In recent years，With the spread of the influence of political culture research and the deepening of international relations research in the era of globalization，“bet365 sign up bonus code” as a political concept begins to attract more and more widespread attention。in modern English，We often translate "bet365 sign up bonus code" into ancient GreekThe two concepts of "amicitia" in ancient Rome。But in fact, both denotation and connotation，The latter two are very different from the modern understanding of "bet365 sign up bonus code"。To understand the difference from the ancient concept of "bet365 sign up bonus code"，First of all, we need to clarify modern people’s basic understanding of “bet365 sign up bonus code”。

One of the classic expressions of modern bet365 sign up bonus code comes from the 16th-century French Renaissance writer Montaigne。In an article in memory of my friend La Boehi，Montaigne described bet365 sign up bonus code as “frequent intercourse and intimacy linked by the opportunity of spiritual communion”。bet365 sign up bonus code is like a miracle in destiny。Precisely because bet365 sign up bonus code is based on personal emotional connections，Therefore, friends should have deep faith in each other’s will，Respond positively and support everything the other party does。

Montaigne quoted such an ancient Roman case in his article。After Tiberius Gracchus was sentenced for a coup，His friend Blosius was interrogated by the governing advisor Laelius。The former claimed in self-defense，My rebellion against Gracchus was out of respect and bet365 sign up bonus code for him，Believe that you "should do everything Gracchus wishes to do"。And when Laelius asked him if he would do something unjust for his friends, such as burning the sacred Capitoline Hill，Blossius argued that he had never received such an order，But if the other party insists，I will obey myself。

This event was originally recorded in the short treatise "On bet365 sign up bonus code" by the ancient Roman writer Cicero。Cicero used Laelius to severely criticize Blosius’ answer，Believe that a true friend will not do unjust things for his friends，Because "bet365 sign up bonus code is based on trust in a person's virtue，If you abandon your virtue，It will be difficult for bet365 sign up bonus code to survive”，There is no forgiveness for crimes committed for friends。Comments on Cicero，Montaigne disagrees—quite the opposite，Montaigne relied on the same incident，A refutation of Cicero’s views。In Montaigne’s opinion，True friends should have deep faith in each other’s will，Because they are "spiritually in sync"，Admire each other”，Therefore "there is no doubt about the intentions and opinions of friends"。"If their behavior is uncoordinated"，Then "they are no longer friends"。Based on this belief，Montaigne believes that Brosius’s answer is worthy of affirmation，If it were him，"I will answer this way too"。

Montaigne’s comments on Cicero’s views，Has initially revealed the changes that bet365 sign up bonus code has experienced during its transition to modernity。bet365 sign up bonus code as a concept expressing private emotional relationships，A far cry from the classical view of bet365 sign up bonus code based on virtue。Montaigne regarded friends' deep belief in each other's will itself as the basis of bet365 sign up bonus code，Cicero believes that the establishment and maintenance of bet365 sign up bonus code must be limited to the persistence of virtue。To further understand the difference between the classical view of bet365 sign up bonus code and the modern view of bet365 sign up bonus code，We need to return to the classic discussions in classical texts。

