Jing Tiankui (1943— )，Penglai County, Shandong Province，Admitted to the Department of Philosophy, Peking University in 1962，Worked in the commune and county committee of Heshun County, Shanxi Province from 1970 to 1973，Worked in the Theory Department of Shanxi Daily from 1973 to 1978。Engaged in research work at the Institute of Philosophy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences from 1981 to 1995，In the meantime， In 1987, he was promoted to associate researcher and enjoyed special allowance from the State Council，Served as director of the Historical Materialism Research Office in 1988，Promoted to researcher in 1992。Served as deputy director of the Institute of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences from 1995 to 2006、Party Secretary、Director。Rated as a national-level young and middle-aged expert with outstanding contributions in 1996。Served as Vice President of the Chinese Sociological Society from 1998 to 2005，Served as Vice President of the International Sociological Association from 2001 to 2005。Elected as the first batch of academic members of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2006。For the tenth session、Member of the 11th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference、Member of the National Planning Expert Committee、Chief expert of the Central Marxist Theory Research and Construction Project。Author of "The Key to Unlocking the Mysteries of Society—A Preliminary Exploration of the Logical Structure of Historical Materialism", "The Structure and Paradoxes of Social Cognition", "Bottom Line Fairness: The Basis of a Harmonious Society", "Bottom Line Fairness Welfare Model", etc.。Chief editor of "Basically Integrated Social Security System", "Introduction to Original Works on Sociology", "History of Chinese Sociology", etc.。Proposed the "labor starting point theory" (1981)、“Cognitive Systems Theory” (1990)、“Fundamentals of Science” (1993)、"Space-time compression theory" (1999)、“Bottom line fairness theory” (2004)、“The Middle Way of Welfare” (2010)、“On the Construction of China’s Local Sociological Theoretical System” (2017)。

Jing Tiankui is a famous sociologist in contemporary China，His academic career can be said to be in sync with the development of Chinese society。He keeps up with the times、Pay attention to the national economy and people’s livelihood、The academic style dedicated to social research is an encouragement and example to all juniors engaged in sociological research。

　Bet365 lotto review

1943，Jing Tiankui was born in an ordinary peasant family in Xingjia Village, Xiaomenjia Town, Penglai County, Shandong Province。1962，He was admitted to the Department of Philosophy of Peking University from Penglai No. 2 Middle School，Since then, we have embarked on the academic path。Not long after entering Peking University，Jing Tiankui began to think about a question: What exactly is society？After graduating from university，He went to the production team in Heshun County, Shanxi Province、Work in communes and county committees, as well as Shanxi Daily Theory Department and other units。Although the academic path is temporarily interrupted，But the seeds of exploring the mysteries of society have been planted in his heart。

　1978，Resumption of postgraduate education in my country。Jing Tiankui was admitted to the Department of Philosophy, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Majoring in Historical bet365 best casino games Materialism。More than a hundred years since Marx，Academic research on historical materialism mostly focuses on productivity and production relations、Economic base and superstructure、Basic categories such as individuals and masses，Few scholars have deeply studied the deep logical relationships of these basic categories。It is impossible to explain the relationship between these basic categories，It will lead to deviations in the practice of social and economic construction。In view of this，Jing Tiankui began to devote himself to researching the logical structure Bet365 lotto review of historical materialism，Intent to reveal the deep structure of the existing categories of historical materialism。1981，Jing Tiankui’s debut novel "The Key to Unlocking the Mysteries of Society—A Preliminary Exploration into the Logical Structure of Historical Materialism" is published，Proposed the logical starting point of historical materialism for the first time，Considering that “labor” as a philosophical category is the logical starting point of historical materialism，The logical development of labor is the logical skeleton of historical materialism，Proposed the labor unfolding process、The view that the social development process and the human development process are unified。Therefore，This research was called the "labor starting point theory" by colleagues in the philosophical field at the time。1982，"Philosophical Research" published a review of this book，Making young Jing Tiankui famous in the philosophical world。Due to the strong response this book has caused in academia and intellectual circles，1982，Jing Tiankui, as the only outstanding graduate student representative of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, was received by party and state leaders。

　1983，Jing Tiankui begins on-the-job doctoral studies。1983 to 1987，Jing Tiankui is committed to exploring the logic of social understanding。In the doctoral thesis "Structure and Paradox of Social Cognition"，Jing Tiankui established a model of social cognitive system，Consider the entire social understanding as a system，Divide social understanding into seven ways of understanding。By establishing a social cognitive system model，Jing Tiankui hopes to broaden the basic theory of understanding and practice，Realize the comprehensive synthesis of scientific understanding and humanistic understanding。The development of the field of social epistemology constituted the first turning point in Jing Tiankui’s academic career，He began to move from the field of philosophy to philosophy and specific science、The transition zone between philosophy and life practice。1988，Jing Tiankui once said，The next step is for him to work in the direction of "philosophy-specialized science-social technology"。

