May 19, 2020，Mr. Zhou Yuanlian, a famous expert on bet365 free bets history, passed away in his hometown of Sichuan。The academic circle of bet365 free bets history has been working hard to lose a writer、Sorrowful for a famous scholar who is diligent in exploring，In memory of this man who dedicated his life to the academic research of bet365 free bets history，Exploring the paths and methods of his academic research，Will leave us a lot of inspiration。

Mr. Zhou Yuanlian was born in Zizhong, Sichuan on December 12, 1930，Graduated from the History Department of Sichuan University in the autumn of 1955，Assigned to work at the Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Sciences (now the Institute of Ancient History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)，Dedicated his life to the study of bet365 free bets history。Promoted to researcher in 1986，Retired in 1991，Received special government allowance issued by the State Council in 1992。After retirement, he returned to his hometown in Sichuan with his wife, Mr. Yang Xuechen, who is also an expert on bet365 free bets history，Continue research on bet365 free bets history，Continuously writing，Published many more academic works，Until death。

Mr. Zhou Yuanlian has studied Qing history for 65 years，Published nearly 30 academic works，Published dozens of academic papers。He is rigorous in his studies，Continuous exploration and innovation，Courage to put forward your own unique academic insights，Jiahui Xuelin。His research covers many areas bet365 free bets entire history bet365 free bets middle and early Qing Dynasty，It can be said，He is by far the most prolific expert on Qing history among his fellow scholars。

bet365 free bets achievements

　　Created two paradigms for research on the founding history bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty。How Manchuria rose？How to move from tribe to country？This is Qing history、Important issues in the study of Manchu history。Since the reform and opening up，Academic circles are paying more and more attention to the history of customs entry，Produced a group of experts on Manchu history and Qing Dynasty history，Mr. Zhou Yuanlian is one bet365 free bets representatives，His works "Research on the Founding History bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty" and "History bet365 free bets Rise bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty"，Concentrates some of his thoughts on the study bet365 free bets founding history bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty。Previously written，He takes the nature of society as the key link，According to the different stages of Manchurian social development，The end of primitive society (1640s-1680s)、Slave society (1587-1621)、Feudal society (1621-1644) three parts，Details the development of Manchu tribes and the post-Jin regime in different periods；In the next step，He looked at it from the perspective of political history，Written the establishment of Manchuria from tribe to country，Focus on answers to some historical mysteries，The establishment and improvement bet365 free bets Eight Banners system、The establishment bet365 free bets system and other political systems have been verified，Analysis bet365 free bets formation and power structure bet365 free bets Eight Banners aristocratic group，Comments on the success or failure of several wars in the Ming and Qing Dynasties。Two on the research path、Research perspective，All are different，Created two paradigms for research on the founding history bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty。

An in-depth discussion bet365 free bets nature of Manchu society。Issues about the nature of Manchu society before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs，Always a focus of discussion in academic circles。As early as the Yan'an period，The "Compendium of General History of China" edited by Fan Wenlan was the first to use historical materialism to explore the nature of society before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs。After the founding of New China，This issue has once again become a hot topic in academic circles，Zhang Weihua、Mo Dongyin、Shang Yue、Zheng Tianting、Wang Zhonghan、Dai Yi、Li Hongbin、Zhao Zhan and other scholars have written articles to discuss。In this great debate，Mr. Zhou Yuanlian also did a lot of detailed research，He successively wrote "Several Issues About the Imperial Village in the Qing Dynasty", "Looking at the Social Nature bet365 free bets Manchus before Entering the Pass from the Changes in the Identity of "Zhushen"", "About the Jurchen and Early Periods of Jianzhou from the 1540s to the early 1680s" Articles such as "The Social Nature bet365 free bets Manchus", "On the Transition bet365 free bets Manchus from Slavery to Feudalism", "The Social Nature bet365 free bets Manchus before Entering the Customs", "On the Social Nature bet365 free bets Manchus from 1587 to 1621", etc.，Comprehensive assessment bet365 free bets establishment of Huangzhuang、Development and scale，Huangzhuang’s production method，The evolution of land ownership before entering the customs，Changes in the identity of "Zhu Shen"，Related issues such as taxation and labor system in the early Qing Dynasty，Think: Before Nurhachi raised his troops，Jianzhou Jurchens are still at the end of primitive society；The city of Feala was built in the fifteenth year of Wanli、Dingguozhengqi，Six years to Tianming，The Manchus are in the development stage of slave society；After entering the Liaoshen area in the sixth year of Tianming，The Manchus began to transition from slavery to feudalism；Destined ten-year editor-in-chief，Marks the rise of feudal serfdom into a production relationship that dominated the post-Jin regime，This view has become a representative view in interpreting the nature of society before entering the customs。

