Open is the most distinctive logo in contemporary China。For more than 40 years，my country's insistence on the basic national policy of opening up is not shaken，Persist in expanding opening up independently，Persist in the open path of the pilot gradual open，Successfully got out of an open road with Chinese characteristics。Promoting reform with openness、Promoting development，It is an important magic weapon for my country's economic and social development to continue to achieve new achievements。Standing on the new historical starting point，Promote the formation of a new pattern of "comprehensive openness"，Develop a higher level of open economy，It is an important issue for expanding opening up in the new era。The topic of "The Time Features and theoretical Construction of the Times of China"， Professor Jiang Xiaojuan at the University of China、Assistant Researcher Meng Lijun, a assistant researcher at the Institute of Services and Digital Governance of Tsinghua University, accepted an interview with reporters。

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"China Social Sciences":Open cooperation is the era requirements for promoting the continuous progress of human society，Is in accordance with the trend of the times。In your opinion，What is the relationship between the development of open theory and open practice?

　　Jiang Xiaojuan:Explanation of classic theories open to the outside world，There are absolute advantage theory、Comparison advantage theory and factor endowment theory, etc.。After the 18th Century Industrial Revolution,，Division of production capacity and economic status of various countries，Economic structure characteristics of different countries。At the same time，Haiku long -distance transportation capacity greatly improves，The cost is significantly reduced，rapid development of international trade。This period，The object of trading in international trade is different types of products，Such as food and textiles、Products in different industries such as porcelain and furniture。Starting from the second half of the 18th century，The importance of scholars' attention to international trade，Discuss the significance of international division of labor and free trade，How to bring benefits to the participating parties。For example, Adam Smith thinks，International division of labor under absolute favorable production conditions can increase labor productivity。The comparative advantage theory of David Li Jiatu thinks，Products that are professional in various countries and exports are not absolutely beneficial to production conditions but have comparative advantages，Can still profit。Herkchel、The factor endowment theory proposed by Russia，Differences of endowment structure from various countries，and the relative price of the elements caused by this difference is in terms of international differences，Find the cause of international trade。International trade structure in the theoretical mode of comparative advantage，One country exports the country's abundant element products，Imported scarce element products，You can get more trade income。

Since the 1960s，Objects of international trade have changed significantly。"Industrial Trade" between developed countries constitutes the main part of international Bet365 app download trade，That is, the product of international trade exchange is the product of the same industry，Traditional trading theory based on comparative advantages cannot make a reasonable explanation of this phenomenon。So a group of economists set off from trade practice，Drawing on the theory of industrial organizations has made new development on international trade theory。This stage，The main content of international trade is the industry in the industry。So，The focus of attention and research content of international trade theory also adjusts accordingly。

　　Meng Lijun:Since the 1980s，The development of information technology brings continuous decline in communication and transaction costs，"Time distance" of the compression space of transportation technology and greatly reduce the transportation cost。In order to use the labor force advantages and market advantages of multinational companies，The parts that can decompose the manufacturing and assembly in the industrial value chain transfer from developed countries to developing countries，Promote the division of labor from the earliest industrial division of labor、The division of labor in the industry has evolved to the division of labor and trade between the same product components and different processes，That is the division of labor or the global industrial chain。The formation of the global industrial chain，Partial reason is that the country on the chain "will not make all production"，Only one of the global industrial chains can be added; some of the reason is that "it will do but not do the best" and seek the benefits of global division of labor，Mainly large -scale economic interests and professional interests。The emergence of the global value chain，Promoting the deepening of international division of labor and the transfer of industrial coordination，Participating in the global value chain can promote the economic development of a country。Complement of imported input products and domestic products will promote productivity increase，This is compared with direct returns obtained from lower -priced or higher -quality foreign investment products，It has greater significance。

　　Follow the basic laws of economic openness

"China Social Sciences":my country's opening to the outside world meets the general laws，There is also outstanding uniqueness，Entering an open road with Chinese characteristics。What are the distinctive features of my country's openness to the outside world?

