accent refers to a specific method of a language pronunciation，It for personal、Regional or communities is typical。You can recognize the speaker's life area through the accent、race、Social and economic status、Mother tongue and other identity characteristics。Specific to the field of two -character learning，Mother tongue can easily affect the two languages，Make the learner’s two -character with some foreign language accent。Constant construction in the “Belt and Road”、International exchanges are increasingly frequent today，Start from the perspective of the accent，We can see a new world in the language world。

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The accent has relative stability，Compared to vocabulary and grammar，Fossilization (Fossilization) seems to be more obvious。Polish English novelist Joseph Conrad is a good example of "hard to change the village"。As a minority writer who is famous for his native language，The beauty of his English novel language is recognized，I have taken countless English mother tongue readers。But forever life，He failed to change its characteristic Polish accent。Because of this，In special cases, people can judge a person's society or regional background through the pronunciation of specific words，This is the "Shibboleth"。Demonstration of broadcast originated from the Bible，It is said that the Centers defeated the invasion of the Fa Lotus，The surviving Yilian people try to cross the river to escape，Ken Liner According to the ferry, he guards。To identify these escapers，The Benliers let each crossing river say shibboleth in Hebrew，It will be sent into S in the Fa Lilian Xi.，Therefore, if people cross the river unfortunately vomiting sibboleth，will be executed。Similar to this "one -word life and death" display bet365 best casino games is often appeared in the non -peaceful period。There is a Language Analysis for Determination of Origin, LADO) branch，Special study how to determine the source of the pronunciation through language，To help governments from all countries to identify the source of refugee asylum applicants。

Critical Period Hypothesis has a certain explanation of accent stability，It believes that there is a key age group in language learning，Language learning to miss this period will become more difficult，Especially in terms of voice，It is difficult to reach the level of mother tongue。As for the specific age group of the critical period，Researchers have different opinions。Michael Long's research indicates，Starting two -language learning before 6 years old will not have foreign language accent，6-12 years old, some of the learners who started at the age of 6-12 have no foreign language accent，Most learners start after 12 years of age will have foreign language accent。MARK PATKOWSky thinks that the critical period is 15 years old，The learner before this basically had no foreign language accent。Virginia Collier on the basis of summarizing the results of the previous research，It is believed that adolescence is an important time node for language learning。Joseph Conrad, who mentioned above, began to learn English at 21 years old，No wonder his Polish accent English accompanied him in his life。

But，There are also many scholars who do not agree with the critical period hypothesis。James Fleg Studies indicate，A two -language learner has a linear relationship between the age and the accent of foreign language，But there is no critical turning point，Factors to restrict adult language learning are not age，Instead of the influence of mother tongue on the second language。Catherine SNOW found that English mother tonguers are learning Dutch，Age Small Group (3-5 years old) instead of a large group (8-10 years old，12-15 years old) performance is good。Theo Bongaerts Bet365 app download has reported several cases of Dutch mother tonguers，They all started learning English or French after adulthood，But the pronunciation has reached the level of those close to the mother tongue。"Father of Chinese Linguistics" Mr. Zhao Yuan Ren is also a anti -case of critical hypothesis，He will speak dozens of dialects，and proficient in multi -language，What is even more amazing is，Everywhere he will be recognized by the locals as "fellow"，Paris、Berlin Mo Neng，This is definitely not a masterpiece before the critical period。Disputes in the critical period of hypothesis may continue，But it also reminds two -language learners from the side，It should be comprehensive、Objective to look at the widespread problem of foreign language accents。

　　The degree of understanding and the level of accent may not necessarily correspond to

　　In the field of traditional two -character learning，A large number of studies are concentrated in the analysis of the two -character error，Voice errors in the voice、Extension error、Sound error、Extension error、Tone error, etc.。These studies are compared with analysis，Help learner to understand the gap between the second language and the target language，Therefore, a targeted correction bias。But how these errors further affect our communication，Follow less。foreign speaking accent research，Provided us with a wider perspective。This requires two basic orientation of voice teaching described by John Levis: native language principles (Nativeness Principle) and Intelligision Principle。The principle of mother tongue emphasizes that the study of the second language voice should be based on the level of mother tongue，The closer the level of mother tongue, the better; the understanding of the understanding principle emphasizes the understanding of the two -character voice，Regardless of whether this voice is similar to the mother tongue (whether the foreign language accent is strong)。Look at the error analysis from the principle of understanding，Will bring new inspiration to our research。

