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In the process of creating historical materialism，classic text of Engels，That is, "British Workers Class Status" (1845)、"The role of labor in the transition from ape to man" (1876)、"Anti -Dulin Theory" (1878)、"Dialectics of Nature" (1883)，and "Family、The Origin of Private and State "(1884)，to "The End of Lutwig Ferbaha and the End of the German Classical Philosophy" (1886) and other，In the psychological level, facing its theoretical opponent，That is the inherent nature of the consciousness since the Descartes, as well as the experience -based psychology based on the results of its ideological history (that is, the intellectual science in the Contest sense)。Engels's creativity of this historical dilemma comes from its research on political and economics。Although he often uses the terms such as economics and other disciplines，In fact, it has completed its psychological philosophy construction at the same time。This construction does not resort to the physiological -psychological structure and individual psychological process of the subject，but the economic structure rooted in a certain social form，Social material shaping of historical psychological form，Therefore, a foundation for new psychology to grasp and criticize the psychological reality of capitalist psychology。

Engels transcended the intrinsic nature of consciousness

Of course，Engels has never met directly with Feng Te。But the psychological thought developed by the latter and Engels is rooted in the common Western problem logic，The internal nature of the consciousness shaped by Cartesial。Descartes has unprecedentedly constructed a modern and school object，This object is formed by the appearance。The appearance activities I think become the first to be in the first place。It sets the object，Objects can not first appear by themselves，can only be set by me。​​This means，Only by swallowing the object into the psychological appearance of my thoughts，We can be able to think and act，And theoretically others and the world are just a suspicious inference of this psychology。Self -regulated, I think about setting the material as an ideological object，From this，The so -called substance is just the idea called material。A kind of thing called "psychology" was invented bet365 best casino games and laid the foundation for itself，so that the independence of "new psychology" is possible。On this basis，Fengte completed the perspective conversion of the first -person experience of the Descartes -type first -person experience，From the perspective of a third person，By placing consciousness under controllable conditions, the question of the experimenters is forced to answer the consciousness，This has created a scientific psychology as a starting point of modern psychology。but also based on this，Engels only regards the relationship between thinking and existence as the basic problem of philosophy，and surpass the inherent nature of the consciousness since Cartesian and the von "New Psychology"。First is the aspect of broad historical materialism，That is, in the general social production of psychological production，Research the psychological body — the origin of labor。Followed by narrow historical materialism，Acknowledging the unique shaping of the production conditions of capitalist society on psychology。

As far as the former is concerned，Engels revealed the essence of human spiritual life for life and human production and reproduction。"Decisive factor in history，In the final analysis, it is the production and reproduction of direct life。"Based on this broad historical materialism，He demonstrated the psychological body -the origin of labor。Engels believes that the decisive step from ape to human transformation is that the body has adopted a upright posture to liberate the hands。"These apes，About the influence of their lifestyle，Make your hands engaged in different activities during climbing，Therefore, when walking on the flat ground, start getting rid of the habit of helping with your hand，Gradually walking upright。This completes a step from the ape to human beings.。"The hands of liberation and gradually becoming more complex and collective work adapt to each other，becomes more flexible and perfect。The reaction of this change is，Labor that needs to collaborate with each other finally promotes the development of language、Feeling the improvement of the organ、The transformation of "monkey brain" to "human brain"，Forms "more and more clear consciousness, abstract ability and reasoning ability"，Eventually enables the brain to treat itself as an intangible、Independent、Psychological soul to think。With the role of spiritual activity in human society，"The simpler products manufactured by the hand of labor are retreating to the secondary Bet365 lotto review position"。"The fast -moving civilization is completely attributed to the mind，Thanks to the development and activity of the brain "。People tend to explain their behavior with thinking，"Brain" to achieve the dominance of the "hand"。