　　Jiang Xiaojuan:From the perspective of rules，Import and exported product structure、Fund and technology import and export changes，Both the theory of comparative advantage、Election endowment theory Gives explanation。After the implementation of the reform and opening up policy of the self -country，The characteristics of cross -border flow of international trade and capital，Not only meets the requirements of factor endowment theory，It also meets the rules shared by the pioneers。

The uniqueness of China's open road has raised an important question，Is we "special" to this extent: existing theories cannot be effectively explained to this，Need to construct a new theoretical framework to analyze? My understanding is，China's opening up from the starting point and steps，From the section of the development process，It is indeed showing a large departure from the open mode of most countries。But from the perspective of long -term trends and essential characteristics，Still follow the basic laws of economic opening。

In basic trends and main characteristics，We present the same change and convergence of the same change as other developing countries in the open process，The bet365 live casino games export structure mainly based on primary products changes rapidly，Labor -intensive manufacturing has become the main driving department for economic growth and export growth; some domestic industrial chain decomposition and reorganization，Enter the chain of the division of labor in the international industry; while the original industry is open and impacts，The new advantageous industry has grown rapidly; the competitive pressure of the international market has promoted the process of reform in all aspects of the country; as economic strength increases and labor productivity increases，From depreciation to gradual appreciation, etc.。

The unique influence of my country's national conditions on openness，There is also a corresponding theoretical explanation。For example，serious imbalance between the element structure of my country，Urgent need to pass two international and domestic resources、Two markets to adjust; for example, in the early stages of openness，Different competition pattern of domestic industries，rapid growth of domestic industries、Raise competitiveness has a positive impact，Therefore, it has not caused a serious impact on domestic industries。We can effectively control the open process，Grasp the progress from geographical to industry，This is directly related to the traditional capabilities of my country's government intervention in the economy; a large number of foreign -funded enterprises and local enterprises have achieved great development in competition，This is huge with our market scale、Can accommodate multiple competition subjects directly。

　　Meng Lijun:In fact，The difference between progressive and open and aggressive openness is just relative，No country will release all the trade and investment system overnight，The difference lies in different ways of progress and control processes。China's characteristics are just "longer time、Control Effective "。Open method and process fast and slow needs to be weighing，Open conditions and goals different，Methods are also different。

　　Graduated open roads of Chinese characteristics

"China Social Sciences":Open cities from the Special Economic Zone to the coast，Open from the inland province to the west，Then join the World Trade Organization，What historical processes did my country's opening experience?

　　Jiang Xiaojuan:Fragrance opening is the prominent feature of China's open road。Generally speaking，my country's open process can be divided into two stages。In the first 20 years, it is a gradual opening from the SAR to the coast to the country.。

opening to the outside world is a new thing in the economic construction of New China，Facing many challenges and uncertainty，It is not feasible to open to the outside world and is not the best。So，The decision -making layer decides to adopt the "small incision" and "small step" to open，and form a gradual open mode in practice。July 10, 1979，The Party Central Committee decided to be in Shenzhen、Zhuhai、Shantou、Xiamen's four cities out of some regional trial -run economic special zones。In the following 20 years，Gradually expand open area to the outside world，The open area enjoys preferential policies gradually expands，From coastal areas to along the river、Along the border areas and inland provincial capital cities，Until the implementation of the western development strategy in the western region by 2000，Forms a nationwide open pattern。

Implementing open area to the outside world，Foreign trade、Use foreign capital、Forex use、Foreign economic and trade management system，All enjoy more loose and bet365 live casino games preferential policies。Take the four special zones established earlier as an example，A special management system is implemented in economic management，The SAR Government has an equivalent to provincial economic management permissions，Allowing market regulation methods，Allowing multiple economic composition development，The income tax rate for foreign -invested enterprises is levied at 15%。Four SARs, especially Shenzhen Economic Zone，There is a huge change in a few years after the establishment，Become a model of attention to the country，It provides the most powerful practical support for persistence and opening up。

　Meng Lijun:Reform and opening up enter the second 20 years，Especially after the "Entry"，Accelerate opening up in the domestic market，Realized the smooth connection with the world's multilateral economic and trade system，China's opening to the outside world enters a new stage。Since the WTO，We follow the commitment，Performing commitments in stages，The level of market openness continues to increase significantly。China's average tariffs from 15.3%when they joined in 2001 to 9.9%in 2006。By January 1, 2005，Most of China's tariff reduction commitments have been implemented。China's promise to cancel the import quota、Import permits and non -tariff measures such as specific bidding，It has also been canceled as promised until January 1, 2005。2018，my country has once again lowered the tariff level to 7.5%。

　"China Social Sciences":As you said，Fragrance opening is the prominent feature of China's open road。In your opinion，Why does our country choose to advance and open strategies?

