The eyes of psychoanalysis never deviated from the survival of people itself。Since Freud has attracted people's perspectives to understand themselves, it has been subconscious，People are regarded as a kind of existence that suffers from internal conflicts，And the psychological life of a person is also regarded as a process of fighting against this conflict。Due to Freud -style conflicts and their confrontation efforts are always related to love，While answering civilization and moral issues，It is inevitable that people's survival dilemma is trapped in the guilt complex，Gui becomes the main psychological predicament of people。and Kohot emphasized the nature of the internal psychological conflict，Modern people's tragedy must assume the challenge of the relationship for themselves，If you want to restore your own unified ideals，Modern people must work hard to invest in the relationship。He calls the "tragedy" in this situation，Preset of the "guilt" that is different from Freud -style。Vocabulary such as "guilt" and "tragedy" expresses human survival situation，Covering the "psychological reality" life reality，This concept is always the most concerned about psychoanalysis。

The concept of "tragedy" can be described as pioneering，Because in the history of psychoanalysis，Lack of direct discussion on the view of human nature，Lack of generalization of the concept of human nature behind the theory preset。Coreht's recognition of "Tragedy"，Very suitable to point the perspective to the existence of people itself。In order to reveal the value hidden in the concept of tragedy，Need to drive from the nature of drive、Relations direction and answer route to understand。

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The guilt has a preset in the drive theoretical model。Drive is instinct。For Freud，Instinct is marked as sex，Is the center of all mental life，The power source of all activities。Sexual drive based on biological instincts must be related to moral taboos，This is determined by the evolution of human civilization。When Freud's useful driving force Bet365 lotto review is used as the basic point of theory，It will inevitably introduce the moral judgment at the same time as the opposite side。This，The inner life of a person is caught in a dual -opposite mode，If unconscious and consciousness、This ego and Super I，The paradigms of these opposing conflicts all show the realization of sexual driving force and moral constraints。Under this paradigm，Gui as one of the unique emotions of man，It is inevitable to dominate the psychological life of people。

guilt comes from the moral trial of self -consciousness。Freud Terrain Style Model，Pre -consciousness -the consciousness system's review and suppression of unconscious sexual driving forces，The standard adopted is social specifications，This is a direct way of moral intervention，The foundation that is also established with guilt。Under the concept of the superego，Gui as the inevitable product of the mental structure is very clear。Super self is conscience，It is a product that is self -identified and internalized，It is the application of external social specifications in the psychological field。Freud clearly pointed out，"Moral trials are directly carried out in the subconscious，Those general guilt is evidence，These guilt is not commensurate with external real life，It comes from the ethical norms of earlier internalization "。The inevitability of the guilt is also reflected in Freud’s development concept，Such as Oedipus complex，The fantasy of children in the Oedipus period。The success of this fantasy will lead to the fear of incest taboos in fantasy，Further inevitable deep shame and guilt; and the fantasy of failure causes castration of fear or the penis jealousy，This kind of self -incomplete feeling finally forms a deeper guilt。guilt is the final refuge of fear and shame。

The driving force of self -implementation reconstructs the theory of drive。Tragedy Perspective admits that the driving force is the motivation of the inner world，But the core goal of the drive is not to enjoy but "self -realization"。Self -implementation refers to the integration of "ambition" and "ideal pole" of the core self.。Visible，This kind of driving force is more expressive as a potential，instead of some kind of instinct to be sent out。Its realization means bet365 best casino games transformation into reality，Requires multiple conditions。First，It needs to be followed and recognized，Therefore, it must inevitably need a psychology of the object that can map itself。Second，It also requires that object can maintain some sustainability and stability，This actually constitutes its own sense of rectification continuously、The premise of integration in space。Last，In the psychological field provided by this object，You can reconcile the inner bipolar，Unified it into a harmonious unit，Turn potential into reality。

Tragedy is so contained in the paradox of unified needs。On the one hand，It depends on objects，The latter provides the conditions for transformation; on the other hand，Itself requires independent objects，To form a balanced power flow between the poles。Therefore，This indicates that the unity requires the "just right" of the relationship between itself and the self -occupation，The success of the unified success is only one of many results，but failure may happen at any time，That is, a person faces a threat at any time，The anxiety of disintegration is inevitable。

　　Reconstruction of the relationship

The relationship between guilt is one -way and closed。Freud emphasizes psychological reality much higher than external reality，Psychological reality depends on the release of psychological energy，It has nothing to do with objects in nature。Under the principle of morality, under the guidelines of super me，instinct to be associated with the object on the release path，guilt can be regarded as an emotional product of the relationship between the two。However, this relationship is one -way，It exists because the object does not act as an object，Instead, it is tag abstracted as social civilization and standardization，The relationship between the subject and the object becomes the relationship between the opposite side of the subject itself and its suction。Just like a novice tennis facing the wall exercise，What he received is the power of his own。This process is repeated or circulated，guilt is just like the pain caused by mistakes，accumulates greater damage in repeated，Even when you are resting, come to invade。Closure is another feature of the internal relationship bet365 Play online games of the "guilt"。Self -as the subject of guilt experience，Its activity space is restricted by me and the Super I，This determines that its activity content cannot surpass instincts and civilization. At the same time,，This one -way return makes self -experience restricted by the previous itself，Past experience overlap now，not only covering the current experience，Blocking the future again。Closer can be regarded as playing by yourself in a narrow space，3525_3538，guilt as the theme of this game is repeated。Under the guilt's architecture，Your vitality is gradually weakened in closed and repeated，The subjective transforms to passiveness; at the same time，Because the object is pulled away from reality，Therefore, it also lost its own vitality，The physical nature is becoming more and more prominent。Therefore，In the guilt mode loop，Whether you are or object，Its relationship shows the characteristics of losing effective activity。