　1988，Jing Tiankui serves as director of the Historical Materialism Research Office of the Institute of Philosophy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences。1988 to 1992，Jing Tiankui is committed to exploring social science methodology。He proposed that the basic issue of social science is the opposition between scientism and humanism。The "social world" has duality，It is the "world of facts"，The "world of meaning" and the "world of value" again。Both scientism and humanism fail to properly view the duality of the social world，Instead, the duality is turned into "binary opposition"。Jing Tiankui thinks，The method to overcome "dual opposition" is based on the methodology of social science、The "level theory" is implemented in the three major areas of conceptual foundation and technical foundation。

From exploring the logic Bet365 lotto review of historical materialism，To explore the logic of social understanding，Let’s discuss social science methodology，Jing Tiankui moved towards the communication of philosophy and specific science around the main line of "exploring social mysteries"。In this process，Jing Tiankui gradually formed and perfected his "philosophical view": "Philosophy，If you are not close to life，It will become dry；Society，If there is no philosophy，It will appear shallow。”Such a “philosophical view” still has enlightening significance for today’s social science research。

　Pay attention to the time and space structure of social development

1993，Jing Tiankui, who was still working at the Institute of Philosophy, founded the Social Development Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and served as director。1995，Jing Tiankui was transferred from the Institute of Philosophy to the Institute of Sociology。Jing Tiankui noticed，While achieving rapid economic growth, China is also facing social anomie、Divide between rich and poor、Environmental degradation and other issues，By comparing the modernization process of Western developed countries with that of China，He proposed to use the analytical perspective of "Structure of Time and Space" to reveal the development dilemma of post-development countries。

　1999，Jing Tiankui published "The Time and Space Structure of Chinese Social Development" in "Sociological Research"，2002，Published the book "The Space-Time Structure of Social Development"。Jing Tiankui thinks，The space-time structure is the basic structure that participates in the formation and construction of social production and reproduction structures，The study of social development cannot be separated from the time and space structure of a society。He re-examined tradition、The dialogue structure of modernity and postmodernity，Point out that the important difference between Western developed countries and late-developing countries is the difference in dialogue structure - the dialogue structure of Western developed countries is always a binary structure，First, the dialogue between tradition and modernity，The dialogue between modernity and postmodernity again；Lately developed countries face tradition、A synthesis of modernity and postmodernity，Three people who belong to different eras are compressed into the same time and space。Jing Tiankui calls this structure of late-developing countries "time and space compression"。Facing "time and space compression"，Lately developing countries must take a path beyond evolution，Beyond the fixed patterns in the process of Western modernization，In order to establish a transcendent coordination relationship。

　2004，Jing Tiankui published "Establishing a Theoretical Framework with Chinese Space-Time Characteristics" in "People's Daily"，Discussing the construction of a theoretical framework for development sociology from a time and space perspective。October 11, 2006，Jing Tiankui was invited to give a speech entitled "Understanding China's Development" at Trinity College, University of Cambridge，Proposed that the key to explaining the mystery of China’s rise is that the time and space characteristics of China’s social development are different from those of Western countries。2013，Jing Tiankui published "Sociology of Space and Time: A New Discipline with Unlimited Prospects"，Considering that sociology of time and space has the status of a basic discipline，Will become a hub for rebuilding social sciences，Thus helping to build an academic discourse system that meets the needs of China’s rise。2018，Jing Tiankui published ""Reshaping Time and Space": The Purpose of Sociology of Time and Space" in bet365 Play online games "Beijing Daily"，Emphasis on the close relationship between academic discourse and time and space scenes，The Western “dual opposition” thinking cannot understand China’s integrated thinking，We should focus on the spatial and temporal characteristics of China’s social development，Explore how to achieve the unity of space-time compression and space-time extension in today's era。

　　Research on the construction of people’s livelihood

After entering the Institute of Sociology，Jing Tiankui has closely perceived the tremendous changes in Chinese society through a large number of social surveys。Among them，The relationship between economic development and social justice has become an issue that China must face in its development。But，The relationship between economic development and social justice is abstract and macroscopic，Need to find specific issues connected to it as a breakthrough。This breakthrough is to question the conceptual foundation of China’s social security system。

