The object of psychology is human，The theme of psychology is human，The existence of psychology is also tied to people。About the ontology of people has always been a long -term topic discussed by psychology pioneers，Even becoming a genre or trendy trend、The theoretical premise of development。Where，About "What is a person" or "What kind of person should be a person should be" and other questions are one of the focus issues of controversy。Critical psychology research that has been developed in philosophy and develops with psychology，It is clear、Solving、Reconstruction researcher's subjective research position、The process of research purposes contains a lot of views about human body theory，It mainly includes "pre -fixed nature" and "breeding nature"、"Self -Self of nature" and "Classification"。This is not only inherited、Expand the basic point of view of human nature，It also prompted psychological researchers to understand people from the concept of "species" to "class" to understand people，Answer the "Sphinx's Mystery" from different angles，and the community of human destiny community from the perspective of "nature", all have a certain value。

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Friedrich Albert Lange、Hermann Ebbinghaus、Gustav Fechner, etc. represented by natural scientific critical psychology represented by the representative、Critical Philosophy Psychology、"Non -scientific" research in human science psychology after prejudice，Proposal based on the position of natural science，To achieve the original face of obtaining subjectiveness and completely in line with objective things，Research purpose of pure and pure objective truth。This adheres to the "species of nature" commonly shared by people and things，Highlighting the "prevailing nature" of a person，The nature of the existence of individual life is given by nature，People and their psychology、behavior is the natural bet365 Play online games world (biological、Physics、Mechanical) part of it，Obief the rules of natural species，Have relative solidification、General、Unchanged objective essence，Follow the objective、Puxe、Eternal Development Law。Lange proposed in "Lange Material History"，Complete psychological knowledge should follow Darwin's guidance，Study as much as possible in the physical process of psychological phenomena as much as possible，Even using animal psychology to study people，Pay attention to the experience of psychological understanding; Ebbinghaus advocates based on certain objective factual experience to obtain objective psychological knowledge，Use the principle of causal interpretation to explain the cause of changes in human psychology; Fishner uses physics as a template，Try to realize the purpose of explaining the psychological law of people through the internal logical relationship between psychological and physical quantities，Both reflect the premise of the "species of nature" that they insist on。

Visible，Early natural science critical psychology adhering to the "nature of nature" ontology, the theory of body theory has obvious restoration theory (biological、Physics, etc.) tendency，Try to use biology、Low -level movement forms such as physics to illustrate the sexual problems of high -level forms of people，Greatly cater to the pursuit of psychology on natural science status。This view is inherited by subsequent natural scientists，and further implement a more thorough "nature" body theory。Classical behaviorism represented by John Watson and Burrhus Skinner、Edward Tolman、Clark Hull, new behavioralism represented by Hull greatly respects the objectivity of psychology，Criticism is full of consciousness、Psychological、The psychology of subjective factors such as the provincial law is "pseudo -science"，It is advocated that psychology should make predictions based on facts and achieve control，Reveal the general、Objective human nature，People become a machine -like absolute objective existence。

　　"Self -Self of nature" and "Classification"

Wilhelm Dilthey、Carl Rogers, etc. represented bet365 Play online games by humanistic critical psychology, the first exposure、"Non -human nature" prejudice that criticizes natural science psychology，Emphasize based on the standpoint of humanities and sciences，Reach the knowledge of the real nature of the person to obtain or the purpose of promoting the meaning and value of the individual to realize the meaning and value of the life。This view means that it adheres to the prerequisite for the ontology of "self -nature" and "nature" that has a universal significance，That is, the nature of individual life is created in the social and historical activities of the day after tomorrow.，Human psychology、Behavior, etc. are generally affected by the rules of human history，Follow the laws of historical development。Delai on the basis of criticizing Ebbinhaus's neglect of people's psychological life，I advocate the use of experience、Explanation、Understanding and other methods to achieve the understanding of the experience of human experience and social culture，Emphasize that individuals develop and have the independent nature of unified psychological life，Promote the general historical and cultural nature of humans。Rogers criticized Skinner's objective epistemology that contains human views of human -like people，Proposal that human nature is formed in the process of "adult" (Becoming), an individual who fully exerts its functions，and "Freedom、spontaneous、Responsibility heart、Independent choice "and other" beauty is beauty "，Promoting human functionality。

After World War II，Klas Holzkamp、Jeanne Marecek、Martín-Baró and other "new generation" critical psychologists under the premise of inheriting the nature of the category，No longer sticking to the "nature of the class" in the general sense，Instead, based on a more subdivided subjective position to explore what kind of "sample" nature of people becomes "。In other words，Many special social conditions will limit and restrict the individual's human sex choice。The status of a person、What kind of national realm of identity and even living，What kind of traditional cultural Bet365 lotto review education and other factors are received，It will eventually be rich、Expand、What kind of human nature is set，Highlight the special nature of the nature of nature、variability、Nationality。

