May 19, 2020，Famous Qing history expert Mr. Zhou Yuanlian died in Sichuan, his hometown of Sangzi。The Qing Dynasty historical circles have lost a pennile、Sorrowful scholars who are diligent in exploration，Missing this everyone who dedicated his life to the academic research of the Qing Dynasty，Exploring the path and method of its academic research，It will leave us a lot of enlightenment。

Mr. Zhou Yuanlian was born on December 12, 1930 in Sichuan capital，Graduated from the Department of History of Sichuan University in the autumn of 1955，It is assigned to the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (now Institute of Ancient History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)，Research on the history of Qing Dynasty for a lifetime。Researcher promoted in 1986，Retirement of 1991，In 1992, a special government allowance was received by the State Council。After retirement, Mr. Yang Xuechen, his wife, who is also an expert in Qing history research, returns to his hometown，Continue to Qing History Research，Written farming，Published a number of academic works，until the death。

Mr. Zhou Yuanlian studied the history of the Qing Dynasty 65 years，Publishing academic works nearly 30 units，Published dozens of academic papers。Rigid governance，Keep exploring new for new，Courage to propose my own unique academic opinion，Jiahui Xuelin。His research involved in many areas of many areas of history in the middle of the Qing Dynasty，It can be said，He is the most Hong -rich Qing history expert in his peers。

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　　Created two paradigms of the founding of the founding history of the Qing Dynasty。How did Manchu rise? How did the tribe go to the country?、Important issues in the study of Manchu History。Since the reform and opening up，Follow the history of the academic world to pay attention to the history before entering the customs，produced a group of Manchu history and experts from the Qing Dynasty，and Mr. Zhou Yuanlian is one of the representative characters，The Research on the Founding of the Qing Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty "，Concentrated reflects his thinking about the research on the founding history of the Qing Dynasty。I am in front，He takes social nature as the outline，According to the different stages of the development of the society of Manchuria，The end of the primitive society (the 1940s and 1980s)、Slave Society (1587-1621)、Feudal Society (1621-1644) three parts，Detailed explanation of the development of the Manchurian tribe and the post -gold regime in different periods;，From the perspective of political history，Written the process of establishing Manchuria from the tribe to the country，Focus on answering some historical mystery，The establishment and improvement of the eight flag system、Establishment of the system and other political systems have been verified，Learn the formation and power structure of the Eight Banners Aristocratic Group，Analysis of the success and failure of several wars of the Ming and Qing Dynasties。Both research paths、Research perspective，All are different，Created two paradigms of the founding of the founding history of the Qing Dynasty。

Discussion on the nature of Manchuria's society。The nature of Manchuria society before the Qing Dynasty，Always the focus of discussion in the academic community。As early as the Yan'an period，Fan Wenlan's "Brief Embradation of Chinese General History" earlier discussed the social nature of the Qing Dynasty before entering the customs。After the founding of New China，This problem once again becomes a hot spot for discussion in the academic community，Zhang Weihua、Mo Dongyin、Shang 钺、Zheng Tian Ting、Wang Zhonghan、Dai Yi、Li Hongbin、Zhao Zhan and other scholars have discussed composition。In this big debate，Mr. Zhou Yuanlian also made a lot of detailed research，He has written "Several Issues About the Emperor Zhuangzhuang in the Qing Dynasty" and "changes in the identity of the" Zhu Shen "to see the social nature of the Manchu", "About the establishment of the state and early in the early 1940s to the early 1980s The Manchu's Social Nature Issues "," Problem about Manchu from slavery to feudal systems "," Social Nature of Manchu Before entering the customs "," About the Social Nature Issues of Manchu in 1587-1621 "，Comprehensive assessment of the establishment of Huangzhuang、Development and scale，The production method of Huangzhuang，Evolution of land ownership before entering the customs，Changes in the identity of "Zhu Shen"，Related issues such as taxation and labor system in the bet365 Play online games early Qing Dynasty，Think: before Nurhachi got up，Jianzhou Girls are still at the end of the primitive society;、Dingguo government，During the six years of destiny，The Manchu is in the stage of slave social development; after six years of destiny entered the Liaoning -Shen area，The Manchu began to transition from slavery to feudal system;，It marks the production relationship of the feudal serf system as the leading position of the post -housing regime，This view becomes a representative point of view of the social nature before entering the customs。

