Promote research on bet365 bonus code indiana concepts and practices in international organizations
September 08, 2020 10:19 Source: "bet365 bonus code indiana Social Sciences Journal" Issue 2006, September 8, 2020 Author: Fang Xiaobing

The supranational concept of bet365 bonus code indiana has become an important factor influencing world bet365 bonus code indiana policy,However, most relevant research currently pays insufficient attention to this issue。Promote such research,The legal effectiveness of bet365 bonus code indiana policies of international organizations should be examined from the perspective of international law,Comprehensive review of documents related to bet365 bonus code indiana issues issued by various international organizations over the years,To discover the historical evolution of bet365 bonus code indiana policies of specific international organizations,Compare the similarities and differences in bet365 bonus code indiana policies of international organizations,Revealing the differences in bet365 bonus code indiana ideologies behind these views on bet365 bonus code indiana planning;At the same time,Focus on investigating the real bet365 bonus code indiana life conditions of some international organizations,Reveal the gap between its bet365 bonus code indiana philosophy and bet365 bonus code indiana practice and its reasons。

  bet365 bonus code indiana exert influence through different forms

  Conventions of international organizations generally have legal effect,Recommendations and declarations do not have this。Although recommendations and declarations belong to the category of "soft law",But it has at least three functions。First,Declaration function,State the existence of binding international law;Second,Explanation function,Clarify (and supplement) those binding legal instruments;Third,Catalytic function。Some programmatic plans issued by international organizations,Can advocate new ideas,Playing a pioneering role in the field of bet365 bonus code indiana policy,Give birth to new international law。

Documents of international organizations with similar themes often echo and reflect each other。These documents often use the phrase "this Convention (Declaration) shall comply with"、Review、Restatement、Based on、Considering the ××× terms of ××× organization” and other bet365 bonus code indiana expressions,Work together to build the current international legal framework。Research in this area needs to be based on big data of legal documents,Through intertextuality research,Get a convincing conclusion。

To promote related research,Some of the following issues need to be considered: How to recommend international initiatives that may be needed to specific international organizations?Who has the right to propose basic documents for bet365 bonus code indiana policy,Is an expert and scholar、Think Tank,Or the government?Formulation、Passed、Authentication and interpretation of standard instruments of international organizations,What are the specific procedures and practices?Many international organizations are preparing draft conventions and recommendations,A special committee of international experts is often convened,Preliminary review and revision of the draft submitted to the conference,How to help more Chinese scholars appear on such special committees?

Although international organizations cannot theoretically transcend sovereignty,Interference in the bet365 bonus code indiana policy of member states,But you can make a declaration、Agreement、Promulgation of bills and other methods,Provides Member States with national legislative and policy guidance on issues of concern to the Organization,Member states can also be monitored by issuing regular monitoring reports,Thus affecting the bet365 bonus code indiana policies of member states。

In long-term interaction and cooperation with member states,Most international organizations have developed a multi-level influence mechanism。However,An empirical study on the impact of international organizations on the bet365 bonus code indiana policies of member states,No substantial results have been seen in China。In this area,There are still many topics that need to be studied。For example,What is the usual communication model of bet365 bonus code indiana policies of international organizations?What specific mechanisms are used to influence the bet365 bonus code indiana policies of member states?To what extent can it be effective?Also,The paths and mechanisms by which member states influence the decision-making of international organizations are also new areas to be studied。

  It is inevitable to leave the mark bet365 bonus code indiana times

Comprehensive review of documents related to bet365 bonus code indiana planning concepts issued by specific international organizations over the years,The evolution of bet365 bonus code indiana concepts in international organizations can be found。

Taking UNESCO as an example。UNESCO was established at the end of World War II,At that time, a large number of countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America became independent,Adopt the promotion of national languages、Abandoned colonial bet365 bonus code indiana、Implement bet365 bonus code indiana policy for universal literacy。UNESCO strongly advocates the concept of “mother tongue education”,Responses to the literacy needs of newly independent countries,Meets the needs of improving and promoting national languages ​​in countries that have just emerged from colonial rule。At the end of the 1960s,Influenced by the civil rights movement in Europe and the United States,The concept of bet365 bonus code indiana with "linguistic human rights" as its core has attracted the attention of UNESCO,UNESCO sent representatives to participate in the “World Conference on bet365 bonus code indiana Rights”,And signed in support of the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights。To the 1990s,With globalization、In-depth development of urbanization and informatization,Many countries in the world are experiencing survival crises of minority languages,“Endangered languages” have become a topic of concern,So UNESCO began to vigorously advocate the concept of “bet365 bonus code indiana protection”。Enter the 21st century,Many of the sustainable development goals adopted at the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit involve bet365 bonus code indiana issues,UNESCO promptly proposed a “development-oriented” view of bet365 bonus code indiana,By promoting mother tongue education、Protect bet365 bonus code indiana resources、Develop bet365 bonus code indiana economy,Realize the sustainable development of individuals and ethnic groups,Avoiding the disadvantages of "seeing words but not seeing people" in the past。