German critical psychology reveals the rationalism of tools permeated in mainstream psychology、Ido -class ideology such as individualism，Criticizing it to treat people as only engaging in labor，The abstract isolation existence of subjective initiative is restrained and in a alienated state。，Psychology should be based on the proletarian position，Explore the "meaning" influence given by social mechanisms such as social labor and dominations，The purpose of human liberation and freedom by promoting individual subjectivity。For example, Holz Kampte advocates replacing "restricted action ability" with "general action ability"，Call for the individual to actively participate by giving full play to the subjective initiative、Creation、Relations of Social Relationships，Become a person who can decide freely。Feminist Criticism Psychology Clear "" Biological Decision Theory "prejudice hidden in traditional psychology，Criticizing it to determine the nature of gender with the characteristics of biological structures，Stand on the subjectivity of feminism，Researchers The gender essence constructed in the interaction between individual and social relations，It is emphasized that people should become a positive interaction with the needs of social and environment。Jennie Marecc, think，Physically "men" or "women" have the gender characteristics of "men" or "women" in the social sense，Is in the individual and others、The interaction between individual and environmental needs，If the mother love that makes up for the lack of children，Discipline single father is more likely to have a "feminine" behavior (sewing clothes, etc.)。Post -colonial critical psychology will set the problem on the "race" issue，Criticizing Western psychology regards race as a concept of science biology，to achieve exporting Western cultural values ​​and colonial again、The bet365 best casino games purpose of slavery the non -Western world。Therefore，Psychology should be based on postmodern multicultural positions，The concept of "race" or "nation" belongs to the social and cultural category，Strive to distinguish in the cultural context of the organic body、Determine the essence of "one type"，The purpose of achieving the purpose of getting rid of Western cultural colonies and improving the sense of local cultural identity。Latin American liberated psychologist Martin Baro proposed，It should be integrated to liberate theological thoughts and stand on Latin American cultural position，Break the theory hidden in the term "external control" or "acquisition helplessness" and other terms，By restoring the historical and cultural memory of the Latin American people，Help it becomes an identity of its own nation、Category of culture。

　　Disciplinary value contained in the subject theory of critical psychology

In the construction of psychology disciplines，The ontology of the insistence of critical psychology has gone through the general nature of the nature to the general nature of the nature of the nature，Then we turn to a special type of type，That is the "Sample Man" question。There is no doubt，The prerequisite for the ontology that the researcher insists on is both an ethical question about "what is the person"，What the researcher is based on what kind of position to build a psychological philosophical basic question。Different ontology claims，The natural regulations and supernatural regulations reflected in the issue of body theory since ancient times、Before -fixed nature and self -nature、There are many oppositional relationships such as the nature of the species and the type of type，Provides the source of ideas for psychological researchers to answer "what is the person" and "what kind of person should be a person should be"。More than this，Based on the premise of different physical theories，Psychological researchers not only obtained knowledge about different dimensions of human nature based on the subjectivity position of different researchers，and from the Bet365 app download academic research focusing on the ivory tower to a practical research on social reality，Pay attention to the social responsibility assumed by psychologists。

But，There is a common disadvantage in the ontology of the entire critical psychology，That is, the nature of the person who is not the one who is not this is the one who is not the one.，Putting human biological and social、Reason and sensibility、Objective and subjectivity、Men and women、Many poles such as Western ethnicity and non -Western national characteristics are opposed to，Human nature has not been fully revealed。At the same time，Paradiments on a certain "classification" on the issue of becoming a "sample"，Even trying to use a certain type of nature as a disclosure、Describe the theory of the general nature of human beings，Ignoring the human special category of human category formed in the choice of diversity。

Obviously，The reasonable way to transcend the disadvantages of the theory of the physical theory is，Researchers set a dialectical materialist philosophy，Realize the transition from the research thinking of "things" to the research thinking of "people"。On the one hand，Psychological researchers should realize that people originate from nature。This determines that people and things are relatively fixed by nature like things、Universal species，Provide a prerequisite for the formation of the individual。Congenital prescribed by self -instincts such as clothing, food, housing and transportation。On the other hand，Psychological researchers should also clearly realize，People exchanged with the object world with the object world in objective social practice activities、Significant exchange and value exchange，Realized breakthroughs in nature and nature、Beyond and sublimated。People not only show their social nature accumulated in the creation of historical ability，And to promote individual liberation and freedom by giving full play to subjective initiative，Realize the meaning and value of life，Even "seeking common ground while depositing differences"，Seeking mutual help、The Bet365 lotto review "civilization" commonality in the humanitarian spirit of mutual respect，Promote the full consciousness of human nature in the process of building a community of human destiny。In short,，On the problem of this physical theory，Psychological researchers should consider people as a predecessor and self -nature formed in social practice activities、Specific nature and class nature、There are many opposing bipolar sets such as objectivity and subjectivity in one body，"Negative Unification"。To observe future psychology construction，We have reason to believe，It will ultimately show the full image of people，Can really serve the community of human destiny。

　　(Author Unit: School of Education Science, Anhui Normal University; School of Education and Science, Hunan Normal University)