The ubiquitous measurement and quantification in modern society is a scientific way that people know the world。Psychological -oriented perspective，Psychological and statistical thinking is linked，To help build psychological theory and explain human behavior。Different from temperature、Pressure and other physical attribute measurements，Psychological measurement includes intelligence、Knowledge、Ability、Attitude、Measurement and education measurement of personality characteristics，It is a highly internalized and abstract and depends on the research field of model。Consensus based on incomplete psychological measurement，Psychologists' unique contribution to science is to introduce the concept of errors into statistical models，and develop standards and systems for evaluation and interpretation of measurement results。Current，Psychological and education measurement has penetrated into all stages of social life，With the deepening of cross -disciplinary cooperation，The continuous improvement of social development needs，New Technology、New instruments and a large number of emergence of cross -domain research，The development and practical application of psychological measurement theory are facing new opportunities and challenges。

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Psychological surveying learning originated in the late 19th century and early 20th century，Classical Test Theory， CTT) is the earliest psychological measurement theory that realizes mathematical formation。This theory refers to the performance of individuals on the measurement tool as an observation score，Observation scores include the real value of the characteristics of the measurement tools，It also includes the error in the measurement。Although the real value cannot be obtained directly，But you can introduce it indirectly by observing the score，When repeatedly perform infinite multiple measurement，The expectation value of the observation score will be infinitely close to the real value we pay attention to。CTT's theoretical system is relatively complete，Model intuitive image、Easy to understand，has been widely accepted and applied。But there are still some limitations in this theory，such as，The understanding of the measurement error and its source is more general，Ignore the impact of the measurement situation on errors; the test of measurement depends on bet365 Play online games the parallel test，Datomy's conditions in parallel tests are difficult to satisfy in practical applications; non -biased estimation of topic parameters depends on representative samples，Easy to be affected by the method of sampling; each test has only one measuring standard error on the specific total.，The measuring error is the same for each subject，This does not conform to the consensus of most people。

Generalization theory (Generalizability theory，GT) propose the core concept of "measuring the situation"，It is believed that the measurement target and measurement situation together constitute the measurement situation，Evaluation of the measurement or decision quality based on the measurement results。GT decomposes the total difference between the measurement score、Estimation error source、minimize errors as possible，Evaluate the accuracy of the test based on the reliability index of the probation coefficient，The same measurement target is different with the nature of the test and the relationship between the test situation，You can have multiple reliability。

The transition from classic test theory to modern test theory occurred in the 1960s and 1970s，American psychological surveyor Lord (Lord) proposed for the first time in 1952 proposed the double parameter normal shoulder -shaped curve model，It marks the theory of project response (item response theory，IRT) generation。IRT believes that the potential characteristics of the subject can explain its performance in the test，and use the project characteristic function to reveal the quantitative relationship between the project's answering behavior and the potential characteristics level。IRT has different measurement standards for the test of different abilities，This means that there are differences in the reliability and contribution of the same topic to different abilities measurement，Make it more convincing in theory。But，Due to the basic assumptions of IRT (single -dimensional、Local independence and monotonous) It is difficult to satisfy most of the test scenarios，Multi -dimensional project reaction theory and a large number of expansion models came into being。In the past 20 years，IRT model development、Parameter estimation algorithm、Application of IRT in evaluation is still an important part of the content of the journal content in the field of psychological measurement。

The 1980s，Cognitive Psychology's in -depth understanding of the processing process of the subject，Provides new ideas for the preparation and analysis of psychological and educational tests，Become a new milestone in the field of education bet365 best casino games evaluation。Whether it is CTT or IRT，The ability of the subject is arranged on the continuous body of specific ability or characteristics in order，Cognitive Diagnostic Model，CDM) diagnostic information that can provide rich learning process and accurate learning results。Candidates' performance in the test is regarded as a series of dynamic psychological processes processing results，Abstract the dynamic psychological process into "cognitive attribute"，You can correspond to the test topic with cognitive attributes — q matrix，By constructing a more delicate model to infer the knowledge status of the cognitive attributes examined by the candidate，Help students check the leakage as soon as possible from the perspective of teaching，Lapts the foundation for the implementation of teaching according to their aptitude。

　　Practical application of psychological measurement

The development of psychological measurement is not only the research progress of theoretical and model，It is also reflected in the large -scale practice application of psychological measurement。Since the first intellectual test quantity table in 1904，Classic measurement theory was quickly promoted and applied to personality、Intelligence、Attitude、Interest、Motivation、During the measurement of various psychological or qualities such as behavioral mode and cognitive development，Very great contribution to psychology，is a tool for building psychological theory or experimental research。The development of classic measurement theory provides theoretical guidance to solve practical problems，The connotation of the reliability and validity of the measurement measurement is constantly being updated，From the initial validity of the validity to the effectiveness of the validity of the test to the implementation of the test to the test，From score interpretation to decision evaluation，Formed a preparation system to ensure how much the measurement result in practice is used，and long -term guidance psychological measurement practice。After the 1980s，IRT model has a significant impact on educational evaluation and human resources in various forms，From the previous trivial use to the common application of the current in many countries，Become the most widely used model in the large -scale evaluation project。In the past century，The theory and model of continuous development of psychological measurement are widely used in education、Human Resources、Clinical Medicine、Market Research、Risk Decisions、Industry、Sports、Politics and Military and other modern society in all walks of life，Make psychological measurement a prosperous area with bet365 Play online games huge commercial impact。

