The ubiquitous bonus bet365 and quantification in modern society is a scientific way for people to understand the world。Psychology-oriented perspective，Psychology and statistical thinking are linked，To help establish psychological theories and explain human behavior。different from temperature、bonus bet365 of physical properties such as pressure，Psychological bonus bet365 includes intelligence、Knowledge、Ability、Attitude、Personality Trait bonus bet365 and Educational bonus bet365，It is a research field that is highly implicit and abstract and relies on models。Based on the consensus that psychometric bonus bet365 is imperfect，The unique contribution of psychometricians to science is the introduction of the concept of error into statistical models，And develop standards and systems for evaluating and interpreting bonus bet365 results。Currently，Psychological and educational bonus bet365 has penetrated into all stages of social life，With the deepening of interdisciplinary cooperation，The continuous improvement of social development needs，New Technology、The emergence of new instruments and cross-field research，The development and practical application of psychometric theory are facing new opportunities and challenges。

　　Theoretical bonus bet365 Psychometrics

Psychometrics originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries，Classical Test Theory， CTT) is the earliest psychometric theory to achieve mathematical formalization。This theory refers to an individual’s performance on a bonus bet365 tool as an observation score，The observation score contains both the true value of the characteristic measured by the bonus bet365 tool，Also includes errors in measurements。Although the true value cannot be obtained directly，But it can be indirectly inferred by observing the scores，When repeating an infinite number of measurements，The expected value of the observed score will be infinitely close to the real value we are concerned about。CTT’s theoretical system is relatively complete，Intuitive image of the model、Easy to understand，Widely accepted and used。But this theory still has some limitations，For example，Relatively general understanding of bonus bet365 errors and their sources，Ignores the impact of bonus bet365 context on errors；Verification of measurements relies on parallel testing，However, the conditions for parallel testing are difficult to meet in practical applications；Unbiased estimation of problem parameters relies on representative samples，Vulnerable to sampling methods；Each test has only one standard error of bonus bet365 for a specific population，That is, the bonus bet365 error is the same for each subject，This is not in line with the consensus of most people。

Generalizability Theory，GT) proposed the core concept of "measuring situational relationships"，Think that the bonus bet365 target and the bonus bet365 situation together constitute the bonus bet365 situation relationship，Extend bonus bet365 to include inferences based on bonus bet365 results or assessment of the quality of decisions。GT decomposes the total variance of the measured scores、Source of estimation error、Reduce the error variance as much as possible，Evaluate the accuracy of the test based on the generalization coefficient reliability index，The same bonus bet365 target varies with the nature of the test and the relationship between the test situation，Can have multiple credibility。

The transition from classical test theory to modern test theory occurred in the 1960s and 1970s，American psychometrician Lord first proposed the two-parameter normal shoulder curve model in 1952，Marks Item Response Theory，IRT) generation。IRT believes that the subject’s underlying trait level can explain his or her performance on the test，And use item characteristic functions to reveal the quantitative relationship between item answering behavior and underlying trait levels。IRT has different bonus bet365 standard errors for subjects with different abilities，This means that the reliability and contribution of the same question to different ability measurements are different，Make it more theoretically convincing。However，Due to the basic assumption of IRT (unidimensionality、Local independence and monotonicity) are difficult to satisfy in most test scenarios，Multidimensional item response theory and a large number of extended models came into being。Past 20 years，Model development of IRT、Parameter estimation algorithm、Research such as the application of IRT in assessment remains an important part of journal content in the field of psychometrics。

1980s，Cognitive psychology’s in-depth understanding of subjects’ problem-solving processing process，Provides new ideas for the preparation and analysis of bonus bet365 and educational tests，Becoming a new milestone in the field of educational evaluation。Whether it is CTT or IRT，The abilities of the subjects are arranged in order on the continuum of specific abilities or traits，The Cognitive Diagnostic Model，CDM) can provide diagnostic information that enriches the learning process and accurate learning outcomes。The examinee’s performance on the test is regarded as the result of a series of dynamic bonus bet365 processes，Abstract dynamic bonus bet365 processes into "cognitive attributes"，You can then map the test questions to cognitive attributes - Q matrix，Then construct a more refined model to infer the candidate’s knowledge status on the cognitive attributes tested in the test，Help students find and fill in gaps as quickly as possible from a teaching perspective，Laying the foundation for teaching students in accordance with their aptitude。

