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   Human beings are creating cities，Its psychological and behavioral is also inevitable to be directly or indirectly affected by the urban environment。Social problems in the process of urbanization have certain psychological attributes，A positive response and disciplinary contribution of psychology。Therefore，How to promote urban development and enhance the well -being of the city，It becomes an important mission of psychological research in the context of urbanization，Urban psychology (Urban Psychology), an emerging research orientation, also came into being。

　　After four stages

Affected by the development of urbanization and the development of urban social issues，Urban Psychology Research has gone through brewing、Rise、Silence and revival four stages。

The brewing period in the early 20th century。Some urban sociologists are keenly aware of the negative effects of urban environment or urban life on psychological characteristics and behavioral models，The idea of ​​urban psychology at first sight。Where，"Qi Qi" of "Zomel" of German sociologist and philosopher Simmel may be regarded as the origin of urban psychology。"The Metropolis and Mental Life" published in 1905，Zomel raises a simple and profound question: What impact will the new external city environment affect our inner life? He believes that once people move from a quiet and peaceful countryside to a bustling city，It may show that reason is up to、arrogance and indifference、arrogance and indifference、Features such as reserved and self -expression。Overall，Urban psychology research during this period is mainly scattered in some urban sociology theory，And these are in a sense，It's just the forward -looking reflection of scholars' tide of modern urbanization and the endowing of traditional rural society。

The rise of the 1960s and 1970s。The rise of urban psychology，First, it originated from some social psychologists with serious dissatisfaction with the empiricalism of the dominance at that time，Promote the development Bet365 lotto review of field research and pay attention to the "real world"; the second is the Katie Ginovis murder that occurs in 1964 to promote psychological research on psychology to test whether the urban environment really makes people indifferent。In short，Psychological researchers step out of the laboratory and participate in the improvement of urban problems，Promoting the short prosperity of urban psychology research。During this period，The research work of American social psychologist Milgram is particularly outstanding。His article published in SCIENCE's "The Experience of Living in Cities" was considered to be the first time in modern urban psychology。other，He has hosted two doctoral defense of urban psychology at the State University of New York。

Entering the silence period in the 1980s。The urban psychological research boom led by Mil Gram has not been continued，The reason may be: First, the professional consciousness of early researchers did not form urban psychology，No academic community，Mil Gram and others intervene in the study of urban issues as social psychology researchers rather than urban psychology researchers; second, the previous prominent urban problems have been improved to a certain extent，People's sensitivity to urban problems begins to decline，The "response work" that dedicated to exploring urban issues inevitably loses attention。

The revival period since the 21st century。With the quality and quality of life of urban society, it has attracted more and more attention，The role of psychology in promoting urban development and improving the well -being of the city has once again aroused the attention of researchers and policy makers，Urban Psychology Beginward Entering the Rapid Period。The American Psychological Society (APA) specially established the American Psychology Association ’s Task Force On Urban Psychology)，It aims to promote the cognition and improvement of urban life -related issues，Encourage psychological research involved in urban issues、Training and practice，Improve the quality of individual life and overall social well -being。2005，At the 100th anniversary of the publishing classic works，international journal Journal of Social Distress bet365 live casino games and the Homeless has opened a special issue with "social psychology of urban life"，The system reviews the development history and current situation of urban psychology。

Behind the above development process also reflects the steering of the development trend of urban psychology to a certain extent，That is, the research perspective shifts from critical status to the advantage，Research path shifted from problem description to action practice。From the perspective of research,，The focus of early research and attention is the insufficient and problems of the urban environment，Cities are regarded as a place of gathering cities as various types of issues; while current research attaches more importance to the unique advantages of the city，How to use these advantages to enhance the well -being of urban residents。As far as the research path is concerned，Early Studies 囿 Technology and Method，The discussion of urban problems mostly stays in the description stage; while the current research emphasizes the practical path of providing psychology for the solution of the problem。

　　Mainly pay attention to two issues

Research issues in urban psychology mainly include the psychological and behavioral impact of psychological and behaviorals caused by the urban environment，and the application of psychology in boosting urban development or solving urban problems。

