Engels’s psychological thoughts are rooted in the economic structure of a certain social form，That is, the socio-economic material shaping of historical psychological forms，Thus laying the foundation for a new bet365 bonus bets to grasp and criticize the psychological reality of capitalism。Engels’ transcendence of materialist dialectics on the immanence of consciousness and its shaping of empirical bet365 bonus bets since Descartes，With its scientific nature in explaining the world and its revolutionary nature in changing the world，Both for Chinese bet365 bonus bets and Marxism，Both have profound significance of the times。

In the process of establishing historical materialism，Engels’ classic text，From "The Condition of the Working Class in England" (1845)、"The Role of Labor in the Transition from Ape to Man" (1876)、"Anti-Dühring" (1878)、"Dialectics of Nature" (1883)，and "Family"、The Origin of Private Property and the State" (1884)，To "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of German Classical Philosophy" (1886) etc.，Implicitly facing its theoretical opponents at the psychological level，That is, the immanence of consciousness since Descartes and the empirical bet365 bonus bets based on ready-made grasp as the result of its intellectual history (i.e., intellectual science in the Kantian sense)。Engels’ creative transcendence of this dilemma in the history of thought came from his research on political economy。Although he often uses terms from economics and other disciplines，In fact, it indirectly completed its psychological and philosophical construction。This construction does not appeal to the subject’s physiological-psychological structure and individual psychological processes，It is an economic structure rooted in a certain social form，That is, the socio-economic material shaping of historical psychological forms，Thus laying the foundation for a new bet365 bonus bets to grasp and criticize the psychological reality of capitalism。

Engels’ transcendence bet365 bonus bets immanence of consciousness

Of course，Engels never directly encountered the “new bet365 bonus bets” founded by Wundt。But the psychological ideas developed by the latter and Engels are rooted in the same Western problem-based logic，The immanence of consciousness shaped by Descartes first。Descartes constructed an object of modern metaphysics as never before，This kind of object is constituted through representation。The representational activity of the cogito thus becomes the antecedent。It sets the object，The object cannot appear first by itself，And can only be set by the cogito。This means，Only by annexing the object into the psychological representation of the cogito，We are able to think and act，And other people and the world are theoretically just a questionable corollary of this psychological cogito。The self-determined cogito presupposes matter as the object of thought，From this，So-called matter is nothing but thoughts called matter。Thus something called "bet365 bonus bets" was invented and laid the foundation for itself，Thus making the independence of "new bet365 bonus bets" possible。It is on this basis，Wundt completed the transformation of perspective on the Cartesian first-person empirical introspection study，From the third person perspective，Forcing consciousness to answer the experimenter's questions by placing it under controlled conditions，Thus created scientific bet365 bonus bets as the starting point of modern bet365 bonus bets。And it is precisely based on this，Engels only regarded the relationship between thinking and existence as a basic issue in philosophy，And transcends the immanence of consciousness since Descartes and the Wundt-style "new bet365 bonus bets" shaped by it from two aspects。The first is the broad historical materialism aspect，That is, at the psychological level of general social production shaping，Demonstrated the physical-labor origin of bet365 bonus bets。The second is the aspect of historical materialism in the narrow sense，Indicate the unique shaping effect of capitalist social production conditions on bet365 bonus bets。

As far as the former is concerned，Engels revealed that the production and reproduction of the means of living and people themselves shape the essential aspects of human spiritual life。“Decisive factors in history，In the final analysis, it is the production and reproduction of direct life。”On the basis of bet365 bonus bets broad historical materialism，He demonstrated the somatic-labor origin of the psyche。Engels believed that the decisive step in the transition from ape to man was the adoption of an upright posture, freeing the hands。“These apes，Probably first of all due to the influence of their lifestyle，Let the hands engage in different activities than the feet when climbing，So I started to get rid of the habit of using my hands to help when walking on flat ground，Gradually walk upright。bet365 bonus bets completes the decisive step in the transformation from ape to human。"Free hands and work that gradually becomes more complex and collective adapt to each other，Become more flexible and perfect。The reaction of bet365 bonus bets change is，Labor that requires collaboration ultimately promotes the formation and development of language、Perfection of sense organs、The transformation from "monkey brain" to "human brain"，Form "increasingly clear consciousness and abstract ability and reasoning ability"，Finally enables the brain to treat itself as immaterial、Independent、Spiritual soul to think。As the role of spiritual activities in human society increases，“The simpler products made by laboring hands receded to a secondary position”。“The rapid advancement of civilization is entirely due to the mind，Attributed to the development and activity of the brain”。People tend to use their thinking to explain their behavior，The "brain" thus gained dominance over the "hand"。

As far as the latter is concerned，Engels has long analyzed the personality characteristics of workers and the capitalist political and economic factors that gave rise to them。On the one hand，The shortcomings reflected by most workers，The root cause is that their opportunities to receive education are extremely limited。At the same time，Poor living conditions，such as poverty、Lack of protection、Forced labor and population concentration, etc.，Seriously damaging the workers’ mental condition。They “have no free will”, are “gloomy”, “resentful”, “lost their inner stability” and “can hardly retain many human feelings and abilities”。On the other hand，As David Pav?仵n-Cu?俑llar）summarized，The generous and passionate character of the Irish workers who immigrated to England counterbalanced the calm reason of the British。Compared to bourgeois egoism and fanaticism for money，The working class is born with “rich emotions”，Show kindness and kindness、Amiable and enthusiastic side。If the bourgeoisie is a "money person" who only pursues capital accumulation，Workers behave "more social"。Engels further pointed out，"Selfish、Narrow-minded、Conservative” and other capitalist individual bet365 bonus bets are the unified model of civil society。It “isolates individuals in private interests”，Society is thus divided into "atoms" or "monads"。Anyway，Due to the fundamental contradiction between the socialization of capitalist production and the private ownership of the means of production，A truly social bet365 bonus bets and emotion does not actually have a corresponding real economic basis。In other words，There is a discrepancy between the objective economic status of capitalist individuals and their subjective psychological feelings。

　　Engels’ transcendence of empirical bet365 bonus bets

Engels pointed out: "Natural science is the same as philosophy，Until today, the impact of human activities on human thinking has been completely ignored；They only know one aspect of nature，On the other hand, I only know thoughts。"If the immanence of consciousness cuts off the source of "activity" of this kind of thinking，Taking the inner normative meaning of thinking as its own logic，Thus giving rise to a general intelligence with an independent appearance，Then empirical bet365 bonus bets tends to reduce thinking to material stimuli in nature from the other end。"British empiricists Locke and Hume，Attempting to construct human experience using simple ideas and basic feelings。Human spiritual life is nothing but a mosaic pattern of such psychological atoms。”(Barrett) Engels transcended this empirical bet365 bonus bets on two levels。First，He revealed that empirical bet365 bonus bets often ignores the subject's initiative。actually，Consciousness is not an inert existence simply determined by matter，Rather, it has the function of subjectivity construction expressed as specific historical production activities。Secondly，Engels pointed out that empirical bet365 bonus bets did not realize that "the psychological essence of human beings is the sum of social relations，This social relationship is moved internally and becomes a form of personality function and personality structure”。Based on this，He identified the scientific methodology of psychological research，That is, materialist dialectics "as the best tool and the sharpest weapon"，And thus improve the philosophical status of bet365 bonus bets。

As far as the former is concerned，Engels believes，"Except the eyes，We not only have other senses，And we still have the ability to think”。Although sense organs can bring intuitive understanding of things，But inherent limitations determine that the sensory experience formed cannot constitute the entire content of cognition。Of course，"The material thing to which we ourselves belong、The perceptible world，is the only realistic one；And our consciousness and thinking，No matter how extra-sensory it seems，Always material、The organs of the body are the products of the human brain”。But Engels went on to ask the question with great enthusiasm: "One day we will be able to use experimental methods to 'reduce' thinking to molecular and chemical movements in the brain；But does bet365 bonus bets include the essence of thinking?？"bet365 bonus bets is a reference to today's psychological research，When it attempts to uncover the neural basis of political attitudes using functional magnetic resonance imaging，The logic is "like trying to see Ohio politics from an airplane window over Cleveland"。Engels went on to criticize what Sellars later identified as the “given myth”: “eighteenth-century materialism，Due to its essentially metaphysical nature... it is limited to proving that all thinking and knowledge content should come from perceptual experience... However, modern natural science has regarded the proposition that all thinking content comes from experience as a certain extended in several ways，As a result, the old metaphysical boundaries and formulation of bet365 bonus bets proposition have been completely abandoned。”bet365 bonus bets means，Perceptual experience does not appear as an independent and objective existence before thoughts or concepts，It is not some kind of material stimulation given to the subject from the outside to the inside。“The perceptual world is by no means something that has existed directly since the beginning of the world、The consistent thing，But a product of industrial and social conditions，It is a product of history，It is the result of generations of activities...bet365 bonus bets kind of activity、bet365 bonus bets kind of continuous perceptual labor and creation、bet365 bonus bets kind of production，It is the basis of the entire existing perceptual world...of course，In bet365 bonus bets case，The priority of external nature will remain。”Therefore，The priority of external nature does not give the priority of pure perceptual experience to knowledge。The formation of psychological form and content，It is the result of the subject’s active transformation of sensory experience，“Human intelligence develops according to how people learn to transform nature”。

As far as the latter is concerned，In the time of Engels，As the fields of traditional metaphysics are gradually replaced by physics、Chemistry and even biology occupy，There is not much left in its territory except its soul。As Wendelban said，Philosophy is like King Lear who was deprived of his property by his daughters and driven into the wilderness。Wonte intends to establish an experimental method as the core，bet365 bonus bets based on natural science to save philosophy from danger。In his opinion，bet365 bonus bets and philosophy are a preparatory empirical science。Compare with this，Similarly facing the crisis of traditional metaphysics，Engels systematically developed materialist dialectics that can be applied to many empirical sciences，Philosophy as a doctrine about thinking，And thus elevated the status of bet365 bonus bets。Once modern materialism drives out the residue of old metaphysics，There is no need for any philosophy over other sciences anymore。"still exists independently in all previous philosophies，There are only theories about thinking and its laws - formal logic and dialectics。Everything else falls into the empirical science of nature and history。"bet365 bonus bets that studies "the laws of the thinking process itself" has become synonymous with philosophy。As its concrete expression, dialectics，“It’s just about nature、The science of the universal laws of movement and development of human society and thinking”。This creates the dialectics of nature、Social-historical dialectics and thinking dialectics。The former two have ontological priority over the latter。Thus Engels further distinguished between objective dialectics and subjective dialectics (dialectical logic)。The former is "the one that plays a dominant role in the entire nature"，The latter "is dialectical thinking，But it plays a dominant role in nature、Reflection of movement in opposition”。Exactly at this point，Theoretical thinking in any era，Regardless of its form and content，They are all products of history。The law of thinking is not "an 'eternal truth' that is completed once and for all"。“The science of thinking，Like every other science，It is a historical science，It is the science about the historical development of human thinking。”This bet365 bonus bets of Engels first inspired us，“Ideational things are nothing more than material things that are moved into people’s minds and transformed in their minds”，Thus showing its scientific nature in explaining the world。Secondly, it understands bet365 bonus bets’s established forms and socio-historical effects in terms of its constant movement and its temporality，Thus showing its absolute revolutionary commitment to changing the world。

　　The contemporary significance of Engels’s bet365 bonus bets thoughts

　For any Marxist concerned about the development of bet365 bonus bets，It seems impossible not to adopt clarification of its current situation、Theoretical gesture of drawing boundaries。The current main contradiction in this discipline is the contradiction between its importance in all aspects and its immature state。Until recently，This contradiction seems to have not attracted many people’s attention，At least for Chinese bet365 bonus bets。From this，Rethinking Engels’ ideological approach to bet365 bonus bets today，No matter about Chinese bet365 bonus bets，Still to Marxism，Both have profound significance of the times。

On the one hand，A Chinese “native” bet365 bonus bets cannot penetrate from its roots the logic of the history of thought of Western traditional bet365 bonus bets that was first laid by the immanence of Descartes’ consciousness，Thereby grasping it as a seemingly irreversible ready-made。Traditional bet365 bonus bets as a paradigm of Western modernity therefore becomes a model of Chinese bet365 bonus bets’s self-imagination，A true native bet365 bonus bets often cannot be fully developed。By grasping how Engels transcended the immanence of consciousness since Descartes and the "new bet365 bonus bets" it shaped with his historical materialism in both the broad and narrow senses，Facing the psychological reality of the Chinese people towards promotion and improvement、In line with Chinese bet365 bonus bets、A Chinese psychological discourse system that can dialogue with the West on an equal footing would be of great benefit。

On the other hand，Due to the unprecedented development and popularity of Western bet365 bonus bets，The daily life experience of the proletariat has been holistically reconstructed by Western bet365 bonus bets in an internal colonial way，They are politically transformed into psychological citizen subjects that are well adapted to the capitalist global system。And Engels transcended the materialist dialectics of empirical bet365 bonus bets，With its scientific and revolutionary nature, it inspires us to deeply understand the inner connection between bet365 bonus bets and the capitalist mode of production，And neoliberal psychological governance as a new form of capitalist domination，Help promote a real dialogue between Marxism and bet365 bonus bets，Enhance its theoretical flexibility，Continuously modernize Marxism。

　　(bet365 bonus bets article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund’s major project “Research on the Overall Logic and Strategic Path of Building a Socialist Cultural Power by 2035” (21ZDA072)

(Author’s unit: Department of Philosophy, Xiamen University；School of bet365 bonus bets Sciences, Nanjing University)