Narcissistic Personality Disorder，referred to as NPD)，It is a type of personality disorder in mental illness diagnosis。In 2013, the fifth edition of the "Psychiatric Diagnosis and Statistics Manual" formulated by the American Psychiatry Association (DSM-5)，NPD is described as an exaggeration、Model that needs to be praised and lacks empathy，With self -enhancement、Self -feeling exaggerated、Need to admire、Exploitation、Unlimited success fantasy、Love showing off、Jealousy and other features。

The 2070s，Psychoanalyst Otto Kernberg and Heinz Kohut put forward different narcissistic pathological theories。1980，Based on narcissism theory and clinical work，The third edition of the "Diagnosis and Statistics Manual" (DSM-III) adds a narcissistic personality dysfunction type and diagnostic standard。NPD often disorder with mood、anxiety disorder、Maternal abuse and other diseases。The proportion of NPDs in these diseases is between 8%and 24%。NPD may be in some areas (such as occupation、Academic and other fields) has advantages，But in other fields，Especially areas involving interpersonal relationships (such as intimacy and marriage and other fields)，will show serious problems。

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Description of the cause of NPD，The most influential is the theory of psychoanalysis。Psychoanalysis Theory Consid by，Parents' nurturing in childhood has some form of defects that lead to narcissistic pathological problems。Konberg's narcissistic disease emphasizes the pathological defense of narcissism。The exaggerated pathological narcissism is a compensation response to the emotional environment that is invalid in parents，is a kind of compensation Bet365 lotto review defense of potential inferiority。These parents show long -term indifference to their children、Reject or derogation，or the parents may perform well on the surface，But with hidden malicious and attack attitude，It may be inconsistent in the nursery，Rarely considering children's emotional needs。This method of breeding leads to an individual's self -image that seeks exaggerated expansion to protect yourself，and the anger caused by rejection for rejection，often with aggression and destructive，Interpersonal relationships with strong jealousy、Don’t trust、Control is characterized。Based on this defense compensation viewpoint，The view of the "mask model" in the research of narcissism，but，Empirical research of this model has not obtained a consensus conclusion。

Kedote explains the cause of narcissistic personality disorder from the perspective of normal narcissism，Emphasized narcissistic disorder is because narcissistic demand does not meet the self -defects and development stagnation caused by metaphysics。The exaggeration of childhood is normal，Parents as children's original self -object，Support through appropriate mirror response and idealization、Help children form a self with realistic ambitions and integration and stability。Parents lack enough empathy to understand and meet their children's narcissistic needs，or insufficient response to children，As a result, the normal narcissistic needs of children are not met，Exaggerated self cannot be integrated，Healthy "Internal Gathering" cannot be developed，High sensitivity to narcissism damage，Self (Self) is prone to "fragmentation"。narcissists will try to seek parental alternatives in the context of adult relations，Meeting exaggeration and idealization needs，In real interpersonal relationship，It is difficult for people to achieve their expectations，thus Bet365 app download causing dissatisfaction and anger。

The narcissistic theory of Kaneberg and Kodhut follows the negative behavior of the parents，and Millon's social learning theory believes that the development of narcissism is not the derogation of the parents、The result of the indifferent reaction，but the results of the parents' excessive indulgence and admiration for raising。narcissism is composed of real potential superiority。Parents treat children with an overvaluation method characterized by excessive praise and admiration.，Children have given a lot of attention as a special person。Parent's attitude makes children believe that they are perfect、Special and powerful people。Parents are unrealistic about the value of the child，Create an exaggerated self -image that cannot be maintained in the external world within the child。

Parents' education method is important to the development of narcissism，It can be simply summarized as the overestimation of parents and the indifference of the parents。Is the narcissistic method of indifferent and refusal or by excessive praise and admiration，or a combination of two? Akhtar proposed the difference between narcissism and hidden characteristics，On the surface, the narcissism has a magnificent self -sensation、It is very attractive in social、Ignore the needs and feelings of others，But with vulnerability internally，Self -doubt、sensitivity to criticism、Can't trust or rely on others，It responded to the reaction especially negatively when the self -esteem was threatened。Empirical Research on Brummelman (Brummelman) shows，Parents' overestimation is related to the development of explicit nature。OTway and Vignoles (Vignoles) about the system test of narcissism，I did not find that parents are overestimated and explicit sex、The simple correspondence between parents cold and hidden unity，On the contrary，The combination of the bet365 Play online games overestimate and indifference of the parents is the key factor for predicting explicitity and hidden unity。Empirical evidence of the narcissistic pathogenesis is mixed，and too much depend on retrospective report。Although the theory of narcissism is different，But they all include common mechanisms，That is, the narcissistic people absorb the feedback they want from the early parental relationship，But there are serious functional disorders for parents' feedback。