First，The impact of urban environment on psychology and behavior。The impact of urban environment on psychology and behavior is one of the traditional issues of urban psychology，Psychological researchers participated the most、The most fruitful areas involved the following three aspects。(1) City and social behavior。Is urban residents more indifferent and lack of friendship than non -urban residents，It has always been the focus of researchers' attention。Researchers use questionnaire surveys、behavioral experiments and on -site experiments have been empirical inspection of this view，But the relevant research conclusions are sincerely。On the one hand，Although there are research conclusions, it shows that urban residents show less altruistic behaviors or helping behaviors than non -urban residents，But there are also research on the opposite conclusion。bet365 live casino games The above controversy may originate from people's helping behaviors or altruistic behavior itself.。(2) City and personality traits。Different cities may also shape the city personality with very different styles (City Personality)。Related studies confirmed，The personality traits of the individual that once or the current life live、Thinking methods and lifestyles have a subtle shape and shaping effect。In a survey of 50 largest cities in the United States，Park (Park) and Peterson discovered that the personality of different urban residents has a significant difference，These differences can be summarized into the difference between "heart" (emotion) and "brain" (intellectual)。The former pays attention to community or team cooperation、Features such as high fertility willingness and good temperament and temperament，and the latter's creativity and innovation is more prominent。(3) City and mental health。Generally speaking，The source of the pressure in the city (Urban Stress) is in quantity、frequency and strength are usually significantly higher than other regions，The mental health of urban residents may also suffer a considerable negative impact。Some large -scale social surveys made regional comparison on the incidence of certain psychological disorders，As a result, I found that urban residents suffer from depression、The risk of anxiety or other mental illness is significantly higher than the residents of non -city cities。What needs to be pointed out is，The existing research on cities and mental health conclusions can only prove that there is a correlation between the two instead of causality，And this correlation is still adjusted by factors such as socioeconomic status and individual health。

Second，The application of psychology in solving urban problems。In the process of urbanization，Many cities have population expansion、Housing tension、Environmental pollution、Housing tension、A series of issues such as resource shortages and poor people，The so -called "urban disease"。Urban Psychology is actively committed to psychological technology、Service and methods for solving urban problems。The American Psychology bet365 live casino games Society thinks，Society related to urban life、Wide issues such as economy and psychology can be included in the research scope of urban psychology，and summarize the core issues that the urban psychology researchers are concerned to four aspects: urban population and interpersonal relationship (such as urban aging、homosexual and bisexual、Gender and City、Interpersonal Relations)、Urban social problems (such as centralized poverty and economic division、Crime and Violence、Criminal integration into society、Urban stray personnel)、Urban physical environment (such as crowded and noise、Unemployment、terrorist attack、The environment is sustainable)、Psychology and Urban System (such as urban education、Unemployment、Urban Community Development、Urban Volunteer Group)。Although paying attention and exploring urban issues is considered the deserved meaning of urban psychology，But the study of this theme has not been carried out and carried out in the urban psychology framework，Instead, it is scattered in the field of psychology -related or other related disciplines。For example, environmental psychology especially emphasizes the relationship between urban environment and human psychology and behavior; poverty under the perspective of psychology formed the poverty psychological research orientation; One of the core issues that psychology researchers pay attention to; and the main use of psychology to urban space and architectural design is mainly urban planners and architects。

　　Have broad development space

First，Professional consciousness to enhance urban psychology。Although there are many psychological research and practice involved in urban problems，But the academic community has not defined this field as "urban psychology" so far。One of the direct consequences of the lack of consciousness of urban psychology is the fragmentation of research，It is difficult to form continuous attention to urban issues，This further causes urban psychology to develop and grow without the acceleration of urbanization。Therefore，The professional consciousness of improving urban psychology is particularly important。This not only Bet365 lotto review helps to stimulate psychological researchers to be effective and cooperates to work in urban problems，to gradually form an academic community，It also helps to start dialogue with the disciplines such as urban sociology and urban anthropology，common promotion of urban science development。

Second，Research on Practical Research on Urban Psychology。From the perspective of subject positioning，Urban Psychology is an applied discipline for social needs and responding to social reality，The academic mission of the researcher is to promote urban development and enhance the well -being of the city。Therefore，Urban psychological research should emphasize and advocate the practice orientation from interpreting problems to solving problems。Take the problem of urban psychological health as an example，Different from general psychological research, only the city is regarded as a background of psychological problems，​​Urban Psychology more treats cities as a key independent variable。In this sense，Urban Psychology is not limited to describing and explanation of the problem，or the psychological intervention and counseling of the micro -level (individual or family)，should also actively participate in the creation of a healthy city，Support from the community、Economic Development、Cultural Cultivation、Macro levels such as medical care and physical environment improvement propose framework plans。

third，Localization of urban psychology。my country is promoting urbanization at an unprecedented rate and magnitude of the entire human society，The social and psychological impact of the social psychology generated in this process，Psychological researchers should actively pay attention to and participate in the current research of urbanization of China。On the one hand，The situation of "force" psychologists from the crisis of western social psychology in the 20th century is similar to the situation where psychologists get out of the laboratory，my country's psychological development is also facing similar challenges and opportunities，That is the question of how psychological research responds to actual needs。On the other hand，Social problems that occur in the process of urbanization Bet365 lotto review in our country are similar to foreign conditions (such as the "Little Yueyue Incident" that is similar to the surprisingly similar murder of Katie Ginovis. )，But at the same time, it also has its particularity (such as urban management stigma、Empty Nest Elderly、House demolition and city integration of migrant workers, etc.)。These problems not only provide new research topics for urban psychology research，It is also urgent to contribute psychological solutions for "city to make life better"。

　　(Author unit: Qingdao University of Technology Urban Culture Research Center、School of Social Sciences, Nanjing University; Department of Social Work, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics)