Charles bet365 new customer offer file picture

Charles Taylor (1931- )，One of the most outstanding philosophers of our time。In an academic interview with Phillippe de Lara in 1998，He reviewed and summarized his early experience in detail、The ideological origins of mid-term philosophical research。Taylor confesses，Wittgenstein’s “language game theory” and Merleau-Ponty’s “body phenomenology” are the core reference points for constructing philosophical anthropology (Philosophical Anthropology)。Although within the perspective of contemporary bet365 new customer offer，There are huge differences between the bet365 new customer offer of language and phenomenology in terms of research objects and content，But for Taylor，There are certain commonalities between the two: they both point the theoretical finger at the proposition of "a disengaged agent" initiated by Descartes' bet365 new customer offer，“This is an unthinkable point of view，Because，Leaves no theoretical space for participatory understanding”。It can be said，Reflection and criticism on Descartes’ bet365 new customer offer，is an ideal starting point for interpreting Taylor’s philosophical anthropological thoughts。

　　bet365 new customer offer disjunctive rationality

In "The Roots of the Self"，Taylor puts his critique of Descartes’ bet365 new customer offer into the framework of a historical examination of self-identity，Considers that "A disengaged reason" of Descartes' bet365 new customer offer is the "most important and influential" link in the internalization tendency of self-identity。

From the "Preface" of "Meditations on First bet365 new customer offer"，Descartes’ purpose is based on “Talk about Method”，A more in-depth discussion of God or the human soul，“These two issues are the main issues that should be argued on philosophical grounds rather than on theological grounds”。Descartes determined “I am a thinking thing” through “general doubt”，The existence of God is confirmed in the "objective reality" of ideas，Advocates that "the reliability and authenticity of all knowledge depends on the unique understanding of the true God"，And then reached the final conclusion in the sixth meditation: the soul can exist without the body。In terms of its philosophical intent，Descartes attempted to provide a philosophical defense of the foundations of modern natural science，At the same time, it attempts to reconcile the theoretical tension between modern natural science and traditional Christian theological claims，Thus starting a new journey of thinking about the bet365 new customer offer of modern subjectivity。Therefore，Descartes was replaced by Kant、Hegel and others are called the founders of modern bet365 new customer offer。This is why Taylor interpreted Descartes into the historical framework of self-identity。However，Taylor used terms such as “separated rationality”, “internationalization” (Internationalization), and “Hegemony of Reason” that are understood and accepted by ordinary people，Used to distinguish European and American bet365 new customer offer (i.e., continental rationalist bet365 new customer offer represented by Spinoza and others and Hobbes、British empiricist bet365 new customer offer represented by Locke and others) discusses Descartes’ methods and terminology。This can be seen as a feature of Taylor’s philosophical thought: a problem-oriented philosophical discussion method，For anyone interested in bet365 new customer offer。

In Taylor’s opinion，Theoretical Construction of Descartes’ bet365 new customer offer of Subjectivity，Essentially developed based on "separated rationality"。Descartes regarded the "I think" as a finite spiritual entity as the theoretical beginning of "first bet365 new customer offer"，And from this comes God、The existence facts of the external world。In the process，On the one hand, Descartes relies on the strategy of "general suspicion"，Abandoned the "teleological thinking of the order of the universe" advocated in Plato-Augustine bet365 new customer offer，“Abandon all theories of substantial logos”，Thus giving absolute status to "separate rationality"；On the other hand，He relied on the modern natural science methods (decomposition/synthesis) advocated by Galileo and others，Looking at the world mechanically。From this，The process of understanding reality has evolved into a cognitive activity that strips away the specific participation of the human subject and is conducted entirely based on inner concepts。In other words，In order to obtain the certainty of "I think", Descartes adopts a methodological approach that distinguishes material entities from spiritual entities。In this cognitive category that strictly distinguishes between “mind and matter”，We can only use the perception of the mind，Grasp the material world as an extended entity，As Taylor knows him，“We must objectify the world including our bodies，That means being able to mechanically、Look at them functionally，And this way of looking at things is that non-participation、Possessed by the external observer"。

To Taylor，The more important point is，The changes caused by Descartes’ bet365 new customer offer in ethics，To completely shift the source of morality from "externalization" to "internalization"，“In a true sense, the moral roots are placed in our hearts”。The former mainly refers to ancient philosophers such as Plato and Augustine，Consider the view of the order of the universe as the source of goods that structure human behavior，Plays a role in maintaining the stability of self-identity。In this situation，The universe as the source of morality truly participates in the process of shaping the meaning of human life。But consider Descartes、Modern philosophers such as Locke and others are the main representatives，Completely abandon the traditional view of the order of the universe，When replacing the sources of goodness at the root of morality with the "self-control" and "self-determination" of the human subject，In essence, we have chosen a path of “disenchantment”: the universe is no longer regarded as the source of meaning in human life，It is no longer relevant to human spiritual life。Human subjects need to be responsible for themselves，Regard the rationality of "self-control" and "self-determination" as the standard for us to construct a moral order。

　　bet365 new customer offer and contemporary epistemological issues

As Taylor admitted in the interview，What he criticizes has always been a "separate" view，This view not only promotes bet365 new customer offer as a specialization、Concrete science，So much so that bet365 new customer offer has been relegated to a marginalized position in the humanities；More importantly，Making us unable to be aware of ourselves、Others、The world gives a full understanding。Criticizing Descartes’ “separated rationality” is still a key concern of Taylor’s later bet365 new customer offer，The difference is，Taylor attempts to reconstruct Descartes’ bet365 new customer offer from an epistemological perspective，Focus on analyzing its “cognitive structure”。

