nj bet365 Typologists Discovered Through Cross-Language Comparisons，Encoding patterns of specific conceptual domains in different language vocabulary systems、There are common characteristics and type differences in the association patterns and evolutionary paths between word meanings，Cross-linguistic constraints on nj bet365 variation in human languages ​​can be explained through a typological perspective，Revealing the system behind language diversity。

nj bet365 is the cross-linguistic and typological branch of lexicology，The research goal is to reveal the commonalities and individualities of different language lexical systems at the semantic level。Current voice、More progress has been made in typological research in the fields of morphology and syntax，Typological research in the field of vocabulary has developed slowly。Many scholars question the possibility of cross-linguistic comparison of vocabulary，Think that the vocabulary systems of different languages ​​have many internal members、Extremely heterogeneous，Thus the vocabulary seems to be specific to a particular language，Incomparable components in language。However，The vocabulary typology that has emerged in the past decade or so has challenged this idea。Lexical Typologists Discovered Through Cross-Language Comparisons，Encoding patterns of specific conceptual domains in different language vocabulary systems、There are common characteristics and type differences in the association patterns and evolutionary paths between word meanings，Cross-linguistic constraints on lexical variation in human languages ​​can be explained through a typological perspective，Revealing the system behind language diversity。

　　The nj bet365 perspective is comprehensive

nj bet365 mainly involves the nomenclature (onomasiology) of a specific conceptual domain、Cross-linguistic research on three aspects: semasiology and lexicon-grammar interaction。

Nomenclature focuses on which meanings in different languages ​​can be encoded into independent nj bet365 forms，The semantic segmentation of a specific conceptual domain is free variation，There are still restrictions and other issues。For example, Swedish linguist?魡. Viberg is based on an examination of sensory verbs in 50 languages，I found that some languages ​​use different words to express actions and results respectively，For example, English "look at (see)/see (see)" and "listen (listen)/hear (hear)"，Some languages ​​use the same words，For example, Hindi uses only one verb for "look at" and "see"，Use another verb for "listen" and "hear"。This shows that different languages ​​have different classification angles and segmentation details for sensory conceptual domains。

Semiotics mainly studies how many different meanings can be expressed by nj bet365 units with synchronic semantic associations or diachronic derivation relationships in a specific conceptual domain，What recurring semantic expansion paths exist，As well as common issues such as metaphor and metonymy models across languages。For example, the meaning of temperature is often used as the source domain of metaphors in different languages，For example, "warm feeling (enthusiasm)", "hot news (hot news)", etc.，And can be extended to other areas of perception，For example, visual "warm color (warm color)" and taste "hot spice (spicy)", etc.。The meaning of temperature is also affected by other conceptual domains，Some entities or activities with temperature characteristics can develop corresponding temperature concepts (such as "sun，Combustion" developed the concept of "heat")。Many studies have shown，The metaphorical and metonymic thinking shared by humans is the cognitive basis for the consistency of cross-language semantic connections。

Lexicon-grammar interaction nj bet365 is dedicated to discovering typological connections between vocabulary and grammar，Pay special attention to the impact of the semantic system on the syntactic system。Parts of speech are a common perspective for observing vocabulary-grammar interactions。Many scholars study the forms of speech classes in which different semantic categories appear when lexicalized in a language，For example, Australian linguist R. M. W. Dixon divides adjectives into sizes according to semantic categories、Age、value、Color、Material properties、Character、Speed、Difficulty、Similarity、Quality、Quantification、Space position、Thirteen categories in sequence，Point out that different semantic categories are lexically transformed into adjectives、verb、Nouns or other parts of speech are not equally possible。It can be seen that detailed semantic classification can better grasp the systematic nature of adjectives across languages。