Actually，A presets behind the principle of understanding，It is not a simple linear relationship between the degree of understanding and the degree of accent，It is not a simple linear relationship between the degree of understanding and the degree of accent。It's like the Spring Festival Gala facing Chinese people around the world，Language programs often appear in various dialects and calls，Most of the audience understands it is not very difficult。Specific to the two -character research community，Many scholars have also verified this problem through empirical methods。For example，Murray Munro and Tracey Derwing studies indicate，English mother tongue can sometimes understand Chinese accent English with a strong level of accent，It's just that it may take more strength when it is easy to understand。In the study of Chinese language，It can also use this paradigm，Comprehensive inspection of the specific performance of the two -character Mandarin in actual communication。

　　accent can affect the attitude of the obedient

Sometimes the accent may not affect the understanding of the language，But it will affect their attitude towards the speaker。For example, between teachers and students，Zhang Jijia team's research discovery，Students who speak Popular calls are better than those who speak their hometown.、Personality features、Learning ability and family background，All have received more positive evaluations of teachers，That is to say, teachers prefer to speak Mandarin students; foreign speaking accents，Compared to British accent foreign teachers，Students' evaluation of American accent foreign teachers is more active。JAIRO Furtes et al. Person a fix analysis of the 20 research on English accent attitudes (META-Analysis)，The results are displayed on each evaluation dimension，The evaluation of the people who are awarded the accent are more positive than those who fuck foreign language accent。This attitude towards the accent will bet365 live casino games be further reflected in real life，Katherine Kinzler discovered that children in the United States and France are more willing to make friends with children who speake the accent。There are also studies indicating，On the talent market in the United States，Compared with Chinese accent、Candidates of Japanese accent and Indian accent，Employers obviously prefer the candidates of Meiyin and Yingyin。

Wallace Lambert's language stereotypes (linguistic Stereotyping) can be used to explain these phenomena。The so -called language stereotype，refers to the audience often through language clues，The characteristics of the group belonging to the group are mapped on the individual members in the group。At this time，Foreign language accent will trigger people's subjective stereotypes。The interesting thing is，Donald Robi team found the reverse language stereotype through experiments。They let the two groups of random sample listen to the same standard English recording，To inform the first group of people by prompting that the recording of the first person is from the mouth of the mother tongue，Inform the second group of people. This is the recording of the two -language person。Results show，The degree of accent on the recording of the second group is significantly higher than the previous group，Memory test score is also lower than the first group。That is to say，People's subjective stereotypes in turn affect their perception of foreign languages。This reveals us，Traditionally, the concept of "Golden Guidelines" based on mother tongue as the accent may need to be updated，Sometimes the responsibility that you don’t understand should not be completely borne by the speaker。

　　accent research can be used in Chinese spoken language teaching

As John Levis said，Pronunciation is the "Face" of Language。Faced with the general public who likes to "look at the face"，The accent is no longer a simple language problem，This immigrant country in the United States is particularly bet365 best casino games obvious。But，With the deepening of globalization，and the continuous deepening of the construction of the “Belt and Road”，Foreign languages ​​have become an essential skill for future talents; at the same time, more and more foreigners start learning Chinese。This requires us to have a more comprehensive and in -depth understanding of foreign language accent problems。

From the perspective of language teaching，First of all, you should recognize the importance of accent problems and spoken teaching。English teaching like China，Affected by the influence of English in the college entrance examination，Oral teaching has been ignored for a long time，The result is the popularity of "dumb English"。Many students' spoken language cannot be guaranteed even the most basic understanding，Not to mention other。but but，What is gratifying is，This situation is slowly changing，For example, in 2021, the Beijing college entrance examination English will increase oral test，Total language plus hearing a total of 50 points。Another，Also pay attention to the research results of the academic circles，Strengthen relevant knowledge learning，Formulate a reasonable teaching plan，First guarantee the understanding of students' spoken language，Pursue higher goals on this basis。

From the perspective of language research，Study of accent related to accent，Especially Chinese as a related study in the second language。English as a world language，Related research results are relatively rich。and Chinese as a second language study is not enough，In the past research, more focused on error analysis。From the perspective of the accent，Emphasized questions that can answer more language learning，For example，Will all errors cause accent problems? Will all accent problems affect communication?、Consuderate、Explorer、Sound tone and other factors have a greater impact on communication? Think and answer these questions，Not only does it help researchers to leave the Bet365 lotto review error analysis of the "sea of ​​ocean"，It can also make Chinese speaking teaching more targeted。

　　(This article is a cross -language and cross -cultural research of "voice generation and cognitive" (13 & ZD189) in the National Social Science Foundation's major project of the National Social Science Foundation.

(Author Unit: School of Literature, Nanjing Normal University、Language Science and Technology Research Institute)