Jing Tiankui thinks，China’s social security system construction has long stayed at the policy and experience level，Few people discuss the basic concepts of social security。1996，Jing Tiankui presided over the major project of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences "Research on China's Social Security System"，And joined Yang Tuan in 2001、Tang Jun and others wrote the book "Basically Integrated Social Security System"，Proposed a “basically integrated social security system”，Discusses the conceptual meaning of "basic integration"、Conceptual Framework、Target、Requirements and meaning。June 2002，Jing Tiankui was invited to give a speech at the Department of Sociology of Jilin University，Summary "basic integration" into six "basics" and six "integrations"，And summarize the six "basics" and six "integrations" as "holding the bottom line"，Health Care；Relying on the community，Employment priority；Relying on the community，Urban and rural control”。2003，Jing Tiankui published the article "Development as Justice" in "Social Science Front"，Proposed that social justice is the core value and fundamental driving force of social development，Linking social security and social justice。Afterwards，He further thought about the characteristics of fairness that can reflect the unity of economic development and social justice。The result of the inquiry was at the 36th World Congress of Sociology in 2004，Jing Tiankui formally proposed the concept of “bottom-line fairness”，Believes that “bottom-line fairness” should become the core concept of social security。

Jing Tiankui pointed out，“Bottom line fairness” is a concept that determines and describes social fairness。This degree is the “basic need” of the people，Including meeting the needs of food and clothing (survival needs)、Basic education needs (development needs) and public health、Need for medical assistance (health needs)。The "bottom line" divides the consistency and difference of the rights of social members，The part below the bottom line reflects the "consistency of rights"，The part above the bottom line reflects the difference in rights。When the economic level is relatively low，The government must maintain the bottom line of fairness，Ensure every citizen has basic living security；When the economic level is higher，The government must still maintain the bottom line of fairness，To prevent the gap between rich and poor from widening。2004，Jing Tiankui published the article "Bottom Line Fairness and Flexible Adjustment of Social Security" in "Sociological Research"，This article was excerpted and reprinted by 20 newspapers and magazines across the country，And received positive bet365 Play online games responses from colleagues in social security research。

Jing Tiankui’s concern for people’s livelihood construction is both theory and practice。Since 2003，Jing Tiankui seized every opportunity to call for the establishment of a unified minimum living security system for urban and rural areas。He is particularly concerned about the livelihood security issues of disadvantaged groups in rural areas，And conducted many investigations and demonstrations。In 2006, at the seminar on “Building a New Socialist Rural Area” jointly organized by the Social and Legal Affairs Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and the Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China，Jing Tiankui once again called for the establishment of a rural minimum living security system。He and the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference investigation team visited many provinces and cities for investigation，Submitted the report "Investigation and Suggestions on Establishing a Rural Minimum Living Security System in my country" to the Central Committee。The report has received the attention of central leaders，Comrade Hui Liangyu, then Vice Premier of the State Council, instructed relevant departments to study it carefully。March 16, 2007，The "Government Work Report" adopted at the fifth session of the 10th National People's Congress decided to establish a rural minimum living security system nationwide in 2007。

Jing Tiankui is a philosophy student，I think that studying people’s livelihood is not my personal strength，But，He has never forgotten that he is a "farmer's son"，This spurred him to actively promote and participate in the construction of the rural subsistence allowance system，The purpose is to enable tens of millions of poor farmers in China to live a dignified life。As a researcher，His research results have indeed been used to solve people's difficulties，Improve the living conditions of the people，This is the greatest comfort to researchers，It is also an inspiration to later scholars。

　　Building a Chinese sociological discourse system

Based on the time and space characteristics of China’s social development，Discover concepts suitable for China’s national conditions，Construction with Chinese characteristics、A sociological discourse system that can explain China’s development，Strive to get rid of Chinese sociology’s dependence on Western theory，This has always been what Jing Tiankui wanted to do。Since 2014，Jing Tiankui led the team to study the history of Chinese sociology，Attempt to construct a Chinese sociological discourse system by rewriting the history of Chinese sociology。

On the basis of summarizing and reflecting on the construction process of sociology discipline，2014，Jing Tiankui published a paper "Unavoidable Fundamental Issues in Chinese Sociology—Starting from the "Spring of Sociology"。Looking back at the development of Chinese sociology in modern times，Scholars in the late Qing Dynasty created the tradition of integration and responsibility，Scholars during the Republic of China proposed "Sinicization of Sociology"。Therefore，Jing Tiankui believes that the ancient and modern issues between China and the West are inherent issues in Chinese sociology，It is also an unavoidable fundamental issue in Chinese sociology。However，Since the restoration and reconstruction of Chinese sociology in 1979，The ancient and modern issues between China and the West are downplayed，Learning from Western sociology has turned into copying and applying，The most common patterns are “Western concepts + Chinese cases” and “Western theories + Chinese data”。This kind bet365 best casino games of neglect of Chinese culture and Chinese academic tradition is called by Jing Tiankui as "learning while lying down" with "no roots"，If you want to “learn while standing”，Must independently propose Chinese characteristics、Chinese style、Basic concepts and theories of Chinese style。