　　Practical applications of psychological bonus bet365

The development of psychological bonus bet365 is not only the research progress of theories and models，Also reflected in the large-scale practical application of psychological bonus bet365。Since the advent of the first intelligence test scale in 1904，Classical bonus bet365 theory was quickly promoted and applied to personality in the early days、Intelligence、Attitude、Interest、Motive、Measuring various psychological qualities or qualities such as behavioral patterns and cognitive development，Great contribution to psychology，Is a tool for constructing psychological theories or experimental research。The development of classical bonus bet365 theory provides theoretical guidance for solving practical problems，The connotations used to test the reliability and validity of measurements are constantly updated，From the initial criterion validity to include test preparation to test implementation，From score interpretation to decision evaluation，An argument system is formed to ensure the extent to which bonus bet365 results are used correctly in practice，And provide long-term guidance on psychometric practice。After the 1980s，The significant impact of the IRT model in its many forms on educational evaluation and human resources，Developed from insignificant use to common application in many countries now，Become the most widely used model in large-scale assessment projects。Over the past century，Continuously developing psychometric theories and models are widely used in education、Human Resources、Clinical Medical、Market research、Risk decision-making、Industrial、Sports、Politics and military and other walks of life in modern society，Making psychometrics a thriving field with huge commercial impact。

Educational evaluation is still the most important field of psychological bonus bet365 application。Psychological bonus bet365 as a tool for educational evaluation，Can help teachers discover students’ psychological problems or academic shortcomings through bonus bet365，Provide targeted psychological intervention or education。American Educational Research Association、The "Standards for Educational and Psychological bonus bet365" jointly promulgated by the American Psychological Association and the National Association for Educational bonus bet365 proposes test preparation、Basic principles that should be followed for implementation，Specifies the technical requirements that should be met in the examination。Many large examination organizations、Education Group、National Educational Agency、The personnel agency is investing in the development and implementation of the test，For example，The Educational Testing Service developed the American College Admission Test、Graduate Entrance Examination、Academic Ability Assessment Test、International Communication English Test、English proficiency test for non-native English speakers and entrance examination for graduate students in economics and management, etc.。Currently，Psychological bonus bet365 is widely used in test design、Preparation and implementation、Question bank construction、Score Report、Fairness test and a series of educational evaluation links，Various programs and applications are very mature。Assessment around students including achievement tests、Learning ability prediction、Talent Selection Test、Archival assessments and large-scale survey assessments of students and adults，For example, personality survey、Values ​​Survey；Assessment around teacher and teaching quality including classroom assessment、Value-added evaluation、Survey on teaching behavior observation methods, etc.；Assessment around international education includes research on international reading literacy assessment、Research on International Mathematics and Science Trends、Project for International Student Assessment implemented by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, etc.。In addition，The development of human resources calls for high-quality testing。Evaluation practice around talent selection and career selection，The U.S. Department of Labor develops "Testing and Assessment: A Practical Guide for Employers"，Help managers at all levels and human resources departments use testing appropriately within the legal framework。Various types of professional qualification examinations have begun to be used in career selection，For example, physician qualification examination、Teacher Qualification Examination、Pilot Selection Test、Architect registration examination, etc.，Test the professional quality of practitioners。In addition，The support and contribution of psychological bonus bet365 to policy analysis is also increasing，Not only for educational theoretical research and evaluation of solutions to practical problems，Also helps government officials and the public conduct important policy analysis，Involving teacher policies、Education Reform、Law、Social issues such as gender and equal educational opportunities。

