In recent decades，More and more Japanese and Korean women who have entered the workplace。But high -intensity work and competitive pressure in the workplace，Let a considerable part of professional women unwilling、Dare to have children，This becomes day、One of the reasons why the total fertility rate of South Korea and the improvement of the level of declining childization。To solve related problems，Day、Korean governments have formulated a series of family support policies in a targeted manner，Contradictions between the family and the work of women's families and work in the ease of childbearing age、Reduce the burden on family fertility and support、Improve the level of fertility、The long -term balanced development of the population plays a certain role.，worthy of our attention and research。

　bet365 best casino games Continuous decline

Human survival and continuation，The continuous change between generations has a direct contact。The necessary conditions for maintaining this change，It is in the process of population reproduction，It must be maintained at a specific fertility level。This specific fertility level is the level of fertility and replacement。We can use the net reproduction rate or total fertility rate to measure the level of fertility and replacement。

When measured with net reproduction rate，Net reproduction rate value is 1，It can realize fertility and replace。Because this indicates，Girls who are born in a generation of women，Survive until the fertility function of replacing her mother、When becoming a new generation of mother，It is exactly the same as the number Bet365 lotto review of people in the number of people，That is, the two generations of the mother and daughter are in the scale of their number，A complete level that can be replaced。When measured with total and fertility rate，It is necessary to consider before the new generation of adults reaches the age of fertility，Some of them may die，And this possibility changes with the changes in socio -economic conditions。Under modern socio -economic conditions，Generally speaking，On average, 2.1 children (including boys and girls)，That is, the total fertility rate is 2.1，It can be considered as reaching the level of fertility。

In recent years，The total fertility rate of Japan has been lower than 2.1，This has led to a serious problem of declining childization in the country。Current，0-14 -year -old population only accounts for 13.2%of Japan's total population，Measurement indicators lower than "supercarition"。Since 2003，The total population of Japan has shown a decrease year by year。According to calculation，Compared with currently，By 2060, the total number of Japanese population will decrease by 1/3，Labor -age population will be reduced by more than 40%。From the perspective of the number of newborn，The number of people born in Japan in 2019 has fallen to the lowest and less than 900,000 people in history，It is expected to fall to 756,000 and 632,000 in 2040 and 2060, respectively。

The situation in Korea is similar to Japan。In the early 21st century，The total fertility rate of South Korea has been lower than 2.1。Statistics data show，The natural growth rate of the population in Korea、The total fertility rate decreased from the average 45.7 ‰ and 4.05 between 1955 and 1960 to 9.0 ‰ and 1.08 in 2005, respectively.。

Day、The problem of low fertility levels of South Korea is mainly related to three factors: first，With the improvement of Bet365 lotto review living standards and the development of the social pension guarantee system，People will pay more and more attention to their own development opportunities and quality of life，Choose more young、I don't even have a child; second，Women's education level is getting higher and higher，Career development has become an important part of their lives，Marriage and having children are no longer the only choice; third，The rapid increase in fertility (including direct and indirect costs)，It is also an important reason for people to choose less or not give birth to children。

　Copy challenges through family support policies

At present, people are increasingly needed to help the family support policy system，To get better development opportunities、quality of life，and reduce the cost of fertility。But the weakening of the family support policy system is a common problem facing many modern countries。In order to alleviate the pressure brought by the level of low fertility，Day、The Government of South Korea has strengthened policy and funding support，Formed, it includes but not limited to family fertility services、Children's care、Family support policy system for family subsidies and related supporting measures of childbearing age。

First，Formulate rules and regulations，Intervention through policy measures。In the mid -1990s，The Japanese government has begun to formulate a declining childization problem.，It mainly includes the improvement of the long -term vacation system for parenting、Increase the number of kindergartens、Strengthen health services for infants and pregnant women。To implement these policies，Japan has set up a special organization in the central and local governments。，It also proposed a series of policy plans that are conducive to children's development: the "Angel Program" in 1994 requires further Bet365 app download improvement of the conservation service system; 2001 "Standby Child Zero Combat Plan" and 2004 "Children、Parenting Support Program "，Higher requirements for the healthy development of children。The Basic Law of the Police -like Social Countermeasures passed in 2003、Employment、Family assistance made a clear rule; the "Social Countermeasure Outline" in 2015 proposed specific measures to solve the problem of low fertility levels。

