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Charles Taylor (1931-)，One of the most outstanding contemporary philosophers。When I was interviewed by Phillippe de Lara in 1998，His detailed review and summary of his early、The origin of the thinking of philosophical research。Taylor frankly，Wittgenstein's "Language Game Theory" and Merlot Ponty's "Body Patinology" are the core reference points of its philosophility anthropology (Philosophical Anthropology)。Although in the contemporary philosophy field，Language philosophy and phenomenology have huge differences in research objects and content，But for Taylor，There are some commonality between the two: they both point the theoretical spear head to the "A Disengaged Agent" proposition，"This is an unsightly view，Because，No theoretical space for participating understanding "。It can be said，Reflection and criticism of Cartesian philosophy，It is an ideal entry point for interpreting Taylor's philosophical anthropological thought。

　　Descartes separate rationality

In "The Roots of Self"，Taylor incorporates the criticism of Descartes' philosophy into the framework of self -identity's historic survey，I believe that the "A Disengaged Reason" of Cartesian philosophy is the "most important and most influential part" in the internalization tendency of self -recognition。

From the "Foreword" of "First Philosophy"，The purpose of Descartes is on the basis of "Talking Methods"，Discuss the soul of God or Man more deeply，"These two problems should be used by philosophical reasons instead of using the main problem of the reasons of theology"。Descartes determines "I am a Thinking Thing" through "general Bet365 app download doubt"，Objective Reality, the conceptual "Objective Reality)，Profile "The reliability and authenticity of all knowledge depends on the only understanding of the real God"，Then the final conclusion is drawn in the sixth contemplation: the soul can exist from the flesh。As far as its philosophical intention is concerned，Descartes tried to provide a philosophical defense for the foundation of modern natural sciences，At the same time, try to reconcile the theoretical tension between modern natural science and traditional Christian theology，This has opened a new journey of thinking about modern subjective philosophy。So，Descartes was later Kant、Hegel and others are called the founder of modern philosophy。This is exactly why Taylor incorporates Descartes into the historic framework of self -recognition for interpretation。but but，Taylor enables "separation rational" and "interniationalization". HEGEMONY of Reason, etc.，It is used to distinguish between European and American philosophy (that is, mainland rationalism philosophy represented by Supinosa and others, and Hobbes、British empiricist philosophy represented by Locke and others) Discuss the method and terms of Descartes。This can be regarded as a feature of Taylor's philosophy: with problem -oriented philosophical exposition methods，Facing ordinary people who are interested in philosophy。

From Taylor's view，Theoretical Construction of Descartes' main philosophy，In essence, it is based on "separation rationality"。Descartes will be the beginning of the theory of "my thought" as a "first philosophy" as a limited spiritual entity，and from this to God、The existence of the existence of the outside world。In this process，Descartes on the one hand with the help of "common doubt" strategy，Abandoned the "Mind of the Objectives for Cosmic Order" in the Plato -Augustine philosophy，Bet365 lotto review "Abandon all the theories about the entity Logis"，Therefore, "separation rationality" is given an absolute status; on the other hand,，He uses modern natural scientific methods (decomposition/comprehensive) advocated by Galileo and others (decomposition/comprehensive)，Mechanically looking at the world。From this，The process of understanding the real process has evolved into a cognitive activity that is completely based on the specific participation of human subjects and is completely based on the inner concept。In other words，Descartes adopt a methodology path to distinguish between materialized entities and spiritual entities to obtain "I think"。In this cognitive category that strictly distinguish between "minds"，We can only use the perception of the soul，Grasp the materialized world as an extensive entity，As Taylor knows it，"We must be objectiveized by the world including our body，That means to be able to mechanically、Fanyically treat them，And this way of viewing things is that non -participating、External observer has "。

For Taylor，The more important point is，The transformation caused by the philosophy of Descartes at the ethical level，Make the root of morality from "externalization" completely to "internalization"，"Putting moral root in our hearts in a real sense"。The former mainly refers to ancient philosophers such as Plato -Augustine，The concept of cosmic order is regarded as the source of goods (goods) for human behavior，Play a stable role in maintaining self -identification。In this situation，The universe as the root cause of morality really participated in the shape of human life significance。But Dangdi Cartesh、Locke, etc., the main representative of modern philosophers，Fully abandon the concept of traditional universe order，When replacing the sources of moral roots into the "self -control" and "self Bet365 app download -determination" of human subjects，In essence, I chose a "removing charm" road: the universe is no longer regarded as the source of human life meaning，It is no longer related to human spiritual life involved in human beings。Human subjects need to be responsible for themselves，The rationality of "self -control" and "self -determination" is regarded as the standard for our moral order。