  Differences in philosophy reflect differences in organizational nature

Different bet365 bonus code indiana have different original intentions for their establishment,Different focus,The way it works is also different。

UNESCO has always attached great importance to the issue of mother tongue。Because the mother tongue is the best teaching medium for basic education,It is also the fundamental guarantee bet365 bonus code indiana world’s cultural diversity,Education and culture are the core contents of UNESCO。

The World Bank focuses on the economic return function of bet365 bonus code indiana education,Thus considered compared to native bet365 bonus code indiana,National lingua franca and international lingua franca education can better promote the development of human capital,Help to get rid of the intergenerational transmission of poverty。In recent years,The World Bank gradually downplays its role as a “financial bank”,Pay more attention to the new functions of “knowledge bank”,There is a gradual increase in development assistance projects involving the improvement of common bet365 bonus code indiana skills,The loan amount is also increasing。

The OECD is good at collecting and analyzing data,Often economics、Education、Social Governance、Release of investigation report on environmental protection and other conditions,Propose policy suggestions。In this process,On the one hand, the OECD proposes some new ideas,Use the advantage of its discourse,Guide the direction of bet365 bonus code indiana policy。For example,Data shows that “the level of foreign bet365 bonus code indiana education can reflect the level of economic development of a country”,“Improving English skills helps science、Technology、Engineering、Mathematics (STEM) connects with the world” etc. all imply the concept of bet365 bonus code indiana education。On the other hand,OECD indicator based on its research and development,Publish bet365 bonus code indiana proficiency survey reports from time to time,Ranking based on evaluation data,Set a benchmark,Formation of competition mechanism,To prompt countries to increase investment in funds and resources in the education of certain languages。

  Consciously improve the influence of Chinese bet365 bonus code indiana

To understand the actual status and use of Chinese in bet365 bonus code indiana,Some scholars have extracted nine common categories of bet365 bonus code indiana from a large number of bet365 bonus code indiana,Involving ethnic groups、Religion、Education、Official affairs、Culture、Industry, commerce and trade、Fazhengjun、Medical, health and sports fields,And conducted a statistical analysis of the official languages ​​of these organizations。Research findings,The official languages ​​of various bet365 bonus code indiana are overwhelmingly European languages;The top ten most commonly used official languages ​​of bet365 bonus code indiana do not include Chinese;The usage rate of Chinese in bet365 bonus code indiana is less than 0.5%。There are also scholars who have specifically analyzed the influence of Chinese in the United Nations system。The results show,The influence of Chinese in the United Nations system is obviously insufficient,Among the 5 main organs and 15 important specialized agencies of the United Nations,Less than half of the Chinese legal status has been confirmed;Even in organizations that have obtained legal status,Chinese legal rights have not been fully exercised。What are the key factors that led to the above results?Under the current international situation,What countermeasures should China take?There is still a lack of relevant research,Urgently needs to be completed。

China has initiated some international organizations,The influence of its bet365 bonus code indiana policy is a new topic。In recent years,China is gradually moving towards the center of the world stage,Began to participate in the formulation of bet365 bonus code indiana policies of some international organizations。June 2014,The Chinese government and UNESCO cooperated to hold the "World bet365 bonus code indiana Conference" in Suzhou,And published the "Suzhou Consensus",Proposed a comprehensive scientific definition of bet365 bonus code indiana ability,Advocating the use of technological innovation to improve bet365 bonus code indiana skills,Recommendations for maintaining and promoting the world’s linguistic diversity in cyberspace。These consensuses are the crystallization of the wisdom of Chinese scholars。September 2018,The Chinese government and UNESCO held the "World bet365 bonus code indiana Resources Protection Conference" in Changsha,Adopted the "Yuelu Declaration" - UNESCO's first important permanent document with the theme of "Protecting Linguistic Diversity"。The "Yuelu Declaration" clearly puts forward the latest thinking on protecting bet365 bonus code indiana resources,And provided guidance for participating countries to develop action plans to protect linguistic diversity,Advocating the formulation of international standards for bet365 bonus code indiana resource protection,Developing a new “world bet365 bonus code indiana map”,Building physical or virtual bet365 bonus code indiana museums, etc.。

How is the publicity and reporting of the "Suzhou Consensus" and the "Yuelu Declaration" in various countries?In the international academic community,What is the research status of these two documents by scholars in related disciplines?What impact have the bet365 bonus code indiana concepts and specific initiatives proposed in the two documents had on governments or other international organizations?This type of research can help China improve its cooperation mechanisms with international organizations,Accelerate China’s participation in global governance,Provide international perspective and practical reference for research on Chinese bet365 bonus code indiana policy。But,Unfortunately, there is no research in this area yet。With the increasing breadth and depth of China’s participation in global governance,bet365 bonus code indiana policy research needs to continuously broaden its horizons。For this,It is imperative to vigorously promote research on bet365 bonus code indiana policies and bet365 bonus code indiana practices of international organizations。

  (Author’s unit: Nanjing Xiaozhuang University、Nanjing University Chinese bet365 bonus code indiana Strategy Research Center)

Editor: Zhang Yueying
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