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Vocabulary Types is a cross -language and type of academic branch of vocabulary，Its research goal is to reveal the commonality and personality of different language vocabulary systems at the semantic level。Current voice、Type studies in the field of form and syntax have been made more progress，Type studies in the field of vocabulary are developing slowly。Many scholars question the possibility of vocabulary cross language comparison，There are many members of the vocabulary systems in different languages、Very heterogeneous，Therefore, the vocabulary seems to be unique to a specific language，It is an indispensable component in language。But，Vocabulary types that have emerged in the past ten years have challenged this concept。Vocabulary Types found in cross -language comparisons，Different language vocabulary systems for coding mode of specific concept domains、The connection mode between the meaning of the meaning and the difference between the existence of the evolution path，Through the type of vision, you can explain the cross -language limit of human language vocabulary mutations，Reveal the systemicity behind the diversity of language。

　　Research perspective has comprehensiveness

Vocabulary Types mainly involved the nominal science (onomasiology)、Semasiology and vocabulary -grammar interactive cross -language research。

Names Follow the meaning in different languages ​​can be encoded as an bet365 Play online games independent vocabulary form，The semantics of a specific concept domain is free mutation，Still there are problems such as restrictions。For example, Swedish linguist? 魡. Viberg is based on the inspection of 50 language official verbs，It is found that some languages ​​use different words to represent movements and results，For example, English "LOOK AT (See)/SEE (See)" and "Listen (Listening)/Hear (hear)"，Some languages ​​are represented in the same word，For example, only one verb is represented by one verb in Hindi language "look at (see)" and "see (see)"，Use another verb to express "Listen (Listen)" and "Hear (hear)"。This shows that the classification angle and cut of different languages ​​of different languages ​​are different。

Fuyi Xue's main study of the specific concept domains that have a common semantic association or delayed relationship between the relationship between how much significance can be expressed，What repeated semantic expansion path exists，and problems such as metaphors and metaphorical models common in cross -language。For example, temperature meaning is often used as a source domain of different language metaphors，For example, "Warm Feeling (enthusiastic)" "HOT News (Hot News), etc.，and can be extended to other perception areas，For example, the visual "warm color (warm color)" and the taste "hot spice", etc.。Temperature meaning is also affected by other concept domains，Some entities or activities with temperature characteristics can develop the corresponding temperature concept (such as "Sun，Bet365 lotto review Burning "develops the concept of" heat ")。Many studies indicate，The metaphor and metaphor of human beings are cognitive basis for cross -language semantic connection consistency。

Vocabulary -grammatical interactive studies are committed to discovering types of type learning between vocabulary and grammar，Especially pay attention to the impact of semantic system on syntax system。Words are common perspectives of observation vocabulary -grammatical interaction。Many scholars study different semantics categories in the language of words in language.，For example, Australian linguist R. M. W. Dixon divides adjectives into size in accordance with semantic categories、Age、Value、Color、Material attribute、character nature、speed、Difficulty、Similarity、Quality、quantification、Space location、Sequence 13 category，Point out that the vocabulary of different semantics is adjective、A verb、Noun or other words may not be the same。visible meticulous semantic classification can better grasp the systemicity of adjective cross -language。

　　Research focuses on first -hand materials

Vocabulary Types Study in Craid Source、The scale and sampling of language samples are significantly different from other types of studies。The corpus of other types of study studies is mainly taken from second -hand materials，For example, the reference grammar or related themes, etc.。Vocabulary types are mainly based on first -hand materials，This is because the vocabulary semantic description of most languages ​​in the world is not enough，For example, although some bet365 Play online games synonym dictionary can provide some concept classification information，But there is usually no content about the semantic relationship between the polysmodium and the internal form of poetry.，Many reference grammar descriptions of vocabulary syntax interaction are also less。The importance of first -hand materials in the study of vocabulary type science，Vocabulary Types continuously design and create various corpus collection methods。The most common way is to design detailed questionnaires，For example, scholars such as T. Reznikova have designed four sets of questionnaires about painful verbs，Including the need to list the pain type of the pain in each part of the body and the metaphor of the metaphor of pain。Some vocabulary type scholars borrowed the method of psychological experiments，Extraction through language (video、Picture、Bengsel color card, etc.) induced the person who was investigated to produce corpus，For example, scholars such as A. Majid designed 28 videos of "cut/destruction" semantic domain，Let the mother tongue in different languages ​​describe the video，Observe the cross -language differences of "cut/destruction" vocabulary vocabulary。Another，Compared with the same text of different languages ​​(such as "Little Prince", "Harry Potter", etc.，Establish a parallel text corpus library，It has gradually become a research method of popular vocabulary type。What needs to be pointed out is，Although the study of vocabulary types focuses on first -hand materials，But does not mean that it excludes second -hand materials，bet365 best casino games The available second -hand information still has reference value。Successful vocabulary type studies have benefited from different types of language materials，These materials can be added with each other，Use in different research stages。

Another，Other types of studies mainly discuss the common language phenomenon of cross -language (such as sound tone、Preface、label, etc.)，Its language samples often reach hundreds of languages ​​(usually 200-400 species)，and these languages ​​must be in the spectrum、Bet365 app download Balanced distribution in the type and language type。Vocabulary types are difficult to achieve the same language sample scale。Vocabulary Types mainly study specific concept domains，Due to reference materials such as dictionary and other reference materials, it can rarely meet the requirements of research，The language samples of vocabulary type studies are generally 15-50 kinds。Russian linguist E. Rakhilina believes that in terms of vocabulary type，Research methods should be preferred to language sample scale，As long as it is based on type -based research method，Even if the sample scale is limited，You can also get some meaningful conclusions，and a high -quality survey of more than a dozen languages ​​is better than the extensive language sampling。Rakhilina also thinks，The new and old of vocabulary is very fast for，Even the spectrum、Language closely related to the type and language type，Vocabulary in the conceptual category also shows amazing differences，Therefore, the study of vocabulary types can not pay attention to spectrum、Balanced distribution of regions and language types。

　　Further excavation application value

Vocabulary Types is a new way to study vocabulary semantics from the perspective of type science，Research results have been obtained in the conceptual domain of many real words codes，For example, relatives call words、Body Word、Body Word、Animal and plant words、Perception verb、bit mobile verb、Painful words、Cut -Destroy Verbility、Eating and drinking righteous verbs、Obtaining righteous verbs、"Sitting -Stand — Lie" and other posture verbs、Breathing verb、Chasing Vegetarian verbs、Wearable Verbs、Space dimension words, etc.。In recent years，Some domestic scholars have also begun to study the versatile phenomenon of the real concept domains with the concept of vocabulary types。

The research results of vocabulary types have a significance of reference for the compilation and revision of the dictionary。Zhang Ding pointed out，The various meanings listed in the dictionary are all intuitive reflection，Related studies in vocabulary types are not only conducive to discussing the division of the items in the dictionary，It can also provide direct borrowing results for the compilation of the dictionary。Another，Chinese is rich in ancient Chinese training materials and complicated dialect vocabulary semantic phenomena，This also provides favorable conditions for promoting the application of vocabulary type learning in Chinese vocabulary research。

　　(This article is the Humanities and Social Science Research of the Ministry of Education of the Ministry of Education.

(Author Unit: School of International Culture and Education, Nanjing Normal University)