I was exposed to Bet365 lotto review when I was young，In my impression, Bet365 lotto review is the history of several big countries——English、法、Germany、It is intended to add another Russia，Then add the United States；But America is too young，Even the colonial stage is only a little over 400 years ago，Can’t write much。In comparison，Europe has a longer history，Starting from Ancient Greece，Via Rome to the Middle Ages，To modern times、Modern，A very complete record，So history textbooks are full of these contents，It gives people the impression that this is "Bet365 lotto review"。

The problem is that there are not only these big countries in the world，There are other countries。If there are other countries in the world，Why can’t it be seen in “Bet365 lotto review”？Write a "Bet365 lotto review"，How to write it？These problems have troubled many people for a long time，But I couldn’t find the answer for a long time。The answer is actually yes，This involves the issue of knowledge system。

　　The new era calls for a new knowledge system of Bet365 lotto review

The so-called "knowledge system"，It is to summarize and gather knowledge in a certain field，Form a coherent cognitive system。As far as history is concerned，We know that humanity’s past is endless，It would be impossible to write all this down，So，Write a part，Discard other parts，Form a recognizable system，This is writing "history"。I once wrote an article，It’s called "What happened is the past" What is written is "history" - about what history is"，Distinguish between “past” and “history”，This is something many people don’t understand。“The past” is the fact of what happened，“History” is written，It is presented to readers after processing by historians。Get this figured out，You can understand why there are only a few Western powers in the familiar "Bet365 lotto review"，The rest of the world may not exist，Or not important。In short，The Bet365 lotto review knowledge system was constructed by Westerners，Westerners edited the past according to their own needs，Thus forming "Bet365 lotto review"。This Western knowledge system has existed for two to three hundred years，And it has spread around the world because of the strong position of the West in these hundreds of years，Become the "orthodox" of Bet365 lotto review。

The biggest feature of the Western system is “Western-centrism”，Performed by focusing on Western history in content selection，Embedding Bet365 lotto review into Western historical experience，Replace the whole world with the West。You can know from this，Why do we talk about "Bet365 lotto review"，What appears in people’s minds are several Western powers。It’s worth noting，We have been criticizing “Western-centrism” for a long time，Not only after the founding of New China，Some people have criticized it before。However，Criticism basically stays at the level of discussion，Few people rely on facts，Showing the truth of history；Few people are trying to come up with alternative systems that are different from the Western knowledge system，Explain what the real history should be。However，History is an empirical discipline，Don’t speak with facts，Cannot criticize "Western-centrism"。

　What is “Western-centrism”？The essential feature is to describe Western civilization as the only correct civilization，Other civilizations are either outdated，Either it was incorrect from the beginning，So it will be eliminated。According to Hegel，The dawn of civilization rises in the east，Then move west，It will burst into light when it reaches Western Europe，Light up the whole Bet365 lotto review。The rest of the Bet365 lotto review may stand still，Or fall back into darkness；And Europe is always moving forward，Leading the future of mankind。This is the essence of “Western-centrism”，Also its source。Later, Western historical theories were basically deduced based on this idea，And spread throughout the Bet365 lotto review with the strong advancement of the West in the Bet365 lotto review。

The emergence of “Western-centrism” has its historical background，That is the rise of the West。from 15、The Age of Discovery Begins in the 16th Century，The West relies on the opening up of the world ocean trade system and the development of colonial expansion activities，Gradually emerging from the backwardness of the Middle Ages；More with 18、The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century and the struggle for spheres of influence around the world，Expand the power of the West to the whole world，By the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, it almost controlled the whole world。In this context，Westerners begin to believe that Western civilization is the only correct one、The West will always lead all mankind。To test this theory，The West writes Bet365 lotto review as a West-centered history，The Bet365 lotto review knowledge system created by the West was born from this。Unfortunately，Due to the continuous strengthening of the Western position over the past hundreds of years，This knowledge system is regarded as the "official history" of mankind；After the Opium War，Due to China’s decline and lack of understanding of the world，This knowledge system has also become the “Bet365 lotto review” in the minds of Chinese people。

According to this system，Western civilization has been at the center of the world stage in every historical stage，radiate brilliant brilliance。For example，In the era of the birth of civilization，Europe is said to be a place where heroes are born，The beautiful and handsome men in mythology created European civilization，Regardless of a basic historical fact: European civilization originated from the east coast of the Mediterranean (that is, what Europeans call "the East")，Therefore European civilization is only a secondary civilization。About ancient history，The Roman state is described as the pinnacle of the classical world，The system, culture and martial arts guide the future of the world，Disregarding another fact: on the other side of the earth，The Han Dynasty is creating a completely different civilization，The splendor is tied with Rome。In the so-called "Middle Ages"，What we call the Middle Ages，The chaos in Europe is said to be the starting point of modern state decentralization mechanisms，Lay the foundation for contemporary political system，Also regardless of the fact: it is precisely because the feudal territorial enfeoffment system exists and will not disappear for a long time，It took almost 1000 years to create，Western Europe is the most backward civilization in the world，Backward and poor compared to the "East" (including Byzantium)。The rise of Europe in the early modern period，The West began to develop rapidly since then，Catching up and surpassing the "East" of the world；But the thing that the West is least willing to mention，Among the many factors leading to the rise of the West，A key factor is the imitation of Eastern "despotism"，Forging a new country with centralized power，And used this as a tool to get rid of the feudal split state、On the road to becoming a powerful nation。In the next two to three hundred years, the West began to take the lead，The advantages are unstoppable，The whole world is occupied or controlled by Western countries，The Western-centered Bet365 lotto review writing system emerged，And spread around the world。

