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In recent years，​​The policy of internal and external internal and external Türkiye has gone through continuous adjustment and transformation process。Turkish President Erdogan, the "Presidential Age", achieved the goal of getting rid of the restraint of the old system，Actively and flexibly implement the adjustment and steering of foreign policy more actively and flexibly。but，​​For Türkiye,，Structural constraints are also gradually increasing，Future development prospects still have major uncertainty。

Erdogan has comprehensively explained the current Turkish internal and external policies，It proposes that "Turkey is becoming a real global country"; "Turkey must have a place in Syria"; "the relationship between the future and Europe will gradually get rid of the problem of the problem"; "believe that the United States will change the contradiction policy for Turkey sooner or later"; "Relations with various fields in Russia have developed rapidly"; "Cyprus and Aegean Affairs are inseparable from the participation of Turkey"; "Jerusalem is the red line of Turkey and the Muslim world" and so on。This represents the main direction and key areas of the current Turkish diplomacy，It also provides the basic perspective of observing the trend of Turkish foreign policy。Since 2018，Türkiye was in a relatively favorable position in the relationship between large powers and surrounding areas，There are a lot of gains in regional affairs，But the dilemma it faces has not changed fundamentally。

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Türkiye has always pursued a sense of existence and some dominant position in the Middle East。

First，Syrian Kurdish question becomes the primary focus of the policy of Türkiye's regional policy，Turkey and the United States and Russia have played a fierce game，Its appeal is partially implemented。early 2018，Türkiye's troops to control the Aflin area of ​​Syria，Successfully weakened the Kurds' influence。With the victory of the Syrian government forces，Türkiye feels more anxious，Speaking Syrian affairs cannot have no participation in Turkey。Since then，Turkey and the United States reached an agreement to bet365 Play online games jointly patrol the Syrian Manbi region，Agreement with Russia successfully prevented the Idley Battle of the Arrow on the string。At the same time，Türkiye continuously pressures the United States，Many threats will launch a separate action in east of the Euphrates，Promoting the United States announced in December 2018 that it will withdraw troops from Syria，To a certain extent, it meets the interests of Türkiye's interests。But because the Russian land agreement is not fully fulfilled，The Russian and Syrian government is increasingly rising to the soil。The position of the withdrawal of the United States also repeatedly appeared，Turkey requires the establishment of the "Security Zone" plan dominated by its leading "security zone" plans to be opposed by the United States。

Second，Türkiye attacks multiple parties on hot issues in the Middle East，Continue to create its own status and influence。On the one hand，Türkiye constantly criticizes Israel，Strengthen the image of its Palestinian spokesperson and Islamic leader。Erdogan strongly condemned Israel and the United States，Many publicly criticized Israel as a "terrorist country"，Reduce diplomatic relations with Israel，Organize the Hanging National Cooperation Organization Special Summit，Call for the United Nations and the international community to take action。On the other hand，Türkiye is not afraid of US sanctions to continue to strengthen cooperation with Iran，Determine opposition to the US withdrawal from the Iran nuclear agreement and restart the comprehensive sanctions on Iran，Refusing to cut off the economic and trade relations with Iran，and criticized the United States withdrawal from the Iran nuclear agreement to destroy regional stability。other，Maintain close interaction and strategic cooperation with Türkiye and Qatar，The quasi -all -all -all alliance relationship between the two countries is even more prominent。

Last，Turkish Turk through Saudi Journalists Carterly Incident、Pakistani conflict、Large -scale military exercises, etc. to improve your international influence，Strive to occupy a favorable position in the game pattern of a major country in the Middle East。Saudi reporter Kashuji disappeared in October 2018，To a certain extent, I leveraged Türkiye and the United States、EU and Saudi Arabia，Make Bet365 app download Türkiye gain a more favorable position in geopolitics。Turkey's positive highly of telling behavior on Pakistani issues has won a greater reputation in the Islamic world。March and May 2019，Turkey holds large -scale military exercises called "Blue Land 2019" and "Sea Wolf -2019" in the surrounding waters。Turkish Foreign Minister Chawusholu once said，"There is nothing to do with the Mediterranean of Türkiye"，shows a tough gesture for the influence of oil and gas resources and regional influence in the Eastern Mediterranean region。