Zang Fu historical figure，Unique insights。History is certainly created by the people，But "great figures" will undoubtedly also play an important historical role，Even decisively。As Marx said: "Every social era needs its own great figures，If there is no such character，It will create such a character。”In the study of Qing history，Mr. Zhou Yuanlian fully affirmed that the people are the creators of history，But we also pay attention to the important role of emperors, generals and ministers in historical development。He has published "The Complete Biography of Emperor Father and Regent Dorgon" (co-author)、"Emperor Shunzhi", "Biography of Emperor Qianlong", "Biography of Taizu bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty", "Biography of Yue Zhongqi", etc.，While showing the historical development context bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty，Major historical events in each period、Detailed explanation of important systems and ideas。For example, the book "The Complete Biography of Emperor Father and Regent Dorgon"，Starting from the powerful situation Dorgon was in when he was young，Describes his transformation from an orphan and a weak leader to the banner leader Baelor、Prince He Shuorui、Auxiliary Prince、The glorious life bet365 free bets imperial father and the regent，Not only affirmed his key role in the unification war and system construction bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty，Also enclose the land for him、Forced deposit、Promulgate the Fugitive Law、Fighting political opponents、Criticize actions such as monopolizing government affairs，And commented on his sensual living conditions and tragic ending。

What standards should be used to evaluate historical figures，This is a long-standing difficulty in historical research。Before the 1980s，Historical role and class are the two main criteria for Zang’s character。Since the 1990s，The evaluation criteria for historical figures have begun to diversify、Concretize，Such as productivity development、National unity、Building a unified country，It has become an important consideration in evaluating historical figures。Mr. Zhou Yuanlian broke through the traditional evaluation system earlier，Whether it conforms to the trend of historical development，Whether it is in the interests bet365 free bets country and the nation，Is Mr. Zhou Yuanlian’s main criterion for evaluating historical figures，This is science、The formation of objective evaluation criteria for historical figures，Provides reference。

　　bet365 free bets methods

　　First, adhere to the guidance of bet365 free bets materialism.

Historical materialism is the basic method to guide historical research，It is opposed to being divorced from historical reality、Subjective idealism that arbitrarily weaves historical facts，Also opposes the objective idealism of simply listing or piling up historical materials as history，Instead, it requires that relevant historical materials be removed from the false and true，On the basis of grasping objective historical facts，Explain historical phenomena realistically、Summary of historical lessons、Explain the laws of history。Mr. Zhou Yuanlian is studying history，Always adhere to the guidance of historical materialism，Reflects a high level of Marxist historical theory。For example, when studying the nature of Manchu society，He proposed to "according to the instructions of Marxist classic writers，In-depth study of a land system in a specific period，Contact Global，Lead to conclusion”，So he chose the imperial village bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty as the research object，Through dialectical analysis of a large number of historical materials，Discussed the social nature of early Manchuria；He is keenly aware of "appropriately determining Zhu Shen's identity and status，For clarifying the class relations bet365 free bets early Manchus，Correctly determine the social nature bet365 free bets Manchus before entering the customs，of great significance”，So through the study of social production relations and the nature bet365 free bets superstructure，Examined the changes in the identity and status of "Zhu Shen" in different periods，Based on this, the social development status bet365 free bets corresponding historical period is determined。

　　Second, pay attention to the excavation of archives and bet365 free bets materials.

Seeking historical truth from archives and historical materials，This is a major feature of Mr. Zhou Yuanlian’s history management。Based on the research on "Manwen Laodang"，He wrote two articles: "Several Issues About the History bet365 free bets Founding bet365 free bets Early Qing Dynasty" and "The Relationship between Nurhaci and the Ming Dynasty Government"；Based on the in-depth excavation of archives and historical materials of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty，Cooperation with Mr. Xie Zhaohua，Written articles such as "A Preliminary Study on the Military Household System in Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty", "A Preliminary Study on the Military Station System in Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty", "The Disaster of Mining Tax in the Late Wanli Period", "The Relationship between the Jurchens and the Han Nationality in the Ming Dynasty"；While writing "The Biography of Yue Zhongqi"，He meticulously compiled more than 46,000 memorials about Yue Zhongqi，One by One and Record、Comparative analysis of historical materials such as daily life notes；Working on writing "Research on Tenancy System in Qing Dynasty"，He consulted more than 58,000 land debt files on the Qianlong Dynasty's Criminal Division held by China's First Historical Archives，Collected a lot of information about land ownership、Precious historical materials on the tenancy relationship，Combined with the actual records of this period、Memorial、Notes、Collection、Local records and other documents，Comprehensive Research，Complete the description and analysis bet365 free bets feudal tenancy system in the Qing Dynasty。Mr. Zhou Yuanlian is based on historical data，Through in-depth analysis bet365 free bets archives，Comparative analysis with handed down documents，Thus revealing some things that people have ignored in the past、Historical facts that have been suppressed by the official，Restore the historical truth。

