When I was young, I met the world history，In the impression, the history of the world is the history of several big powers -English、Method、De、Add a Russian，Then add the United States; but the United States is too young，Even the colonial phase is counted together for only 400 years，Can't write too much content。Comparison of comparison，European history is relatively long，Starting from ancient Greece，After Rome to the Middle Ages，Then to modern times、Modern，A complete record，So historical textbooks are full of these contents，Give people impression. This is "World History"。

The question is that there are not only these big powers in the world，There are other countries。If there are other countries in the world，Why can't you see a trace in "World History"? Write a "world history"，How should I write it? These problems make many people feel trouble for a long time，But I can't find the answer for a long time。Answer is actually there，This involves the problem of knowledge system。

　　New era calls new world history knowledge system

The so -called "knowledge system"，Just summarize the knowledge in a certain field，Form a coherent cognitive system。As far as history is concerned，We know the endless end of human beings，It is impossible to write all these down，So，Write a part，Give up other parts，Formed a system that can be recognized，This is writing "History"。I used to write an article，called "The Past"  Write "History" -What about history "，distinguish "past" and "history"，This is that many people don’t understand。"Past" is the fact that happened，"History" is written，It is presented to the reader after the history of the historians。To understand this，You can understand why there are only a few western powers in the "world history" that people are familiar with，and other parts of the world may exist，or it is not important。Brief words，The world history bet365 Play online games knowledge system is built by Westerners，Westerners cut the past according to their own needs，to form "World History"。This knowledge system in the West has already existed for two or three hundred years，and the world has been circulated by the strong position of the West in these hundreds of years，Become "Orthodox" in the world history。

The biggest feature of the Western system is "Western Center theory"，It is manifested as the main line of Western history in content selection，Embeds the history of the world into Western historical experience，Replace the world with the west。From this, you can know，Why does it talk about "World History"，What people appear in their minds are several western powers。It is worth noting that，We have been criticizing the "Western Center theory" for a long time，Not only after the establishment of New China，Someone had criticized it before。but but，Criticism is basically on the level of discussion，Few people are based on facts，Show the truth of history; few people try to come up with an alternative system that is different from the Western knowledge system，Explain what the real history should be。But，History is an empirical discipline，Talking without the facts，3222_3234。

What is the "Western Center theory"? Its essential characteristics are to tell Western civilization as the only correct civilization，Other civilizations are either outdated，Either incorrect from the beginning，So it will be eliminated。According to Hegel's statement，The dawn of civilization rises in the east，then move westward，When Western Europe, it bursts out of light，Shining the whole world。elsewhere in the world or stagnation，or re -fall into darkness; but Europe will always move forward forever，Future leading to humans。This is the essence of the "Western Central State theory"，It is also its source。Later, Western historical theory basically was deduced according to this idea，and spread throughout the world with the strong advancement of the West。

The emergence of "Western Center Theory" has its historical background，Bet365 lotto review That's the rise of the West。From 15、Starting from the era of the 16th century，The development of the West with the development of the world marine trade system and the development of colonial expansion activities，Gradually come out of the backward state of the Middle Ages;、The industrial revolution of the 19th century and the scope of the global competition，Extend the forces of the West to the whole world，By the end of the 19th and early 20th century, the world was almost controlled。In this background，Westerners have begun to believe that Western civilization is the only correct、The West will always lead all mankind。To verify this theory，West wrote world history as a history centered on the West，The world history knowledge system created by the West has caused。Unfortunate is，Due to the continuous strengthening of Western status for hundreds of years，This knowledge system is regarded as the "positive history" of human beings; and after the Opium War，Due to the decline of China and not knowing the world，This knowledge system has also become the "world history" in the minds of the Chinese people。

According to the statement of this system，Western civilization is at the world stage center at all historical stages，Radio bright glory。For example，In the era of the birth of civilization，Europe is said to be a place where heroes come from，The beautiful handsome men in mythology have created European civilization，Regardless of a basic historical facts: European civilization comes from the East Coast of the Mediterranean (that is, "Oriental" in Europeans)，Therefore, European civilization is just a secondary civilization。About ancient history，Roman countries are described as the pinnacle of classical world，Its system and Wenzhi martial arts guidance of the future of the world，Regardless of another fact: At the other end of the earth，The Han Dynasty is creating a completely different civilization，The degree of glory is tied in Rome。In the so -called "medieval"，That is what we call the Middle Ages，The chaos in Europe Bet365 lotto review is said to be the starting point of modern state decentralization mechanism，Lay the foundation for the contemporary political system，and regardless of the fact: It is because of the existence of the feudal territory and does not disappear for a long time，Only in almost 1,000 years，Western Europe is the most backward one in the world's civilized areas，Compared with "Oriental" (including Byzantine), it is both backward and poor。Europe rose early in modern times，Since then, the West has developed rapidly，Chasing and surpassing the world's "Oriental"; but the most unwilling to mention the West，Among the many factors that lead to the rise of the West，A key factor is to imitate the "autocracy" in the East，New country that forged power concentration，and use this as a tool to get rid of the feudal division status、On the road to a strong country。In the following two or three hundred years, the West began to lead the West，Its advantages are unstoppable，The world is occupied or controlled by Western countries，The world history writing system centered on the west, so there is，and spread in the world。