Zang whether it is a historical figure，Explanation alone。History is created by the people，But "Great Person" will undoubtedly play an important historical role，Even deciding the role。As Marx said: "Every time in society, you need to have your own great figure，If there is no such character，It will create such a character。"In the study of Qing history，Mr. Zhou Yuanlian fully affirmed that the people are the creators of history，But also pay attention to the important role of the emperor in historical development。He has published "The Full Biography of the Emperor's Regent King Dole" (coincident)、"Emperor Shunzhi", "Emperor Qianlong", "The Biography bet365 live casino games of the Qing Dynasty", "Yue Zhongqi Biography", etc.，While showing the historical development context of the Qing Dynasty，major historical events of each period、Detailed interpretation of important systems and ideas。For example, the book "Father Emperor's Regent King Dole"，Starting from the power of the childhood in Dorr's childhood，narrate him from the weak owner of the orphan to the flag owner Belle、Prince of Hedu Rui、Auxiliary Prince、The glory of the emperor's regent king，Affirmed his key role in the united war and system construction of the Qing Dynasty，Also around him、Forced investment、​​Issuing the escape method、Fighting political opponents、Monopoly DPRK and other behaviors will be criticized，。

What kind of standards to evaluate historical figures，It is the difficulty of long -term historical research。Before the 1980s，Historical role and class class are the two major standards of Zang whether they are character。Since the 1990s，Standards for evaluation of historical figures began to diversify、specificization，Such as productive forces、National Bet365 lotto review Unification、Construction of the Unified National State，All have become important considerations for evaluating historical figures。Mr. Zhou Yuanlian broke through the traditional evaluation system earlier，Whether to conform to the general trend of historical development，Whether it meets the interests of the country and the nation，It is the main criterion for Mr. Zhou Yuanlian to evaluate historical figures，This is science、The formation of objective historical figure evaluation standards，Provided reference。

　　School method

　　One, insist on guiding the historical view of materialism.

Historical materialism is the basic method of guiding historical research，It is both opposed to leaving history、Subjective idealism of arbitrarily weaving historical facts，Also against simple listing or accumulation of historical materials as objective idealism of history，Instead, it is required to save the truth about related historical materials，On the basis of grasping objective historical facts，Explain the historical phenomenon in a real thing、Summary historical lessons、Explanation of historical laws。Mr. Zhou Yuanlian in historical research，Always adhere to the guidance of the historical view of materialism，It reflects the higher Marxist historical theoretical cultivation。If you are studying the nature of Manchuria，He proposed that "instructions of Marxist classic writers，Deeply study a land system in a specific period，Contact global，Leading the conclusion "，Therefore, he chose the Qing Dynasty Huangzhuang as the research object，Dialectical analysis of a large amount of historical materials，Discuss the social nature of Manchuria in the early days; he keenly realized that "properly determine the identity and status of Zhushen，For the class relationship of the early Manchus，Correctly judge the social nature of the Manchus before entering the customs，It has important significance "，Therefore, through the research of social production relations and the nature of upper -level buildings，After examining the changes in the status and status of "Zhu Shen" in different periods，According to this, the social development status of the corresponding historical period。

　　Second, pay attention to the excavation of archives historical materials.

Seek historical truth from the historical data of files，It is a major Bet365 app download feature of Mr. Zhou Yuanlian's history。If you are based on the study of "Manwen Old File"，He has written two articles on "Several Issues on the History of the National Pioneer in the early Qing Dynasty" and "Relationship between Nurhachi and the Ming government";，Cooperate with Mr. Xie Zhaohua，I have written articles such as "The First Exploration of the Liaodong Army System of the Ming Dynasty", "The Liaodong Army Tun System in the Ming Dynasty", "The Mining Tax in the Late Wanli", "The Relationship between the True of the Women and Han of the Ming Dynasty";，He has carefully compiled more than 46,000 Zhuzhuzhuzhuo about Yue Zhongqi，Records and practical、Job and other historical data comparative analysis;，He consulted more than 58,000 pieces of local debt archives in the Qianlong DPRK,，Collect a large amount of land possession、Precious historical materials for rental relationships，combined with the actual record of this period、Fold、Note、Collection、Fang Zhi and other documents，Comprehensive research，Completed the narrative and analysis of the feudal rental system of the Qing Dynasty。Mr. Zhou Yuanlian based on historical materials，Through in -depth analysis of the file，Comparison analysis with the handed down literature，This reveals some that people have ignored in the past、Historical facts released by the official，Restore historical truth。