　2015，Jing Tiankui gave a speech entitled "Discipline Positioning of the History of Chinese Social Thought" at the 13th Annual Meeting of the Professional Committee on the History of Chinese Social Thought，Discuss the relationship between the history of Chinese social thought and Chinese sociology。Jing Tiankui thinks，The main axis of the history of Chinese social thought should be the origin and development history of Chinese sociology，We need to base our history on the development context and cultural origin of Chinese society，Instead of telling history backwards，Use Western sociology as a standard to process Chinese historical materials。Same year，Jing Tiankui published an article "On the Origin of Chinese Sociology"，Point out the fundamental “source” of a subject，Should be social practice、Social history and cultural traditions，The traditional resources of local sociology represented by group studies are the source of the rise of Chinese sociology；In the process of historical development，The origin of Chinese sociology and the origin of Western sociology should be an equal dialogue relationship，The introduction of Western sociology is just a "stream" of Chinese sociology；Realizing the connection between Chinese sociology and Western sociology，There is an urgent need for Chinese sociology circles to enhance cultural awareness，Increase theoretical confidence，Explore the path between innovation and Western society。

Under the guidance of the above thoughts，Jing Tiankui led the team to focus on the conceptual system of group science。The conceptual system of group science is based on groups、Lun、人、On top of the four basic concepts of Doctrine，Adopt the hierarchical framework of "Sincerity, Correction, Qi Zhiping"，The level of self-cultivation corresponds to being gregarious，Qijia level corresponding energy group，The level of governance corresponds to the good people，Pingtianxia level corresponding group。October 2017，The book "Chinese Sociology: Origins and Duration" is published，It was rated as a major achievement of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences that year，has been translated into English so far、法、Germany、Russia、Published in 5 Korean foreign languages。

After demonstrating the conceptual system of group science，Jing Tiankui leads the team to continue to explore the possibility of rewriting the history of Chinese sociology。2019，Jing Tiankui published a paper "If you want to develop your scholarship, you must first correct its history - a brief discussion on the research on the history of Chinese sociology"，Questioning the views that “sociology is just an ‘imported product’”, “there was no sociology in ancient China”, and “the history of Chinese sociology can only be written from the introduction of Western sociology”。On the basis of constructing the conceptual system of group science，Jing Tiankui leads the team to write the history of Chinese sociology in the form of the evolution history of group studies，It not only embodies group studies as a group、Energy group、Shanqun、The main line of Lequn’s Learning，It also shows the continuity and development of Qunxue for more than 2,200 years。October 2019，The first volume of "History of Chinese Sociology" edited by Jing Tiankui, "The Formation of Group Studies", has been published by China Social Sciences Press，The second to sixth volumes of the book are also in intensive writing。

bet365 Play online games Jing Tiankui once said: "Although I am ordinary，But it’s a great era；Although the knowledge is rudimentary，But I am willing to devote everything I have to the issues raised by this era。”Overview of Jing Tiankui’s academic career，It is indeed in sync with the development process of Chinese society。Early 1980s，China urgently needs to promote people’s ideological emancipation，Jing Tiankui explains the mystery of social development from a philosophical perspective，Proposed the "labor starting point theory"。1990s，How to realize modernization under China’s specific national conditions has become an urgent issue，He planned to establish the Social Development Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Transfer to the field of sociology to conduct research，Compare the different backgrounds of modernization in Chinese and Western countries，Proposed the "space-time compression theory"。Early 21st century，Feeling the difficult living conditions of disadvantaged groups，Jing Tiankui changed his academic direction again，Start studying the social security policies that are most closely related to the people，Proposed the "bottom line fairness theory"。Today，Facing “big changes unseen in a century”，Jing Tiankui deeply feels that Chinese sociology has entered a new stage of answering the questions of the times，Also conscious of having a “big responsibility”，So we are committed to building a discourse system of Chinese sociology，In order to make the strongest voice of Chinese sociology in the new situation of "a hundred schools of thought contending"。Although his research field is constantly changing，However, the research orientation of closely following the development of Chinese society has not changed。While contributing penetrating academic research to "the issues raised by the times"，It also continues to inspire and encourage more sociologists to pay attention to social development、Dedicated to social research。

　　(Author’s affiliation: School of Law and Sociology, Yunnan Normal University)