　　The foundation of virtue in classical bet365 sign up bonus code

One of the classic expositions of bet365 sign up bonus code in classical works comes from Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics"，Political bet365 sign up bonus code is the main category of its analysis。In Aristotle’s view，bet365 sign up bonus code can be divided into three categories，Based on interests respectively、Pleasure and kindness。The maintenance of the first two bet365 sign up bonus code relationships depends on the friend's usefulness to oneself，Once "useless" bet365 sign up bonus code will disappear，So it’s not permanent。“Perfect bet365 sign up bonus code is the bet365 sign up bonus code between a good person and a person who is similar in virtue”，The premise is that both are "good people"。The difference from the first two friendships is，This type of bet365 sign up bonus code does not aim at satisfying self-needs，But "each other wishes him well for the other's sake，And they themselves are also good people”。For them，Friends are another self，The love of kindness to friends is also the love of kindness to oneself，Expecting and helping friends’ virtues is also committed to perfecting one’s own virtues。This kind of bet365 sign up bonus code arising from the choice of "good" is therefore different from "affection": the latter is similar to an emotion，And bet365 sign up bonus code "seems to be a quality"。“When a good person becomes your friend，One person gets a kind of goodness"，This is “most obvious among good people”。This kind of friendly relationship not only serves the realization of the humanity of both parties，And out of appreciation for each other’s virtues、Identity and perfection。Therefore the bet365 sign up bonus code between good people does not only exist between private persons，Instead, it has public properties，It is the basis for realizing a just life in an ideal city-state。In contrast, Montaigne’s classification of bet365 sign up bonus code。In "On bet365 sign up bonus code"，He believes that "there have been four kinds of bet365 sign up bonus code since ancient times: blood relationship、Social、Hospitality and love between men and women”。This classification method is different from Aristotle，The latter uses the conditions and purposes for maintaining bet365 sign up bonus code as the criterion for classification，Montaigne’s classification is based on the objects established by bet365 sign up bonus code。But in Montaigne’s view，These four kinds of bet365 sign up bonus code are considered to be “incompatible” with his definition of bet365 sign up bonus code，Because they incorporate causes other than themselves、Purpose and interests”，And "true bet365 sign up bonus code" should be the product of "free will"，Meaning the "harmony" of each other's will。This means，bet365 sign up bonus code is limited to the realm of free individuals and private interactions，The dimensions of goodness and virtue are completely excluded from the definition of bet365 sign up bonus code，bet365 sign up bonus code as the basis of public life thus becomes incomprehensible。

Cicero’s classic discussion of the issue of bet365 sign up bonus code is represented by his “On bet365 sign up bonus code”。This dialogue was probably completed in 44 BC，Records in the form of memories a conversation about bet365 sign up bonus code heard by the diviner Skevola。The conversation was based on the death of Scipio the Younger in 129 BC，Mainly composed of his friend Laelius’ speech about bet365 sign up bonus code，So it is also called "Laelius on bet365 sign up bonus code"。Based on Aristotle’s discussion，Cicero further limited the scope of bet365 sign up bonus code，Believe that "bet365 sign up bonus code can only exist between good people"，The right way to make friendships should not be based on one's own shortcomings and needs for others，But you should "be a good person first"，Then find people with similar qualities to be friends with you”。This is because，“Nature makes bet365 sign up bonus code the assistant of virtue，Rather than an accomplice in vice，Because virtue alone cannot reach the highest state it aspires to achieve，Thereby linking it to bet365 sign up bonus code、Combined，In order to achieve it”。It is precisely because the premise of establishing bet365 sign up bonus code is not "purpose"，It’s about “virtue”，So when "virtue reveals itself，radiate light，And be able to see and recognize the same radiance in another person，Let yourself get closer to it，When we accept each other’s brilliance”，Some kind of "or call it love、Something called bet365 sign up bonus code" will arise spontaneously。For this reason，The conclusion of bet365 sign up bonus code cannot be based on chance or emotional dependence，The premise must be to examine the other person’s character: “You should judge a person first，Then love，Don’t love first，Then judge。”Due to similarities in morals，True friends are like “images of self”。

Whether it is Aristotle or Cicero，Both regard virtue as the basic prerequisite for the establishment of bet365 sign up bonus code。This view is in sharp contrast to the modern view of bet365 sign up bonus code based on private emotional connections since Montaigne。But，Cicero clearly draws the line between himself and those “philosophers” in his statement on bet365 sign up bonus code，Worth attention。

　　bet365 sign up bonus code and community:Cicero’s definition of “goodness”

Although the emphasis on virtue seems to be consistent with Aristotle，But Cicero’s definitions of virtue and “good people” are different。In the dialogue "On bet365 sign up bonus code"，Laelius shows that he is not the same as "those philosophers who make their definitions too accurate"。The latter defines "good" on the basis of "wisdom"，A good person is someone who loves and pursues wisdom itself。This "true bet365 sign up bonus code" manifests itself as the spiritual equality and "harmony" that arises after good people gain self-sufficiency in contemplation。Cicero’s Laelius objected，Believe that "wisdom" is not a quality that can be realized by mortals in real life。The definition of a good person should therefore follow the standard of "general opinion"，That is, those "loyalty、Integrity、Fair and generous”、A person who is not at the mercy of desires and has a "strong temperament"。Similarly to this，The virtues that are the basis of bet365 sign up bonus code should also be “explained in everyday life and in our language”，Rather than "measure it with flowery rhetoric, as some learned people do"。