With the shift of evaluation from single evaluation focusing on results to diversified and formative evaluation focusing on process，The ideas and models of cognitive diagnosis have received more and more attention from different fields，The joint efforts of the psychometric field and the computer field promote the development and application of adaptive learning and adaptive assessment based on cognitive diagnosis。Multimodal data collection and intelligent processing technology bring more possibilities to break through problems that were difficult to solve in practice，Computer automatic scoring technology、Interactive、New assessment forms such as gamification are constantly emerging，Used in various examinations and industries。Facing the current rapidly changing environment and technology，Professionals in psychological and educational bonus bet365 should maintain an open and optimistic attitude，Fusion Computer、Advanced technologies in cognitive science and other fields，Promote the long-term accumulated experience and methods of psychological bonus bet365 to better serve practice。

　　Psychological bonus bet365 faces opportunities and challenges in the intelligent era

The continuously developed and improved bonus bet365 theory is the basis for solving problems in practice，New demands arising from the continuous development of society also affect the innovation of bonus bet365 methods and technology。current，Psychometrics covers almost all statistical methods useful to human behavior and social science，Showing a trend of rapid integration with other disciplines。In this process，The theory and practice of psychological bonus bet365 are facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges。

A large number of practical needs and development opportunities have emerged in the intelligent information era。On the one hand，Improving the ecological validity of bonus bet365、The need for efficient and convenient large-scale testing remains；On the other hand，Electronic devices are gradually integrated into our lives，Influences our behaviors and traits in virtual and real environments。Existing research has shown us the possibility of integrating psychological bonus bet365 and informatization。For example，bonus bet365 data sources are no longer limited to questionnaires or tests，Behavior traces and text information that can come from the virtual environment，It can even be pictures and video information as well as physiological information recorded by wearable devices。In realizing individual characteristics、Based on ability bonus bet365，Can provide effective feedback and suggestions to individuals，Achieve personalized adaptive learning。Especially in the post-epidemic era, the large-scale implementation and application of online education has been accelerated，Although it can solve the urgent need，But the new paradigm of online education and evaluation is far from meeting the requirements of standardization and rationalization，The integration and development of psychological bonus bet365 and other disciplines still need to pay attention to many issues。Under the future development trend of multiple bonus bet365 paradigms coexisting，Modern psychometrics is no longer just a combination of psychology and statistics，It also has cross-connections with different subject areas。Contemporary psychometrics is a diverse research field，While cherishing diversified development，We should break through the barriers that separate different fields，Rethinking the standards and conceptual systems of psychological and educational bonus bet365。

The rapid development of psychometrics has brought about some challenging issues。First，With the development of cognitive science and information technology，Personal data is richer than ever and is very different from traditional bonus bet365 data。Secondly，The increasing complexity of data and models has resulted in many models being a black box，Hiding important algorithms and assumptions，The ability to collect and interpret big data in psychometric and other disciplines is still very limited。Therefore，Development of bonus bet365 tools、Implementation and Interpretation，We should pay more attention to the reliability of data collection and processing，Psychometric professionals must serve as reliable intermediaries，Insist on the active pursuit of bonus bet365 results and use evaluation。Analyze bonus bet365 data scientifically and rationally and make correct decisions based on bonus bet365 results，Still vital to today’s society and the future。In this process，Psychometricians should adopt a cautious and optimistic attitude，Play to your own strengths，Propose an effective evaluation plan for specific operating procedures and standards，Taking into consideration the efficiency and fairness of bonus bet365。

From the perspective of future development，Psychometrics is more than just a toolbox that provides statistical and data analysis models or methods，What’s more important，Facing the current rapidly changing application environment and needs，Inspiring thinking on the meaning of bonus bet365 in various fields，In the development period of rapid integration of psychometric theory with other disciplines，Insist on the pursuit of the essential meaning of bonus bet365 goals and methods，Thus promoting the rapid development and progress of psychometric theory and practice。

　　(Author’s unit: China Basic bonus bet365 Quality Monitoring Collaborative Innovation Center, Beijing Normal University)