A series of incidents that have occurred more than ten years after the global financial crisis in 2008，If economic growth is slow for a long time、Traditional fiscal and monetary policy failed to recover the economy、International trade friction continues to increase, etc.，It has aroused widespread questioning of economics。2019，David Graeber, a professor at the Department of Anthropology, London University of Political Economics and Economics, published an article entitled "Opposition Economics" in the New York Times。This article indicates，Among those who manage large -scale economies，This feeling of "Discipline is no longer applicable to its purpose" is becoming increasingly strong，Economics has begun to become a scientific science aimed at solving no repeated problems。Questions about this，Bloomberg columnist、Former Assistant Professor of the Department of Finance, the State University of New York State University, Noah Smith，The concept of attacking the economics community has basically abandoned，No help to indicate what to do in the future。So，For the past half a century，What are the main development trends of economics? Where are the criticisms of economics?。

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Introduction of Sanjay G. Reddy, associate professor of economics at the New Academy of the United States，mid -20th century，As economics becomes more scientific，Economics has experienced the "mathematical" stage。During this period, bet365 live casino games a large number of economics theories that learn from mathematics，Empirical statistical methods of alias economics have also been significantly developed。At the same time，Some voices of suspicion of economic theory or whether the ethics can produce clear results gradually appear。Due to the use of different models or data analysis important economic problems，May get different conclusions，The ability to give reliable research on economics has also been questioned。So，In the past 20 years，Disciplines have shifted in two aspects: First, the theoretical de -priority，Second, the "Identification Revolution" and the more extensive empirical turning point。but but，Recent signs to display，The economics world is restoring the attention and discussion of major issues，This is largely due to the "regression" of political economics and institutional analysis。

Liang Yan, a professor at the Department of Economics, University of Wrahter University, said，The rational expected theory of rational expectations in the 1970s、The mainstream monetism in the 1980s and New Keynesist have laid the foundation for modern economics，After the economic development, the development of mathematics models。2008 The global financial crisis prompted some economists to reflect on the limitations of mainstream economics theory，For example, the "financial instability hypothesis" of the American economist Hyman P.Minksy has received a lot of attention，But this crisis has not completely shaken the status of mainstream economics。

　　Re -examine the theoretical foundation of economics

Remarks of Reyle，There are many factions for criticism of mainstream economics。"Alternative" bet365 best casino games economists often criticize the idealized characteristics of mainstream economics models，If you emphasize consumers and enterprises、Put the general equilibrium theory as an explanatory concept、For the use of all kinds of simplified assumptions。Many "alternative" economics factions focus on weakening these idealized characteristics，Establish other foundations for economics models，If the role of the introduction of the system、Political Economy Theory、Social Standards and Culture、Disequilibrium Process concept。The foundation of their belief is that economics needs to use richer theoretical concepts and empirical tools to understand reality。

Liang Yan said，Self -criticism within economics is not fierce，Mainstream Economics root deep fascination。Although the global financial crisis drove some economists in 2008, some economists questioned the market validity theory，If behavioral economics is challenged for rational expectations，But the status of mainstream economics is still unshakable。American economist Paul Krugman and other scholars, although questioning the policy insights of mainstream economics，But they still support the basic theory of mainstream economics。Critics from the outside world are mainly concentrated in why mainstream economics fails to foresee or prevent the occurrence of the 2008 global financial crisis，That is the valid market that the mainstream economics believes in、Real estate expectations cannot explain real economic problems，This is indeed worthy of reflection of economists。Out of faith in market validity，Mainstream economists advocate the government to interfere bet365 best casino games with the economy。But，Great development in the market，Economic development is continuously interrupted by the crisis caused by insufficient demand or unstable financial instability，Economic inequality is getting worse and worse。Now，The epidemic of new crown pneumonia exposes the hollowization of the real economy in the United States、Enterprise debt pressure is huge、Social security weak and other problems，During the epidemic period and the subsequent economic weakness will further promote the economic theory and policy methods of the economics community。

Professor at Cornell University, USA、The former chief economist of the World Bank Kaushik Basu, it seems，It is quite challenging to evaluate economics。The essence of economics is an irregular combination of science and common sense。Economics is completely equivalent to common sense，It is easy to cause error policy。Another，Different from most of the natural science，Economists' remarks may affect economic activities in the real world。People often complain that economists cannot predict the collapse of the stock market or fluctuations in foreign exchange exchange rates。But，Assume that there are economists who can predict the future，If they predict that the stock market will collapse next month，Then the stock market will collapse immediately，Because people will immediately sell their stocks immediately after they know the prophecy。So it seems，The reason for the stock market crisis may be exactly that economists predict the crisis。

Basu Representation，It is undeniable，Traditional economics and other social sciences failed to help people cope with the challenges bet365 best casino games of today's world。but，This does not mean the negation of previous research。In the face of the economic and political situation that is not to be optimistic，Repenting the foundation of economics theory is very necessary。Many disciplines including economics are based on hypothesis，These assumptions are sometimes extremely ingrained so that people ignore the existing problems。For example，In the past two centuries，The core of the ideology of modern western mainstream economics，Adam Smith's concept of "invisible hand"，Draw out from the context、Commentary and use it as the cornerstone of the "orthodoxy" in the free market。This misunderstanding hinders people's laws of economic operation、Why do some economic systems successful and other failures, the nature of national intervention and the understanding of the role of national intervention。

　　Pay attention to the study of interdisciplinary and practical issues

Rei said，Now，Western neo -liberal policy tradition is being questioned，But it has not yet formed a completely able to understand the economic phenomenon in different ways、Examine the "New Economics"。Strengthening between various disciplines、Interaction between branches within the subject，Beyond the so -called "economics imperialism" or the one -way application of the one -way application of economics in other disciplines is important。Carry out a cross -disciplinary dialogue with the goal of understanding the real world，Need a humble attitude and cooperation，Political Science and other discipline hybrid research methods pop out a single discipline for economics、Entering interdisciplinary space provides reference。It bet365 live casino games is worth noting that，Encouraging interdisciplinary research does not mean that you can not be proficient in this discipline，Instead, they have put forward more requirements for economics researchers at the level of survival and knowledge。

Liang Yan also believes that cross -disciplinary research is very important and effective。For a long time，Economics does not pay much attention to other social sciences and natural sciences (except mathematics)，But in fact psychology、Sociology、History、Many disciplines such as biology can be beneficial to economics。and，Social Relations、Social Relations、Historical events have a great impact on the economic activities of the economy。Basu proposed，Economic research should surpass simple statistical laws，Explore how finance affects product supply and services in a wider field of vision、In what way the economy affects political choices and then acts on the economic itself，and acknowledge that it is not only price and supervision，Also deeply integrated into people's psychology、Social specifications that affect personal selection。

Liang Yan said，The human economy and natural environment will face many challenges in the future，Effective development and application economics is very important。All countries should attach importance to the construction of the discipline of economics and talent training。Economics can not start to seek perfect models and predictions from the same hypothesis as in the past，Instead, it is necessary to face actual needs，If developing economics now pays great attention to evaluating the effectiveness of poverty alleviation projects through field inspections and bet365 best casino games experiments。Chinese economists should boldly innovate，Establish and improve economics theory according to the actual economic conditions and development needs，Don't be imprisoned by traditional Western economics theory。