In Cicero’s eyes，The definition of virtue does not necessarily come from the common pursuit of wisdom，And manifested as virtues stipulated and recognized by tradition and custom。The maintenance of the relationship between friends is not based on their respective contemplation of "good" and justice in the sense of logos，It is based on the observance of the public moral order recognized by the traditional laws，Subject to the maintenance of national interests (in action)。Cicero’s position on bet365 sign up bonus code，It may not be unrelated to its thinking on the relationship between philosophical authority and political authority。Cicero claimed in the article through the mouth of his interlocutor，My own discussion of these philosophical views is based on the actual experience in Roman political life，Considering that wisdom that “no mortal has yet reached” is not worth investigating，Instead, we should “examine what exists in practice and daily life”，The noblest use of "wisdom" is "useful to the country"。

Therefore，Cicero set the rule for bet365 sign up bonus code: “Don’t ask your friends to do bad things”，"Especially treason"，To "prevent all incidents that disrupt the country"，Lest we “deviate from the ordinary course and the path chosen for us by our ancestors”，For this reason people should ignore their feelings，"Cut off the friends who betrayed the country"。Reflecting on Cicero’s severe condemnation of Brosius for joining the “rebellious party” Gracchus，His dissatisfaction is not actually because the latter's attitude towards bet365 sign up bonus code is "unwise"，But because of “impiety”: the alleged crime behind the hypothesis of “burning the Capitol” has nothing to do with wisdom，Referring to the betrayal of the Roman state order and the gods。Therefore，Cicero warned through Laelius，Never make war on your own country just to be loyal to your friends: "Similar like-mindedness among evil men cannot be concealed under the pretext of bet365 sign up bonus code，And should be punished in every way，So that no one will think it permissible to follow a friend who even wages war against the motherland。”Although thinking about bet365 sign up bonus code is still based on goodness and virtue，But Cicero’s discussion has reflected different thinking from the Greek philosophers on the issue of “goodness”。This difference reveals to us the tension in the relationship between the philosopher and the community。

Compared with the modern view of bet365 sign up bonus code represented by Montaigne，The view of bet365 sign up bonus code in the classical period emphasized the fundamental role of virtue in the establishment and maintenance of bet365 sign up bonus code，Believe that true bet365 sign up bonus code should be based on the attraction of virtue to each other，Rather than practical use or individual emotional connection。But，There are subtle differences between Aristotle’s view of bet365 sign up bonus code and Cicero’s view of bet365 sign up bonus code，This reveals to a certain extent the different aspects shown by the two in their philosophical thinking on "bet365 sign up bonus code"。

Aristotle lived in Greece in the 4th century BC，At a time when the power of the Northern Empire is growing，When the life of the city-state is facing disintegration。The disintegration of the value of life in the city-state，Often blamed on those philosophers whose pursuit of wisdom and "utopia" stung the real political community。Although Aristotle discussed the bonding role of bet365 sign up bonus code in the life of a city-state，But not so much out of defense of real political life，Rather, it outlines the outline of a just order in an ideal city-state，It is a painful rumination on life in a real city-state。However，The damage caused to the city-state by fleeing from community life to individual contemplation，At that time, it had not caused much impact on the small city-states on the remote Apennine Peninsula。Until the time of Cicero，Rome grew from an unknown place into a huge empire that enveloped the Mediterranean。Under the protection of powerful legions，Rome collided with the Greek world with its closely guarded patriarchal order，But the trend of disintegration has not yet been shown。In the classic discussion represented by Cicero，The establishment of bet365 sign up bonus code is considered to be based on the basic principle of adhering to the Roman state and traditional order，Not entirely based on the contemplation of “goodness” and virtue itself in the Greek philosophical tradition。This classic discussion，Can be observed as the expansion of the Roman Republic in the Mediterranean world，One of the important references especially for interactions with the Greek region。

　(The author is a postdoctoral fellow at the School of Humanities, Tsinghua University)