the small town -state on the Pingning Peninsula on the Yuanyan Ya did not cause much impact。Until the Sissero period，Bet365 lotto review Rome grows from unknown land to the huge empire that is shrouded in the Mediterranean.。Under the guard of the powerful legion，Rome launched a collision with the Greek world with its strict guardian order，But the trend of disintegration has not yet been revealed。In the classic discussion represented by Sissero，The establishment of friendship is considered to be based on the basic principles of adherence to the Roman countries and traditional order，Not completely based on the contemplation of "goodness" and virtue in the Greek philosophy of philosophy。This classic discussion，It can be used as an observing the expansion of the Roman Republic in the Mediterranean world，Especially one of the important references of communication with Greece。

　(The author is the post -doctoral post of Tsinghua University of Tsinghua University)