Ancient two river basin civilization is one of the earliest native civilizations in the world，and achieved a brilliant civilized achievement。Famous American Assyrian scholar Kremer listed 39 world -first in his monograph "History Beginning in Somel"，If the earliest text、The earliest school education、The earliest law、The earliest "two hospitals" institutions, etc.。Ancient two river basin civilizations against ancient Egyptian civilization、Ancient Greek Roman civilization and Hebrew civilization have had a huge impact，The occurrence of world civilization、Development has made outstanding contributions。But，Such a great brilliant civilization was conquered by Persia in the 6th century BC，Slowly withdraw from the historical stage，Finally buried in the endless yellow sand。The rise and fall of civilization in ancient two river basins is closely related to its cultural characteristics，Cultural characteristics determine the fate of its multiple。

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Starting from ancient times，The excellent natural environment of the Dagris River and the Euphrates attracts humans to live here。About 9000 BC，Primitive agriculture appears in the two river basin areas，People gradually change from nomadic life to settlement life。Around 7000 BC，Yarmo in the north of the two river basins formed the earliest in the world、The largest agricultural settlement point。Around 3200 BC，The population scale and residential area of ​​Uruk are expanding sharply，formed a formal city。During this period, a relatively mature wedge -shaped text writing system appeared in the Uruk area，Build a large temple，National organizations with public power also appeared。Text、City and National Organization，Three core elements that constitute a civilization have been available，The two rivers are the first to enter the era of civilization，The earliest civilization in the world was born。The two river basins entered the beginning of the civilization era，It did not form a unified kingdom，Instead, it is in a situation where the city -state is standing，This period is called the early dynasty bet365 live casino games period。It lasted for hundreds of years during the early dynasty，It was not until the 24th century BC that the first unified but short -lived Akkad Kingdom in the history of the two river basins。

The first peak of the development of civilization in the ancient two river basins was the Babylonian period。The sixth king of Babylon in Cuba Hanmurabi is a tip，successfully defeated the surrounding Ralsa Kingdom、Ma Rui Kingdom、Eashnana Kingdom and Assyrian Kingdom，Unified two river basins。In addition to martial arts kingdom，More importantly, Wenzhi。King Hanshabi formulated the most complete legal "Hammubi Code" in the history of the two river basins，Use the law to govern the country。This code is about 282 pieces，Rich in content，Involved in judicial management、Criminal Law、Marriage Law、Property inheritance Law、Adoption method、Public Security Management Law、Property Leasing Law、Salary method and slave trading method。King Hanmuby maintains social order，Politics of King Babylon Kingdom、Economy and culture have been developed rapidly，Make the two river basin civilizations the most prosperous ancient civilization in the world at that time。

The second peak of the development of the civilization of the two river basins in ancient times is 9-7th century BC，This period entered the empire stage of the development of the two river basin civilization。The area conquered by the Assyrians in this period exceeded the traditional area of ​​the two river basins，La Vante and Palestine, which westward west to the Mediterranean coast，Expand east to the Uraltu area in the hinterland of Zagros and Eram, the Erad area southwest of the Iranian Plateau，Southern to Egypt。But the good times are not long，Soon after，The Persian rises and quickly launch an offense towards the two river basins。Finally in 539 BC，Jugu Emperor led the army to the city of Babylon，The priests in the city of Babylon open the gate，Welcome to the arrival of Julu。Since then，The brilliant civilization collapsed for thousands of years，With the change of religious beliefs，wedge -shaped text gradually lost，Civilization of the two river basins with text as a carrier is gradually covered by Persian civilization and gradually disappeared invisible。until thousands of years later，With the archeological excavation of modern archaeological workers in the two river bet365 live casino games basins and the re -deciphering of wedge -shaped text，The civilization of the ancient two river basins was only displayed in front of people，Get the opportunity to "resurrect"。

　　The cultural characteristics of the civilization of the two river basins in ancient times