As far as the latter is concerned，Engels analyzed the personality characteristics of the workers early and promoted its capitalist political and economic factors。On the one hand，The deficiencies reflected by most workers，The root cause lies in its opportunity to receive education is extremely limited。At the same time，His harsh living conditions，Like poverty、Lack of protection、Forced labor and population concentration，seriously damaged the mental condition of workers。They "have no free will", "gloom", "resentment", "losing the inner stability" "It is difficult to keep the feelings and abilities of how many people"。On the other hand，Just as David Pav? 仵 N-Cu? 伢 Llar) summarized，Irish workers immigrated to England's generous and passionate personality neutralize the calm and rational of the British。The self -interest of the bourgeoisie and the enthusiasm for money，The working class is born with "rich emotion"，Show kindness and kindness、The enthusiastic side。If the asset is the "money man" who only pursues capital accumulation，Workers perform "more social"。Engels further pointed out，"Selfish、narrow、Conservative "and other capitalist individual psychology is the unified model of civic society。It will be "individual isolated in private interests"，Society is divided into "atoms" or "single"。In short，The fundamental contradiction between the socialization of capitalist production and the private occupation of production materials，A truly socialized psychology and emotion does not actually have the corresponding real economic foundation with it。That is to say，The objective economic status of capitalist individuals and their subjective psychological feelings are departure。

　　Engels's transcendence of empirical psychology

Engels pointed out: "Natural science and philosophy，Until today, it still ignores the impact of people's activities on people's thinking; they only know the nature on the one hand，On the other hand, I only know thought。"If the internal nature of consciousness cuts off the" activity "source of this thinking，The inherent normative significance of thinking is used as its own logic，This has produced general intelligence with independent appearance，Bet365 app download Then experience psychology tends to restore the thinking from the other end to the material stimulus of nature。"British empiricists Locke and Hume，Try to build human experience with simple concepts and basic feelings。The spiritual life of a person is just the inlaid pattern of some psychological atoms。"(Barretan) Engels surpassed this experience psychology from two levels。First，He revealed that empirical psychology often ignores the subject's motility。Actually，Consciousness is not simultaneously being determined by material decisions，Instead, it has the subjective construction function that has a specific historical production activity。Next，Engels pointed out that empirical psychology did not realize that "the psychological nature of people is the sum of social relations，This social relationship is migrated to internal and becomes a form of personality and personality structure "。Based on this，He has identified the scientific methodology of psychological research，That is, "As the best tool and the sharp weapon" materialist dialectics，and then raised the philosophical status of psychology。

As far as the former is concerned，Engels thinks，"Except eye，We not only have other senses，And we still have thinking ability "。Although the organ can bring intuitive understanding of things，But the inherent limitations determine that the feeling of feeling formed cannot constitute all the contents of the cognition。Of course，"The material of our own material、Aware of the world，is the only reality; and our consciousness and thinking，No matter how much it looks like，Always material、The body of the body is the product of the human brain "。But Engels was deafening and then asked: "One day we can use the experimental method to attribute the thinking to the molecules and chemistry in the brain; "" Let's take this psychological research today，When it tries to find the neurological foundation of the political attitude through functional magnetic resonance imaging，Its logic is "like an airplane window trying to see the political dynamics of Ohio from the aircraft window of Cleveland"。Engels and then criticized the "what they and myths" later identified by Celas: "Materialism in the 18th century，Because of its essential metaphysical nature ... is limited to the content of all thinking and knowledge, it should come from perceptual experience ... and modern natural sciences have brought about all thinking content from experience. Expand the way method，Therefore, the boundary Bet365 app download and expression of the old metaphysics of this proposition completely abandoned。"This means，Sensory experience is not an independent and objective existence that appears first in thought or concept，It is not a certain material stimulus that is given from outside to inside。"The emotional world is by no means a kind of open -world.、The consistent thing，but the product of industrial and social conditions，is the product of history，is the result of generations of activities ... this kind of activity、This continuous and continuous emotional labor and creation、This production，It is the basis of the entire existing emotional world ... Of course，In this case，The priority status of the external nature will still be maintained。"So，The priority status of the external nature does not give the priority of pure perceptual experience.。Formation of psychological form and content，Is the result of the ability to transform the ability of sensory experience，"Human intelligence develops according to how people learn to transform nature"。