　　Its three，Pay attention to the summary of the historical experience and lessons of the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty。

History is a nation、Formed a country、The real record of development and its decline and decline。History is the best textbook，It is also the best sober agent。The final purpose of research history，I want to learn from history，Summarize the development law of human society、The ideological wisdom and experience of the rise and fall of chaos。Mr. Zhou Yuanlian has published the "History of the Eight Banners of the Eight Banners of the Qing Dynasty" and the five volumes of "History of the Relution of the Qing Dynasty"，Both flooded Boschi，The historical process of the prosperity and decline of the Qing Dynasty from the side and front of the Qing Dynasty，The responsibility of a historian has been truly practiced。

"The History of the Eight Banners of the Eight Banners of the Qing Dynasty" focuses on the Eight Banner Prince and Noble，Including the bet365 best casino games rise and fall of the clan and the nobles surnames, I made an inspection。The rise and fall of the nobles of the princes is an important part of the prosperity of the dynasty，They and the country are the common and common、Destiny community of interest。When describing the rise and fall of the eight flags and nobles，His exclusively introduced the class characteristics of the prince and noble group，revealing the politics they have、Legal and economic privileges，and take power to accept bribes to the princes、Selling Officer Jue、Stress the people、巧、Get gambling tap、Get gambling tap、The living conditions of "parasitic decaying" and other "parasitic decaying" are vividly depicted，It has long foreshadows the decline and decline of the eight flags。

"The History of the Relution of the Qing Dynasty" shows the abdication from Nurhachi to the young emperor，The complete process of the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty，Answer the Qing Dynasty, "Why are you flourishing? Why are you prosper? Why do you die?"。What's more valuable is，Mr. Zhou Yuanlian takes the rise of the Qing Dynasty as an example，It also further answered the basic laws of the prosperity and decline of ancient Chinese dynasties，That is "the prosperity of the dynasty，Of course, it is fundamentally dependent on the objective conditions of social development，But subjective factors will also affect the historical process。Especially the situation of the emperor's highest ruling group itself，How to manage the country，It is an important factor that should not be ignored。What they do，Both are restricted by objective conditions，It can largely promote the prosperity of the dynasty and accelerate its decline，thus a strong impact on the historical process "。

Mr. Zhou Yuanlian's learning life is immersed in strong practical care，He is not only a rigorous historic worker，It is a propaganda of traditional Chinese culture、Guardian。It is mostly easy to understand that it is mostly common，Wingwen brushwork for vivid and lively，Especially after his retirement，Study in literature，Call down the research results of lifetime in literary brushwork，Creed up one after another historical novel，For example, "Xiangfei Entering the Palace", "Emperor Qianlong's Emperor down Jiangnan", "The First Qing Dynasty Official: Zhang Bo Xing bet365 live casino games of the Qing Dynasty", "General of Ning Yuan, Yue Zhongqi"，Clarifying historical fallacy、Popularized historical knowledge、The results of the academic research of communication、Promoting the national spirit and other aspects，I made important contributions，Until the exhaustion of thought、Life。This can't help but think of it，Mr. Zhou Yuanlian once donated 120,000 yuan to his hometown school to set up the "Yang Xuechen Scholarship"，150,000 yuan at the self -funded to maintain national unity、Just right、Live in the people、The "Qing Dynasty Celebrities" of Honesty Public，This is a book with him、Wen Guangjiao is the same，It reflects the inherent family feelings and spiritual traits of Chinese traditional intellectuals。

　　(The author is deputy director of the National Qing History Compilation Committee)