The rise and fall of the civilization of the two river basins in ancient times has aroused widespread attention and discussion of scholars，Some scholars believe that the developed business is the foundation of the national civilization of the two river basins，Foreign invasion is the main reason for the bet365 best casino games demise of civilization; some scholars believe that the nature of the civilization of the two river basins is agricultural civilization，The agricultural economic recession caused by land saline is an important factor in its decline。The rise and fall of a civilization is the result of the common effect of various factors，Its cultural characteristics are a underlying factors with a significant influence。

The civilization of the ancient two river basins has quite openness。The openness of civilization in the two river basins is first manifested in its geographical location and natural environment。The two river basins are located in Asia、The junction of the three continents of the EU，It is on the verge of the sea，Internal rivers densely set，It is extremely convenient for external traffic。The terrain of the two river basins can be divided into hills、Plain and Swamp:，Formed a rich and diverse lifestyle and economic type。Northeast corner of the two river basins，That is the hill area between the Dagris River and the mountains of Kurdistan，The annual rainfall is between 300-600 mm，Wheat、Barley、Fruit Tree、Grapes and vegetables can easily grow here。This particularly attractive area becomes the home of the prehistoric acupoints，It has also become one of the birthplace of the Neolithic Age's near -east agriculture。northwest of the two river basins，The thin mountain ridge consisting of Abuide -Alzz and Sinjal Mountains，This plain is called Jeepla by the Arabs，It spans 400 km，Separate the Dagris River from the Euphrates。Many streams gathered to form the Barryh and Haber River，Cover this area with a fan -shaped。This area is covered with surprising "mound group"，They represent those buried cities and villages，It proves that there are a large number of population gathering in the area in ancient times。The southernmost tip of the two river basins，That is the Dagris River、The vast swamps of the Bet365 lotto review Youth Fatlada River Delta also formed a special area。There are countless shallow water lakes in this area，There is a narrow waterway with a curved song through dense reeds，There is a buffalo、Wild pigs and wild bird groups，They have formed the most strange in the world、One of the most daunting and most attractive areas。The geographical location and diverse and livable natural environment of the two river basins have attracted a large number of people to come here to live and live，to form a large -scale population and settlement point，Put the two river basins into the era of civilization。

The openness of the ancient two river basins is also manifested in its foreign trade。The two river basins are rich and asphalt、clay and agricultural products，but lack of metal ore、Hard stones and excellent wood。From the prehistoric period，The two river basins have begun to establish a wide range of trade channels with the surrounding tribes and carry out trade exchanges。The two river basins from Iran、Gaoco，Even imported tin from Afghanistan，Hard gems and semi -precious gems imported from some areas of Iran，Entrusted silver from the Turus Mountains，Imported gold from Egypt and India。Excellent Cedar Wood imported from the northeast Zagros and the northwest Lebanon or Amaz Mountain。other，The two river basins also developed a maritime trade channel through the Persian Bay。Merchants in the two river basins depart from Ur City，Pass Persia Gulf、Dirmont (now Bahrain)，To Magan (now Oman) and McLaha (India Valley)。Trade routes connect each part of the two river basins，Connect the two river basins with other parts of the nearby region，Wide foreign trade has greatly promoted the development of the economy and culture of the two river basins，Promoting the prosperity of the prosperity of the civilization of the ancient two river basins。

The civilization of the ancient two river basins is competitive and conquest。The creator of the civilization of the ancient two river basins is the Sumerian，The academic community generally believes that the Sumerians are not the indigenous peoples of the two river basins，and belong to foreign nations。Where does the Sumerus come from，Is it peaceful migration or invading the two river basins，There is no conclusion at present。The civilization of the ancient two river basins may originate from national conquest，Its cultural gene contains considerable competitiveness and conquest。，There are many ethnic groups invading bet365 Play online games the two river basins，Mainly Akkads、Kuyi、Abeli ​​people、Erans、Garcitter、Heri Ren、Lauder and Persians, etc.，Most of these nations belong to nomadic peoples，Has strong conquest。These foreign nations are full of conquest and robbery，Military conflict has become a main line for the development of the civilization of the two river basins。The civilization of the ancient two river basins was born around 3200 BC，Many small states were born at this time，Martial arts conflict between these small states，Tie between the city -state is the most prominent feature of the early dynasty。until about 2340 BC，After more than 900 years of conflict and conquest of the two river basins，Only finally established a unified dynasty，That is the Akkad Dynasty。After more than 900 years of chaos, the unified dynasty was established，This is extremely rare in world history。Ancient Greek civilization, although it has always been a city -state forestry，No unified empire，In the later Greek world, the Berlonnesie War also occurred，But most of the time，These city -state can get along peacefully。The focus of their development is to expand overseas，Establishing colonies overseas，So the 6th century BC and 6th century BC formed the Great Overseas Colonial Age of Greek City。But the focus of the development of the city -state in the two river basins is the narrow area of ​​the two river basins，They can only obtain their own interests by conquering other city -states。

The first dynasty in the two river basins was a short -lived dynasty，A crisis appeared after the death of the Emperor Salg for the Empire，Riot of all parts of the country will start one after another，The empire is in danger。The Akkad dynasty collapsed after more than 100 years，Then the two river basins are in four cracked。Several dynasties Ur third dynasties that were later established in the history of the two river basins、New Assyrian Dynasty、New Babylonian Dynasty, etc.，Most of the duration of duration is about 100 years。The history of the ancient two river basins is 2700 years，The time for the unified dynasty is only about 56 or six hundred years。Long -term internal conflicts seriously consumed national strength。So，Once you encounter foreign invasion，The civilization of the two river basins is touched immediately，Several unified dynasties in the two river basins all perish under the blow of foreign nations。Lack of peace、Internal competitiveness and conquest should be the main reason for the bet365 best casino games demise of civilization of the two river basins。

The civilization of the ancient two river basins is conservative and conservative。The Sumerian invented the wedge text，Formed religious beliefs and use cylindrical seals，The three major cornerstones of the two river basin civilizations laid out。Many ethnic groups who have entered the Lord Basin later accepted Sumerian Culture，but did not make breakthrough innovation and development。The Sumerians formed the religious beliefs of Multi -worship，Form a set of religious etiquette and religious system，In the later Emore、Assyrian、The Religious beliefs of the Sumerians of the Garlem and the Chalete are almost fully accepted，It's just a name of an Akkardian to each god。The conservation of religious beliefs may not cause the demise of a civilization，But the old on the text may lead to serious consequences。Text is the soul of a civilization，The Sumerian invented the wedge text。The Akaths also accepted the Sumer's wedge -shaped text，formed his own Akkardi。Although Akkardi and Sumerian are not the same language，Have your own grammar，But the text symbol used、Writing materials、Writing habits, etc. are basically the same，And there are a large number of Sumerian borrowing words in Akkardo，So the two languages ​​belong to the same text system。Many ethnic groups in the two river basins only have wedge -shaped writing to write their own language，Has the characteristics of "Books and Text"。But，Compared with Sumerian，Akkud's symbol more，The grammar is more complicated，It is more difficult to master the general public。The development direction of text should follow the increasingly simpler writing symbol and grammar，The principles that are increasingly grasped by the general public。For example，Chinese characters from Oracle、Jinwen、Xiaoyu、Book to Modern Simplified Words，Just follow this principle，So the simplified characters are quickly popularized。But，Akkardi has taken a opposite road，grammar and symbols are not increasingly simpler，Instead, it is getting more and more complicated。Akkardian wedge -shaped text is gradually abandoned，Another important factor that caused the demise of the two river basins。After 1000 BC，Alamia's letter text is taken to the Assyrian region with the Alamian invasion。8th century BC，Aramia's letter text has formed a competitive relationship with wedge Bet365 lotto review -shaped text，Aramia's letter text gradually shows the advantage。7th century BC，The official literature of the Assyrian Empire has also begun to use Alamia letters，Even the external exchanges of this period began to use Alamia letters。Compared to wedge -shaped text，Aramia's letter text is less，Settings are simpler，It is easier to be accepted by the general public。500 BC，The Persian Empire uses Alamia letter text as the official language，wedge -shaped text is dying。The final wedge -shaped text is completely abandoned，The last wedge -shaped text clay is written in 75 AD。With the gradual abandonment of the text，Ancient two river basin civilizations with a glorious history with nearly 3,000 years have gradually sank in the yellow sand of history。

　(Author Unit: Department of History at East China Normal University)