　　nj bet365 focuses on first-hand materials

nj bet365 in corpus sources、The size and sampling of the language sample differ significantly from other typology studies。The corpus of other typology studies is mainly taken from second-hand materials，For example, refer to treatises on grammar or related topics, etc.。The vocabulary typology is mainly based on primary materials，This is because the lexical and semantic descriptions of most languages ​​in the world are insufficient，For example, some synonym dictionaries can provide some information on concept classification，But there is usually no content on polysemy patterns and formal semantic relationships within word families，Many reference grammars also have few descriptions of lexicon-grammar interactions。Due to the importance of primary materials in the study of nj bet365，Lexical typologists continue to design and create various corpus collection methods。The most common way is to design a detailed questionnaire，For example T. Reznikova and other scholars designed four sets of questionnaires on pain verbs，Including asking respondents to list the types of pain in each part of the body and the metaphorical source of pain, etc.。Some lexical typologists draw on methods from psychological experiments，Through extra-verbal stimulation (video、Picture、Munsell color chart, etc.) induce the respondents to produce corpus，For example A. Majid and other scholars designed 28 videos of “cutting/destroying” semantic domains，Let native speakers of different languages ​​describe the video，Observe the cross-linguistic differences in the lexicalization of "cut/destroy" verbs。Also，Compare the same text translated into different languages ​​(such as "The Little Prince", "Harry Potter", etc.)，Creating a parallel text corpus，It has also gradually become a popular research method in nj bet365。It needs to be pointed out，Although nj bet365 research focuses on primary materials，But it does not mean that it excludes second-hand materials，Available second-hand information still has reference value。Successful nj bet365 research benefits from different types of linguistic materials，These materials can complement each other，Used at different stages of research。

Also，Other typological studies focus on linguistic phenomena that are common across languages ​​(such as intonation、Word order、cell mark, etc.)，The language samples often reach hundreds of languages ​​(usually 200-400)，And these languages ​​must be in the genealogy、Balanced distribution across regions and language types。It is difficult for nj bet365 to achieve the same language sample size。nj bet365 is mainly the study of specific conceptual domains，Since dictionaries and other reference materials rarely meet the requirements of research，The language samples studied in nj bet365 are generally 15-50 types。Russian linguist E. Rakhilina believes that in terms of nj bet365，Research methods should take precedence over language sample size，As long as it is based on typological research methods，Even if the sample size is limited，Some meaningful conclusions can also be drawn，And it’s better to have a high-quality survey of a dozen languages ​​than to sample a broad range of languages。Rakhilina also thinks，The vocabulary changes from old to new very quickly，Even the pedigree、Languages ​​closely related to region and language type，Also shows surprising differences in the lexicalization of conceptual categories，Therefore, nj bet365 research can not focus too much on genealogy、Balanced distribution of regions and language types。

　　Further exploring application nj bet365

nj bet365 is a new way to study lexical semantics from a typological perspective，Currently, research results have been obtained in many conceptual fields of content word encoding，For example, relative terms of address、Color words、Body words、Animal and plant words、Perception verb、position move words、Pain meaning verb、Cut—verb of destruction、verb of eating and drinking、Get meaning verb、Postural verbs such as "sitting-standing-lying"、Breathing verb、Chasing verb、verb of wearing meaning、Spatial dimension words, etc.。In recent years，Some domestic scholars have also begun to use the concept of nj bet365 to study the polysemy of content words in specific conceptual domains。

The research results of vocabulary typology have reference significance for dictionary compilation and revision。Zhang Ding pointed out，The various meanings listed in the dictionary are an intuitive reflection of the ambiguity，Related research on nj bet365 is not only conducive to exploring the separation and combination of meanings in dictionaries，It can also provide directly usable results for the compilation of dictionaries。Also，Chinese has rich ancient Chinese exegetical materials and complex dialect vocabulary and semantic phenomena，This also provides favorable conditions for promoting the application of vocabulary typology in Chinese vocabulary research。

　　(This article is a phased result of the General Project of Humanities and Social Sciences Research of the Ministry of Education "Research on the Polysemy of Verbs and Content Words in Chinese Dialects from the Perspective of nj bet365" (18YJC740069)

(Author’s unit: School of International Culture and nj bet365, Nanjing Normal University)