Education evaluation is still the most important field of psychological measurement。Psychological measurement as a tool for educational evaluation，Can help teachers find students' psychological problems or academic shortcomings，Psychological intervention or education for targetedly。American Education Research Association、The "Education and Psychological Measurement Standards" jointly promulgated by the American Psychological Society and the National Education Survey Association proposed a test preparation、The basic principles that should be followed by implementation，It stipulates the technical requirements that the exam should meet。Many large test institutions、Education Group、National Education Institution、In the development and implementation of the personnel institution input test，such as，The American Education Examination Service Center has developed an American university entrance examination、Graduate Admission Test、Academic ability assessment test、International Exchange English Test、English ability test for non -English -oriented people -oriented non -English persons and postgraduate entrance examinations for the management of the enterprise。Current，Psychological measurement is widely used in the design of the test、Preparation and implementation、Question Library Construction、Score Report、Fair Inspection and other series of educational evaluation links，Various programs and applications are very mature。Students' assessment includes achievement test、Learning ability prediction、Talent selection test、Archives evaluation and the large -scale survey evaluation of students and adult groups，For example, personality survey、Value survey; evaluation of teachers and teaching quality includes classroom assessment、value -added evaluation、Investigation of Teaching Behavior Observation Methods, etc.; Evaluation of International Education includes international reading literacy evaluation research、Study on the trend of international mathematics and science、International Student Evaluation Projects implemented by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development。other，The development of human resources calls for high -quality tests。Evaluation practice around talent selection and career selection，The US Department of Labor formulated "Test and Evaluation: Employer Practical Guide"，Help managers and human resources departments at all levels and human resources departments use tests reasonably under the framework of law。Various access to professional bet365 best casino games qualification examinations began to be applied to professional selection，For example, a physician Qualification Exam、Teacher Qualification Exam、Pilot selection test、Architect registration test, etc.，Examination of the professional literacy of the practitioners。other，Psychological measurement support and contribution to policy analysis are also increasing，Solution is not only used for educational theoretical research and evaluation of practical problems，It also helps government officials and the public carry out important policy analysis，Involved in teacher policy、Education reform、Law、Social problems of gender and education opportunities。

With the evaluation of the evaluation of the results of the results of the results, to the diversification and formation of the process of focusing on the process，The thoughts and models of cognitive diagnosis have received more and more attention from different fields，The common efforts of the field of psychological measurement and the computer field have promoted the development and application of adaptive learning and adaptive evaluation based on cognitive diagnosis。The collection and intelligent processing technology of multi -mode data brings more possibilities for breaking the problem that it is difficult to solve in the original practice，Computer automatic scoring technology、Interactive formula、Gaming and other new evaluation forms are constantly emerging，It is applied to various examinations and industries。Facing the current rapid change environment and technology，Professionals who measure psychological and education should maintain an open and optimistic attitude，Fusion computer、Advanced technologies in other fields such as cognitive science，Promoting psychological measurement experience and methods accumulated for a long time to better serve practice。

　　Psychological measurement in the intelligent era faces opportunities and challenges

The theory of continuous development and perfect measurement is the basis for solving the problem in the process of practice，The new needs generated by the continuous development of society also affect the innovation of measurement methods and technology。Current，Psychological measurement learning almost covers all statistical methods for human behavior and social sciences，Show the rapid integration trend with other disciplines。In this process，The theory and practice of psychological measurement are facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges。

A large number of practical needs and development opportunities have emerged in the era of intelligent information。One aspect，Bet365 lotto review Improve the measurement of measurement、The demand for large -scale measurement efficiently and conveniently still exists; on the other hand,，Electronic equipment gradually integrates into our lives，Affecting our behaviors and traits in virtual and real environment。Existing research presents the possibility of psychological measurement and informatization。such as，The source of data measured is no longer limited to questionnaires or tests，Behavioral traces and text information from the virtual environment，It can even be a physiological information for pictures and video information and wearable device records。Realizing the individual characteristics、Based on ability measurement，Can provide effective feedback and suggestions for individuals，Realize personalized adaptive learning。Especially in the post -epidemic era, the large -scale realization and application of online education accelerated，Although it can solve the urgent burning，But the new paradigm of online education and evaluation is far from regulatory and rationalization requirements，The integration and development of psychological measurement and other disciplines also need to pay attention to many issues。Under the development trend of the coexistence of multiple measurement paradigms in the future，Modern Psychological Measurement is not just a combination of psychology and statistics，It also formed a cross -contact with different disciplines。Contemporary Psychological Measurement is a diversified research field，While cherishing the diversified development，It should break through the barriers of their respective politics in different fields，Reserture the standard and concept system of psychological and educational measurement。

The trend of rapid development of psychological measurement brings some challenging issues。First，With the development of cognitive science and information technology，Personal data richer than ever before is very different from traditional measurement data。Next，Increase in the complexity of data and models, many models are a black box，Hidden important algorithms and assumptions，and psychological measurement and other disciplines are still very limited。Therefore，Development of measurement tools、Implement and explanation，It should pay more attention to the reliability of data collection and processing，Psychological measurements must be used as a reliable middleman，Adhere to the active pursuit of measurement results and use evaluation。Scientifically and reasonably analyze the measurement data and make the correct decision based on the Bet365 app download measurement results，It is still important for today's society and the future。In this process，Psychologists should adhere to a cautious and optimistic attitude，Give full play to its own advantages，Put an effective evaluation plan for specific operating procedures and standards and specifications，Take into account the efficiency and fairness of measurement。

From the perspective of future development，Psychological measurement is not just a toolbox that provides statistics and data analysis models or methods，More importantly，Facing the current rapid change application environment and needs，Stimulate the thinking of measurement meaning in various fields，The development period of the rapid integration of psychological measurement and other discipline theories，Adhere to the pursuit of the substantial meaning of measurement goals and methods，to promote the long -sufficient development and progress of psychological measurement theory and practice。

　　(Author unit: Beijing Normal University China Basic Education Quality Monitoring Innovation Center)