But，Just at this time，The world has begun to change again，The new page of history was opened。Non -Western groups who have been conquered or knocked down by Western recovery，Return to the world stage，The era of civilization and equality is coming。turning point appears at the end of World War II，to this day，This trend is already irreversible。Because of this，Only when we have said "a big change in hundreds of years"; in fact, more than 100 years，but a big change of another world structure，From "Western Qiang East Weak" to the equality and common development of civilization。

To sum up，This is a complete、Real World History。The world history knowledge system centered on the west is one -sided、It is carefully selected or even distorted; so，Abandon "Western Center Theory"，Build the correct、The accurate world history knowledge system is a era mission。

　　New World History Knowledge SystemTalk with historical facts

How to build a new world history knowledge system? Starting from 2018，Several scholars of the Department Bet365 lotto review of History of Peking University, as well as the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Yu Pei, to find a new framework，Explore the new world history knowledge system。After many discussions，We think that the new world history research must achieve a few goals: First, use Marx's thought on "formation of world history" as the theoretical clue，The development process of showing human history。Second, the process of human history in thousands of years proves that there are two coordinates of historical development -one horizontal and one vertical，Two coordinates cross operation，Only form a complete world history。Third, get rid of "Western Center theory"，Restore the world's civilizations、countries、The historical appearance of the parallel development of various nations，Restore different civilizations、Different countries、Equal status between different ethnic groups。Fourth is to remove the wrong concept of "the history of the world is a small number of western powers"，Showing world history is the basic facts of the common history of all human beings，In the long -term narrative of history, the changes in the world pattern for thousands of years，Then understand what is happening in the 21st century。

During the writing process，We try to explain the following four points: First of all，The world is diversified，Diversity is the essential characteristics of human civilization; world history itself proves the diversity of history，The kind of western civilization is listed as a benchmark、It is deemed to be the only correct statement，Is violating the authenticity of history。Next，History is development，Development includes horizontal development and vertical development，Horizontal development means that human civilization from scattered to the whole，Eventually forming a community of human destiny; vertical development means human society from low -level to advanced，Productivity level、Technical level、Social forms, etc. all present from low to high jumper。again，The world is both common，It is also a personality，Common manifestations Bet365 lotto review as horizontal、The existence of the two coordinates of the two verticals，countries around the world、All regions、All nations are subject to the role of these two coordinates; personality comes from horizontal、Interlaced changes in the two coordinates of two coordinates，As a result, there are many differences in history。Last，Historical development is unbalanced，Cause changes in the world history of thousands of years: from the star layout and gradual integration of the star dots of early civilization，East -west balance in the classical period，Then the East Qiang and West Weak in the Middle Ages and the Western Weakness of the West and the West after the modern times; today，We see the new change again，It is manifested as a comprehensive development of developing countries、The advantage of the West is losing，Changes in the big pattern are the main content of writing world history，This is not a clear "world history"。The preliminary results of these thinking are reflected in the "Outline of the New World History" (Peking University Press，2023 edition)。

"New World History Outline" just build a framework for building a new knowledge system of world history。Despite this，This framework is different from the previous knowledge system，It is different from the Lanke system in the 19th century，Also different from the "global history" system that appeared in the West in the 20th century and the Soviet system that appeared in the Soviet Union。The Soviet system attempts to write a "world" history，But written as a pile of world history，That is to pile the history of many countries together to form "the world"，But this world is messy、Each independent and unconventional; and，The Soviet system emphasizes the universality of history and negates diversity，Mechanized and absolutely the vertical coordinate coordinate，At the same time, I don’t realize the existence of horizontal coordinates。In the Western System，Whether it is Lanke history or global history，No existence of two coordinates can be seen，In fact, do not recognize history bet365 live casino games that is inevitable and only acknowledge or active，As a result, the overallness of the world has been destroyed。Our book regards two coordinates as two main lines of history，It is their interweaving and promotion to form "World History"。

As a historical research，"New World History Outline" uses historical empirical methods to illustrate problems，instead of using logic or pure theoretical speculation to demonstrate。History is history，The new knowledge system must use the knowledge itself，And these knowledge must be historical knowledge，That is historical facts。We believe that only a small step has taken on the road to building a new world history knowledge system，But I believe that more people will take this direction in the future。

　　(The author is a professor at Boya, Peking University)