In summary，In contemporary mainstream epistemology，There remains a misunderstanding of what it is to know，Its initial theoretical form is Descartes’ cognitive approach: grasping external reality through internal manifestation。On the issue of how to understand reality，Traditional epistemology represented by Aristotle and others believes that the mind is under the action of entities stimulating the senses，Produce a similar cognition of entities。This is essentially a correspondence theory position。However，If this is the case with cognitive processes，Then we also need to face the following fact: material things often induce various prejudices in the senses，For example, the "wax block argument" mentioned by Descartes and the "dummy argument" bet365 new customer offer action outside the window。This is absolutely unacceptable to Descartes, who pursues the certainty of "I think"。Therefore，He questions all material things，Strive to get rid of various wrong stereotypes，"Let my spirit gradually become accustomed to being separated from the senses"。According to Descartes’ ideas，The reality “I” try to understand exists outside the mind，The knowledge of reality can only exist in the mind，“I think” is the “Archimedes’ pivot” for obtaining real knowledge，This provides the legitimacy and certainty bet365 new customer offer knowledge itself。Therefore，Descartes frankly admitted in his correspondence with Gibieuf: "Outside of me，What exists，About the acquisition of this knowledge，Only through the idea that is within me。”This is the original form bet365 new customer offer “Mediational Theory” criticized by Taylor，This "mainstream epistemological thought originating from Descartes，is contained in a completely unclear picture，Being shaped by this image”。

In the process of discussing Cartesian epistemology，Taylor highlighted the core feature of adjustment theory: "Inner-Outer Structure" (Inner-Outer Structure，referred to as I/O structure)，That is, on the question of knowledge about the relationship between "I" and reality，"I" can only function through the mind，Like Ideas、Intermediate links such as inner representation or perception (Sensory perceptions)，In order to gain knowledge about reality。Generally speaking，"I/O structure" has four associated elements: first，The way of understanding "Only through..."，That is, our real understanding bet365 new customer offer world around us，Only through appearances、Faith、This can only be achieved by description or various classification forms (Categorical forms)；Second，Under the framework of adjustment theory，Knowledge content can usually be analyzed in terms of certain clearly defined elements，Such as "idea" or "belief" used by Descartes-Lock；Third，To confirm faith，We are destined to be unable to break away from certain clear and fixed elements，Especially those "the status of immediate givens"；Fourth，The “mental-physical distinction” represents a conceptual opposition，Rather than referring to some true belief in dualism。

Although the "I/O structure" is a characteristic derived from the interpretation of Descartes' epistemology，But in terms of reality，It has formed the mainstream perspective of contemporary epistemology，Generally refers to a philosophical proposition that strictly distinguishes between spiritual entities and physical entities。For Taylor，Richard Rorty’s deconstruction of traditional epistemology is relatively representative。The core of Rorty’s bet365 new customer offer lies in breaking the theoretical framework of traditional mirror bet365 new customer offer，Freedom from these collapsed epistemologies。However，In faith、On the issue of truth，He returned to the Cartesian epistemological tradition by resorting to "Representationalism"。Taylor thinks，Rorty’s main mistake is: on the one hand, he admits the negative impact of Descartes’ cognitive model on contemporary epistemology；On the other hand, although it advocates completely abandoning traditional epistemology，But on issues such as interpreting truth，But "remains in the spiritual universe in some important ways"。Therefore，Rorty is doomed to fail to discern what role mediation theory plays in contemporary epistemology，It is also destined to miss the way in which the "I/O structure" of Descartes' epistemology is preserved to this day。

In summary，We can see it clearly，On the one hand，Taylor’s criticism and reflection on Descartes’ bet365 new customer offer revolves around Descartes’ “view of separation”。Different from the argument method in "The Origin of the Self" that relates the analysis of Descartes' bet365 new customer offer to the roots of morality，In the later stage of his thinking，Taylor highlights the "cognitive structure" of Descartes' bet365 new customer offer from an epistemological perspective。On the other hand，We should pay attention，In terms of how to correct this cognitive error，Taylor does not seem to have given a sufficient answer，Although in "Reviving Realism" he tried to create a "Contact Theory"，To deal with "separated perspective"，But is it as effective as Taylor envisioned，Still to be discussed。

　　(This article is a phased result of the Scientific Research Fund Project of the School of bet365 new customer offer, Renmin University of China)

(Author’s affiliation: School of bet365 new customer offer, Renmin University of China)