As far as the latter is concerned，In the era of Engels，The field of traditional metaphysics has been in physics、Chemistry and even biology occupation，It is not much left except for the soul。As Wendel Ban said，Philosophy is like King Lear, who was taken away by his daughters to the wilderness。Fengte intends to build a method with experimental methods as the core，Psychology based on natural sciences to save philosophy in danger。In his opinion，Psychology in philosophy is a preparation experience science。Comparison with it，Also facing the crisis of traditional metaphysics，Engels systematically developed the material dialectics that can be applied to many experience sciences，Taking philosophy as the doctrine of thinking，and thus raise the status of psychology。Once modern materialism is expelled from the old -fashioned and school residue，"No longer need to need any philosophy that is more than other sciences"。"It still exists independently in all the previous philosophy，There is only the doctrine of thinking and its laws -form logic and dialectics。Everything else is classified as an empirical science about nature and history。"The psychology of studying the" thinking process itself "has become synonymous with philosophy。Dialectical law as its specific performance，"It's just about nature、Science of the movement of human society and thinking and the general law of development "。This has generated natural dialectics、bet365 live casino games Dialectics and Dialectics of Social History。The former two have a priority position for the latter。Therefore, Engels further distinguished from objective dialectics and subjective dialectics (dialectical logic)。The former was "dominated by the entire nature"，and the latter "Dialectical Thinking，It's just a dominance in nature、A reflection of the movement in the opposite "。It is at this point，Theoretical thinking of any era，Regardless of its form and content，All products of history。The rules of thinking are not "a" eternal truth "once and for all,。"Science of thinking，Also like other sciences，is a historical science，is the science of the historical development of people's thinking。"This psychology of Engels first reveals us，"The idea of ​​the concept is nothing more than the material that moves into the mind of the person and transformed in the human mind"，This shows the scientific nature of explaining the world。"The idea of ​​the concept is nothing more than the material that moves into the mind of the person and transformed in the human mind"，Therefore, it shows that it is committed to changing the world's absolute revolutionary。

　　The meaning of the times of the psychological thought of Engels

For any Marxist who is concerned about the development of psychology，It seems that it is impossible to not take the prerequisite for the status quo、The theoretical attitude of the boundary limit。The current main contradiction of this discipline is its contradiction between its importance in all aspects and its incompetent state。until the last，This contradiction does not seem to attract many people's attention，At least like this for Chinese psychology。From this，Thinking of the thoughts of Engels psychology today，Regardless of Chinese psychology，Still to Marxism，It has profound meaning of the times。

On the one hand，A kind of "local" psychology in China cannot cut into the foundation of Western traditional psychology in the foundation of Cartesian consciousness from the foundation of the foundation.，So as to grasp it as a ready -made ready -made thing。Traditional psychology as a modern paradigm in the West has therefore become a model for Chinese psychology self -imagination，and a real local psychology often cannot be fully expanded。And by grasping how Engels has surpassed the inherent nature of Cartesian consciousness and the "new psychology"，For the promotion and improvement of the psychological reality of the Chinese、Follow the Chinese psychology、Chinese psychological discourse system that can talk to the West is greatly beneficial。

On the other hand，Due Bet365 app download to the unprecedented development and popularization of Western psychology，The daily life experience of the proletariat was restructured by Western psychology in an internal colonial method，They are politically transformed into citizen subjects that are adapted to the global system of capitalism。And Engels surpass the material dialectics of empirical psychology，In -the form of the inner hook form of our scientific and revolutionary in -depth understanding of psychology and capitalist production methods，and the new liberal psychological governance as a new form of capitalism，helps to promote the real dialogue between Marxism and psychology，Enhance its theoretical elasticity，constantly erase Marxism era。

　　(This article is a major project of the National Social Science Fund "Study on the Overall Logic and Strategic Path of Building a Socialist Cultural Power in 2035" (21ZDA072) in the phased achievement)

(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy of Xiamen University; School of Social College of Nanjing University)