　　Third，Pay attention to the summary of historical experience and lessons from the rise and fall bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty。

History is a nation、A country is formed、The true record of development and its rise and fall。History is the best textbook，Also the best sober agent。The ultimate purpose of studying history，We must learn from history，Summary bet365 free bets development laws of human society、Ideological wisdom and experiences and lessons on the rise and fall of governing chaos。Mr. Zhou Yuanlian has published "The Rise and Fall bet365 free bets Eight Banners Princes and Nobles in the Qing Dynasty" and the five-volume "The Rise and Fall bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty"，Both of them are connected with each other，Shows the historical process bet365 free bets rise and fall bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty from the side and the front，Truely fulfilling the responsibility of a historian。

"The Rise and Fall bet365 free bets Eight Banners Princes and Nobles in the Qing Dynasty" focuses on the Eight Banners Princes and Nobles，Investigated the rise and fall of clans and nobles with different surnames。The rise and fall of princes and nobles is an important part bet365 free bets rise and fall of dynasties，They share weal and woe with the country、A community of shared destiny。When describing the rise and fall bet365 free bets princes and nobles bet365 free bets Eight Banners，His special section introduces the class characteristics bet365 free bets princes and noble groups，Revealing the politics they had、Legal and Financial Privileges，And take bribes for the princes’ children、Selling an official position and getting a title、Oppressing the people、Snatching and plundering、Idle and idle、Ju Betting Tap、Vividly depicts the "parasitic and decadent" living conditions such as wanton pleasure，It has already heralded the decline and decline bet365 free bets Eight Banners nobles。

"The History bet365 free bets Rise and Fall bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty" shows the period from Nurhachi's rise of troops to the abdication bet365 free bets young emperor，The complete history bet365 free bets rise and fall bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty，Answered the question "Why did the Qing Dynasty flourish?"？Why Sheng？Why decline？Why die？”Four major questions。What’s even more valuable is，Mr. Zhou Yuanlian took the rise and fall bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty as an example，further answered the basic rules bet365 free bets rise and fall of ancient Chinese dynasties，The rise and fall of dynasties，Of course it fundamentally depends on the objective conditions of social development，But subjective factors will also have an impact on the historical process。Especially the situation bet365 free bets supreme ruling group of emperors, generals and ministers，And how to run the country，It is an important factor that should not be ignored。What they did，Subject to objective conditions，It can also promote the prosperity bet365 free bets dynasty and accelerate its decline to a considerable extent，Thus having a strong impact on the historical process”。

Mr. Zhou Yuanlian’s intellectual life is steeped in strong practical concerns，He is not only a rigorous historian，He is also a propagandist of traditional Chinese culture、Guardian。Most of his writings are easy to understand，The writing style should be lively and lively，Especially after he retires，Concentrate on studying literature，Write down the results of a lifetime of research in a literary style，Created one long historical novel after another，Such as "The Fragrant Concubine Enters the Palace", "Emperor Qianlong's Visit to the South bet365 free bets Yangtze River", "The Most Honest Official in the World: Zhang Boxing, the Honest Official bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty", "Ningyuan General Yue Zhongqi", etc.，Clarifying historical fallacies、Popularize historical knowledge、Disseminate academic research results、Promoting national spirit and other aspects，Made important contributions，Until I run out of ideas、burned out life。This reminds us，Mr. Zhou Yuanlian once donated 120,000 yuan to his hometown school to establish the "Yang Xuechen Scholarship"，150,000 yuan at your own expense to safeguard national unity、Upright and upright、Making profits for the people、Erect a monument to commemorate the "Qing Dynasty celebrities" who were honest and dedicated，This is related to his writing books and history、The article Guangjiao is consistent，Reflects the inherent feelings of family and country and spiritual traits of traditional Chinese intellectuals。

　　(The author is the deputy director bet365 free bets National Qing History Compilation Committee)