　　Continuous crisis with the United States

In recent years，Türkiye and the United States in the "Julun Movement"、Kurdish Question、Structural contradictions on the relationship between Turkey and Russia and Iran are constantly prominent，Mutual trust continues to decline，The way of doing unilateralism in Trump and the preference for sanctional pressure even more embarrassed the uncertainty of the US and local relations。

First，Turkey ’s strong game with the United States on the Syrian Kurdish issue，Adhere to the struggle and seek cooperation。January 2018，The United States announced assistance to the Syrian Kurds to establish a "border security forces"，As a result, Türkiye was angry and directly sent troops and occupied the Aflin area。June 2018，The so -called "Manbi Ji -Septera Process Road Map" has reached the，Kurdish armed forces withdrew Manbi Ji，United States Army jointly patrol the area。After solving the Idlib problem in September，Erdogan's repeated states that will take military operations on the east bank of the Euphrates River，pressure to the United States。At the end of 2018，Trump announced the withdrawal from Syria，But after that's withdrawal from the troop withdrawal，Caused Turkey to re -dissatisfaction，The contradiction between the two countries on this issue is still prominent。

Second，Türkiye and Israel、New conflicts broke out between regional allies such as Saudi Arabia，Keep cooperation with Iran，It also directly affects US -Foreign Relations。Since 2018，The favidence policy on the Pakistani issue has exacerbated the tension of US -Floor relations，The Trump administration acknowledges Jerusalem as the capital of Israel、Formally relocated museum and the upcoming "Century Transaction" and other "Century Transactions" have cast a shadow for the US -Turkish relations。Turkey is unwilling to bet365 Play online games cooperate with the United States' comprehensive sanctions on Iran.，Currently the United States announced the cancellation of sanctions on Iran，Türkiye clearly states that it will continue to maintain economic and trade exchanges with Iran，This problem continues between the United States and Turkey。

Last，Turkey insists on purchasing the Russian S -400 air defense missile system to weaken the strategic mutual trust between the United States and Floor，exacerbated the crisis and policy conflict between the two countries。Turkey's move has caused strong opposition and warnings from the United States and NATO，NATO said that it is necessary to re -evaluate the loyalty and reliability of Türkiye as an ally，Many threats in the United States，If the soil finally accepts the S -400 air defense missile system，The F -35 fighter will be available for sale on the soil。and Turkey clearly explicitly indicate，Buying the S -400 air defense missile system from Russia has become a foregone conclusion，Türkiye will not compromise。The collision of the United States and Turkey on this issue will continue，But Türkiye cannot give up NATO，This incident is more of a bargaining chip for the game between the two parties。

Conflicts due to interests and policy，Strategic mutual trust continues to decline，Crisis has been constantly becoming the normal state of the relationship between the United States and Turkey。Although it is difficult to return to the intimate ally relationship between the United States and the country，But the national security and economic practical interests determine that the two countries will not completely break，It will seek opportunities for turning in the continuous game，Maintain the state of unbroken but not broken。

　　Rely on each other with Russia

In recent years，Türkiye and Russia have been keeping close and depending on each other，Leaders of the two countries have maintained high frequency interoperability and meeting，improved in military sales、cooperation and coordination on issues such as energy and Syria，Leaders of the two countries also strongly show the special relationship between the two parties。

First，Russia and Turkey continues to maintain close coordination and cooperation on the Syrian issue。In addition to high -frequency bilateral visits，The two countries also discussed the situation in Syria through the Russian Turkish Three Kingdoms Summit mechanism，Agreement on Syrian Idlib Cruise War，Discuss the common bet365 Play online games measures to achieve the long -term normalization of the Syrian situation，Four conferences of the Three Kingdoms of the Three Kingdoms in the Syrian situation from the end of 2017 to the beginning of 2019。Türkiye firmly occupies an active position on the Syrian issue，Have a major right to speak。

