16th century，Thanks to European politics、Economy、Culture、New changes in the fields of religion，Poland has ushered in the prosperous age of its historical development，Not only becoming the country with the largest territory in Europe，And "Most territory presents obvious peaceful scenes，Everything is shrouded in a kind of Kangleford、In the atmosphere of prosperity and confidence "，This period of history is also proud of the reputation of the "Golden Age" by the Shrata (that is, noble) in Poland。As for when the "Golden Age" tends to decline, there are different opinions。This article thinks，The rise and fall of Poland's "Golden Age" has been largely affected by the unique aristocratic culture of Poland，The development of noble culture has played the role of the "founder"，At the same time, I also play the role of the "Tomb Digger"。

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From the Junhe of the Kingdom of Poland and the Great of Lithuania in 1386，By 1569, the two countries merged the establishment of the Polish -Lithuanian Federal Republic，The death of the king of Zegmond August in the late 1572 king，During the reign of the Yaelo dynasty for nearly two centuries，The spirit of the Cavaliers who advocate the Middle Ages and the nobles who are influenced by the European Renaissance humanist thought gradually replaced the monarch，Become a vast area、Many ethnic groups、Politics and spiritual bonds that are fused in countries with different customs。Push over time，The final formation of the aristocratic class is pursuing extravagance、Equality、All consistent、Resistance and personalism, the cultural and concepts of the basic criteria, are "becoming one of the core features of Poland"bet365 best casino games 。To maintain politics、Social and Economic and other aspects of supreme status，The nobles "overwhelm and eliminate all other possible power"，Try to "follow its own imagination" to shape Poland as a real "ideal country"，"Utopia" in the world。

The basis of the Polish aristocratic culture，On the one hand, it comes from "Romantan's Ilasmo" advocated "Re -Discovery of Ancient Roman Culture"，and the "system、Analogy and climbing of customs and ideology "; on the other hand, this vague national theory of" Salmatism "(also known as" Salmatianism ")。The appearance of the two in Poland has a profound historical source。

For the former，With 14、15th century Poland and Western European countries have a narrowing of economic gaps，and the 15th century Yaelo dynasty entered the main Hungary and South Europe，The prosperity of domestic cultural education and the increasing frequent exchanges have made Poland experience the third wave of westernization in history。In the process of Christianization，Church and Senior clergy encourage new ideas and new knowledge from Italy to spread in Poland，Paper、The cultural exchanges between the two countries are getting closer，Poland has therefore become an irresistible part of European civilization in the late Middle Ages。16th century，Geographical discovery、European "price revolution" and inflation effects，Poland Food、The prosperity of the wood export trade makes the noble class richer，With the in -depth movement of the religious reform movement，The Polish set off a wave of studying and traveling in Italy。Frequently and close contact and contact with Italy "helps to create a values ​​and cultural model based on the Roman Republican government"，The aristocracy is obsessed with the art and political culture of the Roman period，Promoting the rise of the so -called "Senmate and the Polish People's"，The rapid promotion Bet365 lotto review of the Renaissance architectural style in Poland has also strengthened the psychological cognition of the Polish belonging to Europe。

As far as the latter,，"Salmatism" in the early 16th century believes，Nomadic tribes derived from Guskita -Salmat, who has the "noble samurai" product, is the ancestor of the Polish。This almost mythical national theory，Because the aristocracy is given a "contrary to Western civilization and modern concepts、Conservative and novel "social and political identity and sought after。Reasons for the reason，First of all, the nobles cherish and admire the "vanity of origin" that can show their superiority; secondly, it comes from its responsibilities and honor、The status concept of light wealth and official position; once again, it caters to the loyalty and indifferent to the spirit of the aristocrats for the ideal required by the Christian knight。"Salmatism" is conducive to unity within the noble class，But it also encouraged "Polish advocating luxury and luxury show off atmosphere"，Its national arrogance and an extraordinary tendency to be closed with Poland are also combined with Poland，Become a Polish noble tried to defend Catholic beliefs，Then defend the European Christian civilization from the invasion of Islamic，Therefore, the historical basis for the eastward expansion。

The noble culture and concept affected by the above factors，As the inherent power of the "Golden Age" of Poland, it was widely penetrated into Poland's politics by the aristocratic class、Social and cultural life fields。Politically，The nobleman believes in the political philosophy of "golden freedom" for the fear of strong royal power，Created and developed "the most democratic political system in Europe" at that time -noble democratic system。Nobles in principle waiting for，"Brothers" with each other。Compared with "civilians"，They bet365 live casino games are the right of human body、Property exempts infringement、The right to election and the right to be elected，The "Poland People's" representing the country。All of its members，Regardless of the rich or poor，All are considered to have equal legal status，Enjoying agricultural production、Full freedom of foreign trade and religious beliefs，Even the election king、The power of the private alliance and the rebellion king。Nobles apply Roman political culture，Become the highest authority by excluding the national parliament of the two hospitals，Personal deeds that rely on nobles and determine national affairs based on the legislative principle of "all consistent"。Wangquan is weakened and restricted by the parliament，Forced by the "contract relationship" and succumb to the noble privileges and laws。

The field of cultural，The last two monarchs of the Yagelo dynasty -Zigmont I and II promoted enlightened religious and cultural policies，The revival and culture of Polish art、Scientific progress has created a favorable environment。The arrival of a large number of Italian artists，The architecture of Poland during this period、Sculpture and painting injected a strong Renaissance art style。In this knowledge、Arts of Art and the regional cultural community formed by the collision formed by genre intertwined collisions，Polish aristocracy can be fully stimulated and displayed，Poet Mi Riy and Heh Monovic、Writer Yang Chanovsky、Political Theorist An Mozinsky and others' works，Witness the glory of literary creation during the Renaissance of the Polish Rena Rena。Many of the contained in idealism、The thoughts and consciousness of "ideal state" expressed the obsession of the nobles to build an ideal society and the ideal citizen，and the strong sense of responsibility and negation reality they participated Bet365 lotto review in the daily activities of the federal、Find the fantasy fantasy of Taoyuan outside the world。

　Deat: The invasion of "torrent"

1572 Zegmond II died，Yaelo's dynasty is sadly curtain。Zeng Ji caused the power struggle of the aristocrats of the two houses，The "free selection king system" (1573) established from this has since become the architectural foundation of the country，further stable status for the nobles、Maintenance of privileges and restrictions on the king's right provides legal guarantee，It also laid the cause of the decline of Poland's "golden age"。to the middle of the 17th century，The principle of being born in the "whole" of the nobles and the "freedom veto" (1652) of the concept of freedom and equality is indeed established，Gradually trigger an infinitely uncontrollable state，Paralysis of the National Council has led to weakening Polish national strength。At the same time，The feudal economic foundation of the noble democracy -the noble labor manor is also undergoing more than a century of development，First in Poland's "colonial" -how Ukrainian crisis。

"Lubling Union"，A large number of Polish nobles、Catholic clergy staff，and Jews have poured into the eastern part of Poland，Its reclamation and pioneering edge、Guangjian Manor、Damination of business and economic life and other profit -seeking behaviors caused the resentment of the local Cossacks，Coupled with the gap between culture and religion，Cossack Little Noble、Prince Ross and its Pajaer attendant，It is regarded as a threat of "unstable and causing rebellion" and was discriminated and excluded by Catholic nobles。All these，Lead of contradictions on both sides、Frequent disputes。1648，The contradictory gunpowder barrel died because of the king Vadeswafy IV，It is detonated by the abortion of the Go Sak's registered person to regain Constantinople bet365 best casino games and awarded the abortion of the Ukraine Autonomous Power Program。May of that year，Under the leadership of the aristocratic commander Bo Hernezki，The Cossacks jointly launched the uprising against Poland。War that lasts 6 years (say 9 years，that is, the death of Hermelnitzki in 1657) ended the rule of Polish Catholic nobles to Ukraine Orthodox，Ukraine has since become the vassal of Tsar Russia，The "Russia -Bo War" that lasted for 13 years caused by it finally ended in 1667 Ukraine.、Russia uses the Dieber River as the boundary，Messianism in Poland was killed by a fatal blow and ended。

The war in Poland with the Tsarist Russia and the Cossack Army tended to be fierce，Polish countries are facing a critical moment of life and death，"Freedom selection of king system" caused the evil results but arrived unexpectedly。1655 years，Sweden attacked the large -scale territory of Poland by virtue，Rui Army burned and looted without restraint and desecration of Catholic beliefs，Stirring humiliation、Hunger、Polish and disease torment of Polish people's resistance，With many European countries successively participated in the war，Eventually forced Sweden to sign with Poland with Poland in 1660。"Poli War" led to a sharp decrease in Polish population，and lost the sovereignty of Prussia and most of Lavonia。

1648-1660 "torrent" ended Poland's "Golden Age"，Poland has been stunned since then，Start to enter the long and long decline period。To sum up，The "Golden Age" in Poland is essentially just the "Golden Age" of the feudal nobles，Its rising and declining or failure is largely based on the development of noble culture，The basic guidelines for the pursuit of noble culture and its ideal concepts are like a double -edged sword，While maintaining the "Gold Freedom" of the nobles and starting the national prosperous age，It also makes the nobles Bet365 lotto review a "European laughing stock"，The Republic of the aristocratic rights and interests becomes "a grave pile of a phosphorus flashed"，The inherent contradictions between "Between the political system based on the ruling class and the social system based on a completely suppressing the lower class"，It is doomed to decline in the "Golden Age" of Poland。

(Author Unit: Institute of World History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)