Self -as a hot topic in psychological research，Long -term attention of researchers。From behavior experiments to brain imaging technology such as Electricity and Magnetic Resonance，Contemporary psychology researchers use different methods to study this historic concept。Under the influence of natural science orientation，Researchers manipulate all kinds of independent variables that have been imagined to be related to themselves，To present a series of words to the subject through the exquisite computer program、Picture and sound，Try to explore the scientific truth about self。But，This natural scientific psychological research，No matter how exquisite the design is，How superb the statistical analysis means，Always lacks a clear and complete description of its research concepts。So，The mission of reflecting on the concept of "self" can only be completed with psychological positions other than mainstream psychology。

Since its birth, as a psychoanalysis of a non -mainstream psychological orientation，There has always been a unique and profound understanding of the concept of "self"。As the founder of psychoanalysis，Freud has used an unreasonable position from the beginning，Lay the entire psychoanalyst building on "unconscious"。This profound "Copernicus inverted" undoubtedly deeply entered the bottom of the human subjectivity and free consciousness fantasy。Freud put forward the second topography model of "Idor (ID)", Bet365 app download "Self" and "Super I" in his later years，to replace its "unconscious", "pre -consciousness" and "consciousness" first topography model。It can be said，Psychoanalysis has since transitioned from its early driving paradigm to the development stage of the self -style。

，After Freud's death，Psychoanalyst theorist's views on "self" have different views，Two kind of opposite views have emerged。The first point is to lay the foundation of ANNA FREUD through Freud's orthodox heirs (her daughter)，Heinz Hartman officially founded，Self -psychology that is further developed by Erik Erikson。If it is in Anna Freud，Self is mainly to bear the threat from Defense from Idndai，and coordinate the conflict between it and the superego and external reality，So in Hartman，By putting forward "self -conflict" and emphasizing the "independent origin" of self (self -independent internal origin)，He finally realized the "de -drivenization" of the process of self -generation。Such a non -conflict and driving self，No longer just assume "defense" all kinds of unconscious functions from Iena，Instead, it has a more positive "adaptation" function，Self is given more autonomy。Hartman's work completed inside the mental analysis，Just as the functionalist psychology that emphasizes the function of the body in psychology，The disintegration and replacement of structural psychology that emphasizes psychological composition elements。After that, Eriksson proposed the concept of self -identity，I even linked the lifelong development of myself。In addition，He also uses his "adaptation" function to the outside world，highlight the impact bet365 best casino games of social culture on the process of self -development。It should be said，Self -psychology caters to the tendencies of functionalism and pragmatism in American culture，This is also one of the reasons that it can be born and developed in American soil。With the help of the United States in the world after World War II，Self -psychology has become the mainstream of psychoanalysis，once seized the right to speak of the International Psychoanalysis Association。In short，In self -psychology，Self -given characteristics and positive meaning。

The development of things does not seem to always go on in one direction，At a certain time node，There will always be different development trajectories。MLENIE KLEIN's objective relationship and Jacques Lacan's structuralist psychoanalysis holds the second position of self，The common point of the two theorists is to explain the generation process of self by introducing the "others"，and criticize self -psychology based on this。

Klein creatively proposed two positions for the development of the interactive process of infants and mothers: Paranoid-Schizoid Position。Babies are not interacted with the overall object of the complete mother，Instead of interacting with the mother's breast part,。For babies，When it feels hungry and anxious，If the mother’s breasts appear in time，The breast at this time is good，And the baby at this time is also good because of the recognition; if the mother’s breasts are absent at this time，So the breasts they agree with them are bad。At this time, the baby cannot accept that some objects are sometimes good，and other times is bad，Therefore, in a paranoia that is not the other。In the later years，When bet365 live casino games a baby finally "wakes up": "That good breast and bad breasts turned out to be the same breast，And this breast belongs to the mother of the mother "，Baby starts to worry about the hate about bad breasts that cause irreparable damage to the mother，At this time, the baby will experience a mixed jealousy、The complex feelings of gratitude and guilt，The baby is in the depressed position at this time。and after this，The process of gradually integrating good objects and bad objects，It is also the process of gradually integrating the baby that recognizes it，Through the complete recognition of the object (or others) with the mother，Babies finally obtained a self that represents their own integrity。So，In the sense of Kleinn，Self -born in the relationship。

