early 2016，The Guardian published a column article，Title "The War of Treatment: The Revenge of Freud"。The article compares two kinds of therapy technologies, psychoanalysis and cognitive behavior from a cognitive behavioral therapist，Describes the increasingly micro history of psychoanalysis in the Western world，and boldly make predictions，that is, psychoanalysis is likely to rise again。Actually，Starting in the 1980s，Freud's psychoanalysis has returned to my country's psychological counseling and treatment of fertile soil，and gradually grow and grow in recent years，Become one of the backbone of the mental health cause in my country。But，With the in -depth study of Freud theory in the West，Questions about psychoanalysis gradually increase。Since psychoanalysis as a mainstream psychotherapy technology has become a fact，So it is necessary to trace the source of the original，Explore the scientific and reliability of Freud psychoanalytic theory。

　　Bet365 lotto review

October 1886，Freud submitted a paper entitled "On Male Pores" to the Dr. Vienna Association。In this paper，Freud introduced and defended French doctor Shak's many perspectives about male sturgeon。In the autobiography of Freud，His description of men's stance and the description of the symptoms of male sturgeon has been suffered from the hostile Bet365 lotto review and attack of the association's chairman and colleagues.，Because men's dysfunction in that era was an incredible thing。The chairman of the meeting and the colleagues attending the meeting sneered at his views。It seemed to be in the Vienna medical circle at the time，Freud is relentlessly suppressed by the old views of continuous challenging authority。Sulloway (Sulloway) thinks，This experience is Freud's fiction，Because the medical circle in Vienna at that time was no stranger to Shak's views，And other doctors have also discovered the case of men suffering from the disease。This suspicious historical event has shaped Freud into a hero and revolutionary。

Freud's lies are not limited to this，There is often suspiciousness in the case he published。90 -year -old medical case "Werewolf" responded to Freud's description of him: "Actually，The entire story is similar to a disaster。My current situation is the same as I first went to Freud，And Freud is no longer a world。"" So，How did Freud evaluate the efficacy of psychoanalysis on this patient? "after that，This patient returned to normal。Although the war took his homeland、Property and all relatives，But he still lives a normal life after that。According to my estimation，This part is because the misfortune he encountered secretly met the needs of guilt，So his health was consolidated。"" in other medical cases，Freud will also use concealment、Modeling and other methods，Draw the condition of the medical case into the appearance that conforms Bet365 app download to its psychoanalytic theory。For example，In the case of "Girl Dorra"，Freud in order to describe Dara as a girl who suffered from "stun" to resist his father，deliberately avoided the fact that Dorra had been sexually assaulted by his father and friend K at the age of 13，and ignore the possibility of Dorra's childhood caused by appendicitis in childhood (this will cause Dora to drag your right leg)，and selectively depict it all into the real basis of "hoe"。

Freud's dishonesty，On the one hand, it has shaped itself into Kaishan Pai、Warriors who are brave in innovation，On the other hand, his theory looks strong、Iedless attack。is exactly this，Psychoanalysis will face greater doubts -unable to falsify。

　　Scientific myth that cannot be falsified

Carl Popper proposed the principles of science and non -scientific separation in his book "Surprise and Counterattack"。According to this principle，1953，Poper sentenced the "death penalty" to psychoanalysis in a paper，Because psychoanalysis cannot be proved。The so -called falsification，is during the trial and error，Constantly propose hypothesis，Find a case that does not meet the hypothesis。Correct the hypothesis based on the case，Repeat this process，Until the old hypothesis is denied，A better hypothesis appear。and this scientific standard just directly hit the target heart of psychoanalysis，Because psychoanalysis seems to be a theory that can be interpreted from the inner uterus (Hysteria "containing the ancient Greek language uterus" Hysteron ")。Freud is involved in society、Bet365 lotto review Religious、Anthropology and other areas，and try to explain all this with psychoanalysis theory，But both the research objects in the process of verification and methodology have been accused。For example，Freud in the book "Totem and Taboo"，Barbarians、Primitive people and patients、Mixed research objects for patients with neurosis for research。and Croar believes that the demonstration process of this book itself also lacks the reason、Research is messy、Lack of specific descriptions and other questions。Even so，Freud still believes that psychoanalysis is the basis for revealing all the truth，Especially the theory of "Oedipus Complex"，Freud treats his own discovery as a pitch for cure for all diseases。Very true，Freud is modifying his theory for life，Even at the last moment of his life，But there is a lack of rigorous falsification。Neurosis caused by war trauma，To the wave of feminism，Then the rise of cognitive neurosciences today，Generalization of symptoms、Changes in the era、progress of psychological science，Nothing can prove that psychoanalysis is limited or wrong theory。Contrary to，Just proved the correctness and infinite applicability of psychoanalysis again and again。

Michel Onfray (Michel Onfray) depicts psychoanalysis as "Scientific Myth"，Seemingly careful assumptions、Keep verification，In fact, it explains the entire world or a part of the world with unknown stories。In this process，Psychoanalysis seems to have their own way of response to question。This is the third "original Bet365 lotto review crime" of psychoanalytic theory -refusing to peer review。

　　Reject peer review

Freud believes: "Psychoanalysis is the same as any other natural science，Based on the reorganization of the facts of the intuitive world after understanding the facts of the intuitive world。》 According to this understanding，As a psychotherapy technology，Psychoanalysis theory should stand the viewing of psychological colleagues。Freud's theory mostly comes from the inductive and summary of its personal experience and observation，Not verified by scientific experimental interpretation，Lack of large -scale clinical data，This has made psychoanalysis theory widely questioned since its appearance。and psychoanalytic "Native Educational Agent" often takes extremely negatively in the face of such doubts。Michelle Weng Fuli has summarized the attitude of psychoanalytic scholars when facing doubts into six types，These six attitudes can be summarized as "three negatives": negative questioners have learned or got involved in the field of psychoanalysis; negative of the psychological health level of the questioner; the representativeness of the negative questioner provides clinical materials。This "three negatives" potentially negate the legitimacy of non -psychoanalytic scholars evaluating psychoanalysis theory。

The psychoanalysis of self -proclaiming "science" is particularly excluded from question from the college psychology。Ji Qiwei thinks，Make a proper distance between psychoanalysis and college psychology，Bet365 app download Because of the perspective of psychoanalysis，The college sent the psychology to the upside -down. It puts its attention on the small and micro issues that have nothing to do with human survival，The depths of the human mind about love、Destiny、Death and other major issues are seen without seeing it。This is not difficult to understand that Xu Xianjun has summarized the criticism of Yasbels for psychoanalysis，He mentioned that psychoanalysis is a worldview movement with sectarian tendencies，The therapists who have received psychoanalysis will regard this set of theories as an absolute belief，Form a unique sense of superiority。It is this self -cognitive self -cognition that hinders psychoanalysis in the direction of science。

Perhaps French psychoanalyst Lakang's judgment on psychoanalysis is correct: "Psychoanalysis is a way of delusion ... not a science。It has no scientific status，It can only wait for this status，Looking forward to this status ... people can wait for a long time! no progress，What people wait are not necessarily what people harvest，This is a scientific nonsense。"Because these three" original sins "，As a treatment technology，The scientific analysis of psychoanalysis established in "Lies" and "Myth" is doubtful，Those therapists who have learned psychoanalysis should also let go of the obsession of Freud's "original teachings"，Re -examine the theory of psychoanalysis with a humble and curious attitude。

　　(Author Unit: School of Education of Suzhou University)