　　Jiang Xiaojuan:The reason why you choose the advanced open road，One of the important reasons is to achieve consensus and require practical results。At the beginning of openness，Decision makers clearly recognize，You need to gradually understand and form a consensus through the good and open effects。In this case，It is important to say reason，Good open effect is more important。Shenzhen Special Economic Zone is open for only a few years，Growing in exports、Attract foreign capital、Expand employment、Urban Construction、Service Industry Development、Resident income and other aspects，There are outstanding progress，Become the people of the whole country、A hot spot for the world's attention，The measures that enlarged the opening up later can be smoothly advanced。

　Meng Lijun:Graduated openness left time for the improvement of domestic industrial competitiveness。Progressive reform and opening up is a kind of liberalization of incremental increase to promote growth，An open method of time and space for stock adjustment。While opening，Domestic reforms are also starting and promoting。State -owned enterprises have been adjusted through continuous reform，Competitiveness has also improved significantly，The overall strength of the domestic industry is continuously enhanced，The ability to compete with multinational companies in an open environment as a whole。

　　Jiang Xiaojuan:Early open，We have special favorable conditions for gradual openness。Early open，my country has a large number of labor forces at the cost of extremely low income levels.。This initial condition，It supports the manufacturing industry to absorb new labor for a long time at a lower cost，supported the long -term growth of the labor -intensive export industry。In short，During the open process，The decision -making layer has been weighing various factors，Grasp the relationship between reform and opening up and stable development，For macro -regulation、Improvement of industrial competitiveness and reform in various aspects，Leave the time to adapt and adjust，It has maintained the consensus formation and overall stability in the process of opening。

　　Open creation of reform needs and system supply

"China Social Sciences":From the supply of the system to the improvement of the law，Open to the outside world to comprehensively promote the construction of the socialist market economy system。In your opinion，What are the main aspects of this?

　　Jiang Xiaojuan:On the one hand，Open creation of new system requirements。Special Economic Zone，attract more foreign capital to come to start a business，Develop "Three Come and One Supplement" to expand foreign trade，All need to have demand for market operations。Reform options guided by demand，Promoting the construction of a foreign trade system within the SAR。Commodity market、Factor Market、Labor Market、Enterprise ownership structure、Economic Management System、The formation and development of the market economy system framework such as the laws and regulations system，The SAR has become a comprehensive experimental area for the reform of the domestic economic system。On the other hand，Open provides a new system supply。Established Special Economic Zone，enable us to learn、Learn and introduce international experience。First, learn the management knowledge of modern enterprises from the introduction of foreign -funded enterprises，The second is to understand the institutional mechanism that promotes the expansion of the output to expand exports，Third, I learned how to use the price mechanism in market operation、What is effective investment system and foreign exchange management system, etc.，Fourth is to promote my country's accounting system with international standards，This is to improve corporate transparency in the global market、Basis that forms market confidence and expectations。Especially joining the World Trade Organization，prompt us to target the global multilateral trade system，Comprehensively promote the construction of the socialist market system。

　　Meng Lijun:At the level of legal system construction，Open created legal construction needs。The establishment of the legal system compatible with the market economy，It starts from formulating the law of absorbing foreign capital。July 1979，my country promulgated the "Law of the People's Republic of China, Sino -Foreign and Foreign Instance Business Enterprise Law"。The drafting of this law refers to the relevant laws of more than 30 countries in the world，The enlightenment role of my country's marketization reform。From 1983 to the end of 1991，More than 200 foreign economic regulations issued by the National People's Congress and the State Council are more than 200。In these laws and regulations，Introducing the most necessary and basic concept and institutional framework in the market economy，It has important pilot and enlightenment role in my country's subsequent market -oriented reforms。

Before and after "Entering the WTO，In order to adapt to the consistency of the economic and trade system of member states and the WTO multilateral system，We clean up the law in large areas、Regulations，Vigorous reforms are not adapted to the management system of the market economy，Establishment of foreign -related economic management system that conforms to both international rules and suitable for China's national conditions。"Entry" makes my country build a legal system based on the laws of market economy，With rapid development。Bet365 app download At the same time，In order to meet the needs of domestic companies will participate in international competition，Reform in many aspects of domestic reforms began to accelerate，In the change of government functions、Deepen the reform of the administrative system、Perfect the unified and fair market system、Reinforcement of intellectual property protection has made significant progress，strongly promoted the overall reform，The domestic market is accelerated and opened。

　Open to the outside world to higher levels

"China Social Sciences":Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China，Open to the public to enter a new stage。What new characteristics of the opening of the new era? Looking to the future，Do you think，How to advance to the public at a higher starting point?

　Jiang Xiaojuan:Since 2013，The Party Central Committee proposed a series of expansion and opening up、New requirements for new deployment of reform。The Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Party is clearly proposed，It is necessary to "implement a new round of high -level opening to the outside world";，Actively participate and promote economic globalization process，Develop a higher level of open economy。The proposal of these top -level strategies，It shows that China's opening to the outside world has entered a new stage。

From policy open to institutional openness，It is an important focus point for the future to promote openness。The Fourth Middle School of the Party of the Party、Fifth Plenary Session，All propose to promote the rules、Regulations、Management、Standard and other institutions open。After more than 40 years of reform and opening up，my country basically has the conditions and environment of institutional openness，In the future, we must strive to make the system -type open system more perfect and relative to。To continue to improve the foreign economic laws and regulations，Adhere to equal status of various economic subjects、Principles of equal protection of various types of property rights，Improve the implementation of legal implementation and law enforcement。First，To look at exports and imports equally，The two are equally important。Next，To look at the absorption of foreign investment and foreign investment。Last，To treat foreign companies and domestic -funded enterprises equally。

By adding a high standard trade agreement，to improve the level of openness。November 20, 2020，President Xi Jinping at an informal meeting of the APEC leaders，It is announced that China will actively consider joining the "Comprehensive and Progressive Cross -Pacific Partnership Agreement"，Treatment of widespread attention and huge response at home and abroad。The "Comprehensive and Progressive Cross -Pacific Partnership Agreement" signed by 11 members，Have high targets、High standards、Features of new rules，It is a representative agreement for multiple high -standard free trade agreements since 2018。If all these agreements come into effect，will cover more than 55%international trade and international investment，Promote a new round of globalization process in related fields。Since 2022，We have successively joined the "Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement" (RCEP)，Apply to join the "Digital Economic Partnership Agreement" (DEPA)。This will definitely promote the institutional system and open system that connects domestic construction，Forced domestic reform，Injects vitality for supply -side structural reforms and institutional innovation。At the same time，Also contributes bet365 live casino games the formation and development of the globalized governance system in the future。

　　Meng Lijun:Establish a free trade zone，It is also a new path for my country to explore high -level openness。Since 2013，my country has established 21 free trade pilot zones in batches，This is our further improvement level、Experimental fields with higher trade and investment freedom。Hainan Free Trade Port established in 2018，Great fruitful results in promoting high levels of opening up。"Fourteen Five -Year Plan" outline emphasized，To implement the free trade zone to improve strategy，Deepen trade investment liberalization，Forms a high -standard free trade zone network facing the world;，Priority areas are trade facilitation、Investment、E -commerce、Environment、Government procurement and other fields。We want to explore through the practice of the free trade zone，Provide experience to add high -standard trade agreements to China。

"Double cycle" that achieves higher levels，It needs to be based on traditional formulation industrial policies，Transition to creating a high -quality competitive environment。If you are committed to maintaining market order、Anti -monopoly and unfair competition、Improve the quality of the element supply、Research and release industry development information, etc.; According to law，From environmental protection、Energy -saving、Product safety and national security angle，Perform the necessary industry access management; promote standardization、Reform of the business environment of rule of law，Provide enterprises with clear and stable rules，Forms stable expectations; further improves personal rights and property rights protection systems, etc.。In short，To be greater，Promote the construction of the market system and competition system，Create a development environment that meets the requirements of high -level "dual cycles"。