　　Descartes and contemporary epistemology issues

As Taylor recognized in the interview，What he criticized was always a "separation" view，​​This view not only prompts philosophy to become a professionalization、Specific science，so that philosophy retreats to the marginalization of humanities; more importantly,，Makes us from ourselves、Others、Give a sufficient understanding of the world。Criticizing the "separation of rationality" of Cartesian is still the problem that Taylor's later philosophy focuses on，The difference is，Taylor attempts to reconstruct Cartesian philosophy from the perspective of epistemology，Focus on analyzing its "cognitive structure"。

Generally speaking，In contemporary mainstream epistemology，Leave an error understanding of "What it is to know"，Its initial theoretical form is the cognitive approach of Carter: Master the external reality through internal manifestations。On the question of how to know real，Traditional epistemology represented by Ama Dose and others believes that the soul is under the role of physical stimulation sensory，Generate a similar cognition of entity。This is essentially a statement of the argument。But，If the cognitive process is really the case，Then we also need to face the following facts: material things often induce all kinds of prejudices in the sensory，such as the "wax block demonstration" mentioned by Descartes and the "fake person demonstration" that moves outside the window。This is absolutely unacceptable for Descartes bet365 best casino games who pursue the certainty of "I think"。So，He questioned all material things，Strive to get rid of various errors，"Let my spirit gradually get used to getting rid of the sensory"。According to the idea of ​​Descartes，"I" is trying to understand existence outside the mind，And the real knowledge can only exist in the mind，"I think" is the "Achimid fulcrum" that gains real knowledge，Then it provides the legitimacy and certainty of the knowledge itself。So，Descartes frankly acknowledged in the letter with Gibieuf: "outside me，What exists，The acquisition of this knowledge，Only through the concept of internal internal can be realized。"" This is the original form of the "Mediation theory" criticized by Taylor，This kind of "the mainstream conceptual idea of ​​Descartes，It is included in a completely unclear picture，and shaped by this picture "。

In the process of discussing the Descartes' episodes，Taylor highlights the core characteristics of the theory: "Inner-external structure"，referred to as I/O structure)，that is, on the knowledge issues associated with "I"，"I" only through the spiritual effect，Ideas (IDEAS)、Inner appearance or perception (Sensory Perceptions) and other intermediate links，Only to get real knowledge。Generally speaking，"I/O structure" has four associations: first，"Only Through ..."，That is our real understanding of the world around the world，Only through the appearance、Belief、Description or various classification forms (Categorical Forms) can be realized; second，Under the framework of adjusting theory，Knowledge content can usually be analyzed through some clear and clear elements，such as the "concept" or "belief" used by Cartesian -Locke; third，To confirm faith，We are destined to be unable to get rid of some clear and fixed elements，Especially those "The Status of Immediate bet365 best casino games Givens"; fourth，"Mental-Physical Distinification" represents the opposition state at the conceptual level，instead of refers to the true belief in a certain binary theory。

Although the "I/O structure" is a feature obtained in interpretation of Descartes' epistemology，But as far as reality is concerned，It has already constituted the mainstream perspective of contemporary epistemology，Broadly refers to a philosophical proposition that strictly distinguish between spiritual entities and physical entities。For Taylor，Richard Rorty's deconstruction of traditional epistemology is more representative。The core of Robti philosophy is to break the theoretical framework of traditional mirror philosophy，Liberated from these collapsed epistemology。But，Belief、On the question of truth，He resorted to the way of "repressentationalism" and returned himself to the tradition of Cartesian's theory of epistemology。Taylor thinks，The main error of Ryti is: on the one hand, acknowledging the negative impact of Descartes' cognitive model on contemporary epistemology;，But on the problem of explaining truth，But "I stayed in a spiritual universe in some important ways"。So，Rodty is destined to be unable to understand what kind of character did the theory play the theory of contemporary epistemology，It is also destined to lose the "I/O structure" that will lose the theory of Cartesian.。

To sum up，We can clearly see，One aspect，Taylor Criticism and Reflection of Carter Cartes Philosophy is discussed around the "separation view of separation" in Cartesian。Unlike "The Roots of Self", the analysis of the analysis of Descartes philosophy to the method of argumentation of moral root，In the later stage of its thoughts，Taylor more highlights the "cognitive structure" of Cartesian philosophy from the perspective of epistemology。On the other hand，We should pay attention，bet365 live casino games How to correct this cognitive error，Taylor does not seem to give full answer，Although he tried to create a "related theory"，To cope with "separation perspective"，But is it effective as Taylor's conception，Also to be discussed。

　　(This article is the phased achievement of the project of the Scientific Research Fund of Renmin University of China)

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China)