2，Turkey's S -400 air defense missile system protocol for Türkiye and Russia is promoted smoothly。Erdogan and Putin repeatedly reiterated to implement the S -400 air defense missile system for sale.，cooperation will be carried out in the fields of high -tech military technology。Although it was strongly opposed by the United States and NATO，But Türkiye has repeatedly expressed it many times，This agreement will not change。Both Russian and Turkey have announced that it will deliver the first batch of air defense missile systems in 2019。Disputes around the future S -400 air defense missile system protocol will become an important indicator for observing Turkey -Russia -US relations。

third，Turkey's energy and nuclear energy cooperation with Russia continues to strengthen。April 2018，The Aku You Nuclear Power Station project jointly started in Russia was officially started; November 2018，Russian Turkey "Turkish Stream" natural gas pipeline underwater underwater project was completed，Leaders of the two countries attended together，and hope to increase the trade volume of the two countries to $ 100 billion。This makes Türkiye's energy security more guaranteed，Energy hub status is further consolidated，and help improve the geopolitical environment，Further strengthen its strategic position in Eurasia。

Out of the needs of strategic mutual borrowing and pragmatic cooperation，The relationship between Türkiye and Russia has remained smoothly，and Trump’s sanctions also provide opportunities for Turkish Russia to further "approach"。But what must be seen is，Turkey and Russia also have misplaced interests on many issues，If the policy of the two countries on the Syrian Kurdish issue is not consistent，The cooperative relationship between the two parties also has obvious rights and vulnerability。

　　Relations with the European Union are stagnant

In recent years，EU's dissatisfaction and disappointment of the current status quo of Türkiye's domestic status continues to rise，The formal implementation of the presidential system marks that Erdogan further moves towards dictatorship，and accusing them of abuse of power、Violation of bet365 best casino games human rights, etc.。The process of the Turkish Alliance has actually been put on hold，The negotiations of the upgrade tariff alliance proposed by Türkiye cannot make progress，The characteristics of the decline in mutual trust and the stagnation of relationships。

Türkiye has been trying to repair the relationship with the EU，Restarting the stagnant joining the league negotiation，but limited results。Since 2018，Erdogan visited France in succession、Bulgaria、UK、Belgian NATO Headquarters、Germany, etc.，Strive to ease the relationship with the EU，And emphasized the desire to enter the alliance in Türkiye and its crackdown on terrorism、Special role in protecting European security。Erdogan also explicitly expressed his hope to recover and improve the relationship with the EU，The relationship with other countries or organizations is just supplement，instead of alternative。

but，Tu and European relations have not been significantly improved，Democratic human rights of both parties in Türkiye、Enter the alliance、Differences and contradictions in issues such as security and other issues are still prominent。June 2018，After the Turkish election，Chairman of the European Commission Rongcuck's wording toughly expressed，Türkiye is staying away from the EU，Therefore, Turkish negotiations have actually stopped，This excludes the possibility of Türkiye to join the EU in the foreseeable future。At the same time，The European Council decides no longer to open a new clause of negotiations with Türkiye。March 2019，European Parliament Pass a resolution，It is recommended that the European Union officially suspend the negotiations from Türkiye to join the European Union，The reason is that Türkiye violates human rights and rule of law。Although this resolution does not have legal effect，But this reflects the further deterioration of the EU's relationship with Turkey and the relationship between the two。Although Türkiye once again said that it will not give up the effort to enter the league，But obviously unable to change the stagnation state of relationships with the EU。

Generally speaking，In recent years, Türkiye has continued to "return to the Middle East" and compete for regional hegemony，Walking between the great powers at the same time，Try to shape an international pattern that is more beneficial bet365 Play online games to it according to its own interests。But Türkiye and the European Union、Contradictions between the United States，In the Middle East，The growth of the Kurdish forces has become the suffering of its confidant，Diplomatic dilemma has not been fundamentally changed。From the perspective of Turkish policy declaration and abroad，United States、EU、Russia and the surrounding Middle East are always the key direction of Turkish diplomacy，In the next four aspects of diplomatic direction, the effect and impact of the adjustment of the Turkish foreign policy adjustment will also be determined。

　　(Author Unit: The Institute of Middle East of Shanghai University of Foreign Languages)