Mental bet365 sign up offer was developed by scholars such as Suddendorf and Corballis in the 1990s based on the theories of Canadian psychologist Tulving. Come，Refers to when humans psychologically project themselves into the past to re-experience past events，And the ability to project oneself into the future to experience future events in advance。From the definition，Psychological bet365 sign up offer includes two levels of content: psychological bet365 sign up offer to the past and psychological bet365 sign up offer to the future。Mental bet365 sign up offer to the past is also called episodic memory，by self、Composed of three elements: self-awareness and subjective time，is the only memory system pointing to the past。Episode memory allows individuals to return to the past through self-awareness，And allow it to subjectively re-experience past events，Includes explicit time as far as memory content is concerned、Location and specific events。For example，A person had dinner with family and friends in a restaurant during the Spring Festival last year，When he recalled this incident today，Many scenarios (time and place of dinner party、Who attended the dinner、The laughter at the dinner table, etc.) will appear in my mind。This is how he uses subjective time to connect the past self that attended a dinner party in a restaurant with the present self，Re-experienced my past self’s experience of dining in a restaurant。Psychological bet365 sign up offer to the future is also called future scenario thinking，Individuals can envision and experience future events in advance。For example，A person imagines going to the opening ceremony of the Beijing Winter Olympics in February 2022，What exciting programs will there be that day、Which athletes participated、How are you feeling and the weather?，This is future scenario thinking。Psychological bet365 sign up offer is of great significance to human development。Evolutionary psychology believes，Psychological bet365 sign up offer is the main driving force of human evolution，Religion、Laws, etc. also appear with psychological bet365 sign up offer。

　　　　，Academic circles have always believed that psychological bet365 sign up offer is unique to humans，And humans will not develop this advanced thinking ability until they are about 4 years old；For animals，They only live in the present，Does not have the ability to mentally bet365 sign up offer。But in recent years, scholars have based on evolutionary theory and animal experimental evidence，Start to question and refute this hypothesis。Research shows，The brain tissues most closely related to human psychological bet365 sign up offer are the prefrontal lobe and hippocampus。Although there is currently no direct evidence that the prefrontal lobes and hippocampus of other species can capture memories like humans，But from an evolutionary perspective，Humans evolved from other mammals after all，If not for inheriting the ability of mental bet365 sign up offer from non-human ancestors，Where can I get it？

If evolution provides a theoretical basis for animals to be able to carry out psychological bet365 sign up offer，Animal experiments conducted by scientists provide more powerful evidence。A series of animal experiment results show，Psychological bet365 sign up offer is more common in the animal kingdom than people think，At least in mammals。Take episodic memory as an example，Crystal and her research team obtained evidence of this in a clever rat experiment。They trained 13 rats to remember 12 odors，And built a rat "arena" with 12 stations，Sites are marked with numbers 1-12，Each site has a different smell。When rats identify specific smells along the route，For example, the second to last or the fourth to last，You will be rewarded。Next，The researchers changed the numbers corresponding to the odors and observed whether the rats mastered the training: even though the numbers of the odors had changed，Whether it can still recognize the second to last or fourth to last smell？This ensures that the rat recognizes the odor by its position in the sequence rather than the odor itself，This allows researchers to determine whether animals can remember multiple events and the order in which they occurred。After a year of such testing，Christo’s team found that rats completed the task about 87% of the time。Subsequent testing confirmed that they can be remembered，And withstand the interference of other memories。This further proves that the rats in the experiment relied on episodic memory to complete the task。

Scientists such as Clayton also discovered the existence of episodic memory in experiments on birds。Under experiment，The scrub crow hid perishable worms and non-perishable nuts in two plastic trays covered with fine sand，And they store different foods on different days (such as Tibetan nuts，Hide the worm after two days)。Therefore，They need to remember when and where to store different foods。The scrub crows were divided into experimental group and control group。The experimental group learned through training that worms will rot in a short bet365 sign up offer，Nuts can be stored for a longer period of bet365 sign up offer。After hiding the food，The experimenter asked them to take out the stored food after different intervals of bet365 sign up offer。If the bet365 sign up offer interval from the date when the food was hidden is short，The Scrub Crow will consciously search for worms；If the bet365 sign up offer interval is longer，The scrub crow will take out the nuts，Because they know the worms have rotted away over such a long period of bet365 sign up offer。As opposed to，The control group did not learn the information that worms are perishable，So no matter how long the bet365 sign up offer interval is，They all go looking for worms。This experiment shows that scrub jays may have episodic memory，So they understand bet365 sign up offer clearly、Locations and events (perishable worms and non-perishable nuts for a short period of bet365 sign up offer)。

Scientists not only discovered the existence of episodic bet365 sign up offer through animal experiments，Animals have also been found to have future scenario thinking: scrub crows will adjust their food storage strategies to reduce the potential risk of food being stolen by other birds。In the experiments conducted by Clayton and other scholars，The scrub jay will store food in two different scenarios: "private" and "open"。In open scene，While scrub jays store food, they are observed by other bird snoopers；In private scenes，No snoopers present。When taking out food，A scrub crow who stores food in an open environment will take the food out of the box where it was stored and re-hide it in another box；And in a private scene，The bush crows who store food do not behave in this way。Visible，Birds are likely to have future scenario thinking，Because they will associate and presuppose possible future events based on past experiences (whether there are bird snoopers present) (if the food is not hidden in a new location, it will be stolen by snoopers)。

If animals are indeed proven to have the ability to mentally bet365 sign up offer，The impact will go far beyond our understanding of the minds and behaviors of animals，It may even have a significant impact on humans，Including decoding and treating Alzheimer’s disease。Take the rat experiment as an example，Rat’s superior performance on episodic memory tests means they could allow humans to learn more about Alzheimer’s disease and effectively treat it。Christo pointed out，The most severe deterioration in Alzheimer’s disease is episodic memory，So scientists are working hard to build a rat model that is closer to it。Using new gene-editing technology allows scientists to create neurological Alzheimer's-like state in rats，Making them the perfect mock subjects for testing new drugs for Alzheimer’s disease。Scientists can first test new drug on rats with episodic memory，To better predict the possible effects of this drug in humans。current，The failure rate of Alzheimer’s drug development is as high as 99%，One of the important reasons is that most drugs cannot provide effective treatment for the degradation of episodic memory。Many scholars believe that，If there is no effective drug to improve episodic memory，The most valuable therapy will not appear。If rats with episodic memory could inspire humans to unlock the secrets of Alzheimer’s disease，And develop more effective therapeutic drugs，This will become a landmark achievement in the history of human science。

　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Foundation project “Research on the Relationship between bet365 sign up offer Thinking Style and Language Use Based on Cognitive Psychology Experiments” (16CYY023)

(Author’s unit: School of Foreign Languages, Yangzhou University)