"Tragedy" reconstructs the relationship as the inter -subjective。In the self -unified drive mode，Her object plays a very important role，Not only reflects the subject's itself，It also provides a field for the activity of self -realization of the main body，More importantly，The self -object is not a image fixed to others，Instead, the main body can feel the parts of themselves from others，These parts are personalized，instead of materialized。These parts are not just intermediaries of the relationship between the subject and others，Still the subject and their own information transmitter。From a form point of view，The own object comes from the other among the other，is the other who is united in myself，Therefore，"Tragedy" has existed in itself and yourself、ourselves and others、Others and yourself、Multi -weight of the other and others、Dynamic relationship。These relationship expression is open。On the one hand，"Tragedy" to achieve its own unity，Requires potential transformation to reality，Expressing a variety of possibilities; on the other hand，The ambition of core self and the ideal tension requires the establishment and maintaining dynamic balance。Therefore, the relationship between tragedy emphasizes the fusion of dual opposition，Emphasize Bet365 app download the maintenance and construction of the dynamic system，goals to satisfy their self -realization。

　　Method rebuild

Repentance and analysis is the method of rescue of guilt。Traditional psychoanalysis takes analysis as the core，Based on venting。Evaporation is essentially confession，Both have the efficiency of release。Ventures is comparable to confession，Analysts act as pastors，He is hidden behind his back、Show tolerance、Give a simple response，Just as the pastor represents God，Analyst is the spokesperson of "truth"。Another，Elimination directly satisfied the guilt's guilt and shame psychological reality。Visible，Normal confession is an important way to rescue the psychological dilemma of guilt。Another way of rescue is the analysis，is psychoanalysis，It is a system of analysis and interpretation of the discourse system。This standardized foundation is the belief of psychological metaphysics，Defending the truth of the absolute objectivity of the psychological world，It can be regarded as the expression of Hegel's objective idealism in psychology。Therefore，The result of the analysis is the growth of knowledge: expanded self -consciousness，Ink the person's knowledge of its subconscious content，Is not a improvement of psychological life。Repentance or venting and analysis is repeated more，The more it can cause the deficiency phase of its functions，This is caused by the dislocation of psychological reality and life in time and space。

Understanding empathy can save people's psychological dilemma。Cobeter's methodology echo the psychology of Delai's understanding，Kodhot believes that the tragedy of the psychological life of modern people in love，can we truly solve the predicament of saving people。Compassion is not a "re -experience" in the sense of academic sense，Compared with the repeat and cycle of explanation，Kobal emphasizes the generation of emphasis and expansion，It points to itself and its relationship，Is the reflection on myself and alternative reflection on others，This require。Complex emphasis on the center of psychological theory and methodology，Therefore, it cannot be understood as a posture (such as care) or a action (like love)，Not just "love、sympathy、companion、bet365 Play online games Good "，It is a process of sincere recognition of the life experience of yourself and others，"It's the guide of action"。Compass is a place to set up，"Put your feet in (Object's) boots"，Follow the existence of others。Understanding can only achieve it on the basis of empathy。Kobute proposed that this understanding needs to go through two stages: first of all, you must experience the "approximate experience" stage，That is emotional understanding; followed by "explanation of far experience"，The cognitive level of understanding。Under the guidance and continuous effect of empathy，The former develops and integrated the former，Show as the integrity of itself and relationship、History of history。In this process，The boundaries of their own and their objects are clearly clear，​​Unified demand is confirmed、Respect，Itself and its existence can be expressed，The threat of self -disintegration on the head of the "tragic person" is no longer fatal，People have also begun to express their ideals of self -realization。

Interpretation of human nature under the framework of psychoanalysis，Freud and Corchut have established different theoretical routes: the former makes people bear the original sin of guilt，Human nature with sexual instincts requires the liberation of confession and illusions; the central content that the latter respects human nature is to realize its own，Build a harmony in the relationship between the world with many relationships，Its way to reach is a empathy understanding。Different episodes have led to this difference: Freude Biology is the basic version of psychology，Biological instincts live in the center of human nature，Those who are frustrated in pursuit of this instinct will become guilty people，Loss of creativity and initiative，"Psychological Instrument" created a one -way guilt、The closed survival situation and hopeless atmosphere。Kohot regards psychology as a pure psychology，Putting people itself in the center，I think that people work hard to achieve their own integrity，The survival reality of "Tragedy" is placed in the relationship，Understanding empathy reflects the activity and enthusiasm of people。This，"Tragedy" becomes a reality that can rescue his own psychological bet365 best casino games destiny、People with ideal character。

Although the human nature theory of tragedy is more from Freud，But it still emphasizes psychological dynamics characteristics，Emphasize the internal conflict of human nature。Rather than abandoning traditional psychoanalysis，It is better to see it as a transcendence of tradition。It is because it is because of its driving nature and structure、The nature of the relationship in the inner spiritual life、Re -constructing the method of solving internal conflicts，Psychoanalysis can advance with the times，and advance to multiple areas of human civilization。At this point，Whether it is a tragedy or guilt，All reflect the concern of human destiny，It's just，The concept of tragic people is more suitable for the interpretation and solution of the psychological difficulties of contemporary people。

　　(Author Unit: School of Education, Heilongjiang University)