Current，Experimental psychology and cognitive neurology research made contributions to understanding NPD。Cascio and Jauk (Jauk) and others，Exaggerated the pressure response to the stress after the love of self -threats and self -threats is highly vigilant，and the pressure index rises at the baseline level。Dane Discovery，Nurses show a low pressure index or even enjoyment after the deception behavior。narcissism may have a common mechanism in some aspects of psychiatric structure。NPD has a activity mechanism of the brain nervous system，Chronic changes in the nervous endocrine system or brain structure of high narcissism individuals are obvious。CHESTER (Chester) Study on neurological imaging of pathological narcissism brain forms，Promoting Network (DACC、AI) and the function and structure of the region within the default network (MPFC) have changed。Ronningstam research discovery，NPD patients exist in the core defects of neuropsychological，Affects acquisition、tolerance、Ability to identify and express emotions。

NPD also has genetic causes。Coolidge (Coolidge) research on 112 monocular and double -egg twins，The genetic coefficient of NPD is 0.66。Torgersen's research through self -reporting and diagnosis interviews，Study on the near 2800 of the twins of men and women in both eggs and doubles，It is found that the narcissistic genetic coefficient is 0.71。In a behavioral genetic research in my country，Bet365 app download 304 pairs of twins，The impact of genetic environment on self -exaggeration and interpersonal rights dimension is 92%-93%。NPD Causes still need to be studied in -depth research。

　Psychological treatment principles

NPD common treatment methods have psychoanalytic orientation psychotherapy、Cognitive behavior treatment、Figure psychotherapy、yuan cognitive psychological therapy、Partner Treatment、Group treatment、Empathy focus therapy、Dialectical behavior therapy、Conditional therapy, etc.。NPD's treatment process is challenging，There are many difficulties。NPD treatment Lack of random control research，Lack of specific drug treatment。narcissists need to gradually solve various obstacles: fear of failure、Shame、Fear of dependent therapists, etc.。The relevant characteristics of narcissism will also hinder the risk of treatment and increase the risk of falling off。The perfection characteristics of NPD are related to slow treatment; the attachment style of anxiety avoidance and weak treatment alliance、less treatment commitments、less self -exposure、More about the discussion and longer silence in the treatment; the sense of shame causes slow treatment、Low attendance rate; derogation for others can predict worse treatment results。

2020，Clinical psychologists Weinberg and Langningstan passed literature and practice verification，Principles of the guiding principles of effective psychotherapy for patients with NPDs。First，Determined treatment goals and directions。The target of the NPD is the patient's participation，It is formed in the process of exploring the process，and have specific、Features of reality，It is necessary to connect with the value of the patient or the intention of changing intentions。Second，The main sense of developing narcissists。Many NPD patients are capable and capable，But the contradiction bet365 Play online games is still lacking the initiative or ownership of your own life and goals。Help patients to determine the advantages and disadvantages during the treatment，Direct behavioral intervention、Reflection Listen、Cooperative treatment relationship、Copy the sense of control and the sense of control。third，Promote the focusing on most of the exaggeration of narcissism to the vulnerable part。The true self -experience and self -expression of the narcissism is one of the central processes of treatment changes。When the patient can trust the therapist，Can admit and share the inner thoughts、Feel，The therapist encourages his curiosity and tolerance for uncertainty，Can help patients transform from exaggeration and self -aversion to discussing their real ability and fragile experience。fourth，Development Collaborative Treatment Alliance。The therapist and NPD patients through the contract agreement、Define characters and responsibilities，Establishing and protecting the treatment relationship; the long -term task of persistent long -term tasks in the treatment alliance is to develop the attachment to the therapist and a good treatment relationship of NPD patients。Fifth，Foresession of the challenge to the treatment alliance。To recognize the difficulties that may occur in the development and maintain the treatment of the treatment in advance，Foreignability for challenges，The possible obstacle to identify the possible cooperation，Use contract、The behavior of the behavior of the behavior of the predictiveness and obstacles of the behavior contract and clarify。Sixth，To actively solve the treatment interference behavior in the treatment，Suicide behavior、Material abuse、No payment fee、No treatment behavior, etc.。

Clarifying the effective treatment principles of patients with NPD will help develop more effective NPD treatment methods。Bet365 lotto review In NPD treatment，Common errors are fighting with patients，Challenge the exaggerated narcissism of patients，or just the opposite，Excessive indulgence in the exaggerated narcissism of NPD，Actions to ignore interference therapy。In the treatment of patients with NPD，Take a practical and feasible、The target is clear、The method of changing into orientation and repeated expression of the expectations and persistence of changes are essential。The therapist must disdain the patient、Deflow of attitude and prepare for，Patience for patients is also required for treatment。

(Author Unit: School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University)