After Freud，The most disruptive psychoanalytic thinker and theorist，Lacan's revolution in psychoanalysis is thorough and profound。The entire thing is that Lacan laid its psychoanalytic theory on the disease (not the foundation of the foundation of Freud)，and through the language of linguistics、The introduction of topology has completely restructured psychoanalysis; the profound thing is that Lakko passed the "mirror stage" theory，Point out the illusion of self -illusion。And Lacan's entire psychoanalytic theory started at this famous "mirror stage" theory，Began to criticize the lifetime of self -psychology for a long time for self -psychology。The so -called mirror stage refers to，When a 6 -month -old baby sees his image in the mirror，I will be attracted by my own appearance。However, it is different from the fate of the beautiful teenager Narkisos in Greek mythology Narkisos (NARKISSOS).，At this time, there Bet365 app download was a other person who appeared around the baby (father、Mother or other caregivers)，This other pointed at the baby's image in the mirror and said to the baby, "This is you (or the name of the baby)"。The role of this other is extremely important，Named by others，Babies can finally get rid of the obsession with their own mirror，and enter the world called "symbol" called "symbol"。Link the name of the language dimension (the voice of the word) with the image in the mirror，Babies agree with an image that can integrate their own fragments，and accept the name given by others。The product of this identity process is self。It is in this sense，Lacan said that self is an illusion。

Self does not exist，Self is constructed，Self -constructing cannot be separated from the pursuit of the eyes of others。Lacan through the introduction of "optical icon" in the later seminars，Further exploring the so -called "ideal self"。Brief words，The ideal self is always pursuing the eyes of others，Self -finding a proper position can let yourself catch the eyes of others，At the same time, it can be caught by the eyes of others。Different self in real life，Why can you get rid of the attention of his eyes? In family relations、In the relationship between superiors and lower levels、In the close relationship、Interpersonal communication，Self -adjusting self -adjustment according to the eyes (requirements) of others，Efforts to become the ideal self for others。Self -shaped by the eyes of others，Become what he looks like in the eyes of other people。In a series of identification process with different others，Self -continuous splitting、Repeatation，Never strive to become Bet365 app download the object of the desire that others desires after another。This can be seen，In the sense of Lacan，The so -called self is full of illusion and uncertainty。

Lakang's famous saying "wo es war, SOLL ICH Werden "interpreted as" Where is Ien，Self should go there，This is my responsibility "。Under the context of Psychoanalysis of Lacan，There is no supreme autonomy and freedom to speak。Compared with the concept of "self"，Lacan emphasizes the importance of the concept of "subject"。In his opinion，The subject has experienced a split in the mirror stage，The result of division is the fundamental break of the subject of self and unconscious。When our consciousness is captured by the illusion of self -identity，Pack and more real unconscious subjects (unconscious subjects here can compare the concept of Freud's Ien).。and the broken unconscious subject，is the real major discovery of Freud Cordini -style revolution。It is outside the self，But to a large extent affects or even dominates the self -activity，Like Wangyang Dahai, who is not bottomed under the iceberg。What is worth thinking about is，The research of scientific psychology today seems to be the same as the narcissistic Nakisos，I am obsessed with the identity of self -illusion，Just satisfied with the research and discussion of superficial superficial skin。Psychologists seem to have begun to forget the importance of studying the problem of the subject (instead of just studying itself)，or most of them are intentionally avoided this research problem that is quite philosophical and speculative。No matter what，The result caused by it is the lack of psychological research bet365 best casino games depth。Perhaps，Today's scientific psychology research is just needing a "other" in the sense of Lakang，to break the self -narcissistic addiction of self -illusions built by technology and operational definitions，Re -give psychology to richer depth and meaning。

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(Author Unit: School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University)