However，At this time，The Bet365 lotto review has begun to change dramatically again，A new page in history has been opened。Resurgence of non-Western countries that were once conquered or defeated by the West，Back on the Bet365 lotto review stage，The era of civilized equality is coming。The turning point came at the end of Bet365 lotto review War II，Today，This trend is irreversible。Because of this，What we call “big changes unseen in a century” has just occurred；Actually more than a hundred years，But another major change in the Bet365 lotto review structure，Transforming from “the West is strong and the East is weak” to the equality and common development of civilizations。

In summary，This is a complete one、Real Bet365 lotto review。The Western-centered Bet365 lotto review knowledge system is one-sided、Carefully selected and even distorted；So，Abandon “Western-centrism”，Build the correct one、An accurate knowledge system of Bet365 lotto review is a task of the times。

　　New Bet365 lotto review knowledge systemLet Bet365 lotto review facts speak for themselves

How to build a new Bet365 lotto review knowledge system？Starting from 2018，A few scholars from the Department of History at Peking University and Mr. Yu Pei from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and I set out to find a new framework，Exploring a new Bet365 lotto review knowledge system。After many discussions，We believe that the new Bet365 lotto review research must achieve several goals: First, it must use Marx’s thoughts on “the formation of Bet365 lotto review” as a theoretical clue，Showing the development process of human history。The second is to use the process of thousands of years of human history to prove that historical development has two coordinates-one horizontal and one vertical，Two coordinates cross operation，Only constitute a complete Bet365 lotto review。The third is to get rid of "Western-centrism"，Restore the world’s civilizations、Various countries、The original historical appearance of the parallel development of various ethnic groups，Restore different civilizations、Different countries、Equal status among different ethnic groups。The fourth is to get rid of the misconception that "Bet365 lotto review is the history of a few Western powers"，Showing the basic fact that Bet365 lotto review is the common history of all mankind，Show the changes in the world pattern over thousands of years in a long-term historical narrative，To understand what is happening in the 21st century。

In the process of writing，We try to explain the following four points: First，The world is diverse，Diversity is the essential feature of human civilization；Bet365 lotto review itself proves the diversity of history，The kind that sets Western civilization as the benchmark、Regarded as the only correct statement，It goes against historical reality。Secondly，History is development，Development includes horizontal development and vertical development，Horizontal development means that human civilization changes from fragmentation to wholeness，Finally forming a community with a shared future for mankind；Vertical development means that human society moves from low level to high level，Productivity level、Technical level、Social forms and other forms show a step change from low to high。Again，The world is universal，Also personal，The commonality appears horizontally、The existence of two vertical coordinates，Countries around the world、Regions、All ethnic groups are subject to the effects of these two coordinates；Personality comes from the horizontal direction、Interlaced changes of two vertical coordinates，Thus showing great differences in history。Finally，Historical development is uneven，Large-scale changes in Bet365 lotto review that have caused thousands of years of history: from the star point layout and gradual integration of early civilizations，The balance between east and west to the classical period，Then the east is strong and the west is weak in the Middle Ages, and the west is strong and the east is weak, and the west dominates the world after modern times；Today，We see new changes appearing again，Performing the all-round development of developing countries、The West is losing its advantage，Large-scale changes are the main content of writing Bet365 lotto review，It is impossible to write "Bet365 lotto review" clearly without this。The preliminary results of these thoughts are reflected in "Outline of New Bet365 lotto review" (Peking University Press，2023 edition)。

"The Outline of New Bet365 lotto review" only builds a framework for building a new knowledge system of Bet365 lotto review。Nevertheless，This framework is different from previous knowledge systems，It is different from the Rankine system of the 19th century，It is also different from the "global history" system that emerged in the West in the 20th century and the Soviet system that emerged in the Soviet Union。The Soviet system tried to write a “worldwide” history，But it was written as a stacked Bet365 lotto review，That is, the history of many countries is piled together to form a "world"，But this world is messy、Independent and not connected to each other；and，The Soviet system overemphasized the universality of history and denied diversity，Make the longitudinal coordinates mechanized and absolute，At the same time, he did not realize the existence of horizontal coordinates。In Western systems，Whether it is Rankian history or global history，Can’t even see the existence of the two coordinates，In fact, we do not recognize the inevitability of history but only recognize the possibility，The result still destroyed the integrity of the world。Our book regards the two coordinates as the two main lines of history，It is their interweaving and advancement that forms "Bet365 lotto review"。

As historical research，"Outline of New Bet365 lotto review" uses empirical methods of history to illustrate issues，Instead of using logic or pure theoretical speculation to demonstrate。History is history，The new knowledge system must let the knowledge itself speak for itself，And this knowledge must be historical knowledge，That is, historical facts。We believe that we have only taken a small step on the road to building a new Bet365 lotto review knowledge system，But I believe more people will take steps in this direction in the future。

　　(The author is a liberal arts chair professor at Bet365 lotto review)