South Korea passed the "Infant Conservation Act" in the 1990s，Incorporate infants 0-3 years old into the preschool education system，Make the childcare business of infants and young children develop from simple "conservation" into "guarantee" and "teaching" combination。Its "Promotion Law of Family Friendly Social Environment Construction" in 2007 requires educational institutions and governments、Enterprise、Community cooperation，Create a family -friendly working environment together、Community environment and social environment，Establishing a job system、Family Frequent Center and other projects that provide all -day and temporary children's care services、Institution。The Korean government has also set up the Department of Gender Equality and Family Affairs、Family Family Department、Administrative departments and institutions such as aging and future social committees，Handle related issues and provide policy support。

Next，Subsidy system through the promotion，Provide funding support。Japan canceled the restrictions on family income in the children's allowance system in 2010，It is stipulated that the 0-15 -year -old adolescent can receive 13,000 yen allowances per month; the children's allowance system implemented in 2012 not only relaxes the restrictions on children's age，and improved the allowance amount。Japan also provides 300,000 Bet365 app download yen of parenting subsidies for each pregnant woman。South Korea stipulates that all infants 0-5 -year -old infant can enjoy a kindergarten conservation fee or family nursery allowance，It also has a special care allowance for low -income families and subsidies for intergenerational family.。

Last，Provide conservation services and facilities，Extend the parenting holiday。In terms of childcare service，The Japanese government has introduced the "Angel Plan" and "New Angel Program"，Continuously improve the infant room、Infant Living Support and Fosure Facilities、Conservation Center、Children's after -school service and short -term care support service facilities。In order to achieve the goal of "lowering the child into children into zero"，Encourage the addition of public and private conservation agencies，At the same time, focus on promoting the restaurant conservation、Temporary conservation、Night conservation, etc.。To encourage the public to provide intergenerational support for parenting，Cooperation of the Japanese government and corporate，Introducing the policy of "Tuition Tuition to the Great Man and Sun Girls can be reduced" policy and "bringing grandson fake"，The government provides allowances to the elderly who take care of the grandson and granddaughter。In terms of holidays，Women in Japanese childbearing age enjoy 90 days of salary and 12 -month childcare leave，His husband enjoys 5 days with maternity leave，And both husband and wife can get subsidies of 40%of the salary during the childcare holiday。

To promote women's employment and renewal，South Korea has organized "women inauguration activities" since 1991，Establish a "Employment Promotion Center" and "Women's Employment Aid Facilities" at all levels of government departments，Hoster 6 "Professional Interrupt Women" re -employment bet365 best casino games training classes is held each year; and use the 2010 "Professional Interrupt Women's Rean Employment Promotion Law" to encourage enterprises to conduct professional training for "professional interruption women"，Carrying out employment training project。

　Note three key issues

Through observation、Analysis Day、The challenges and its response strategies faced by South Korea in terms of low fertility level，We can see the following key issues need special attention。

First，The timing of implementing a family support policy to cope with the problem of low fertility level is very critical，It directly determines the effect of family support policy。It is very important to implement the family support policy in time，Need to be at the right time，According to the needs of fertility services and population changes，Reasonable configuration of maternal and child health、Children's care、Education of preschool and primary and secondary schools、Resources in the fields of social security，Meet the needs of new public services; guide and encourage social forces to host non -profit women and children's hospitals、Intelligent Totor Errs, Kindergarten and other service agencies。Second，Need to complete the organization and policy and legal system。The implementation of family support policies requires multi -department coordinated cooperation，to ensure its sustainable development。third，You need to strengthen the funding guarantee for relevant policies，Diversity of capital guarantee。Sufficient funding can provide a solid foundation for the implementation of family support policies，You need to follow the level of socio -economic development，The content of the family support policy in time，And provide a variety of funding guarantees，Increase women for childbearing age、Special assistance bet365 best casino games for family and infants and young children。

(This article is the "Research on Family Development Support System for Family Development Supporting Family Development Policy" (19yja840013) in the Humanities and Social Science Research Planning Fund Project of the Ministry of Education.

(Author Unit: School of Political and Public Management of OCT University)