Although Buddhist thought is established on the basis of sacred beliefs，But it has obvious rational characteristics。Reasons for the reason，Buddhist classics are long -established history、Thinking complicated、Classic groups with many types，The classification of classic groups has a rational space to the classic believer。The Buddhist ideological system is established in the back -and -trip interaction of classic belief authority and rationality，The operating mechanism between it is undoubtedly complicated，Taking the generation and nature of judgment as a clue，This question can be clearer。

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Teaching，Religious to give it a judgment，Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, "Interpretation" and "Living Education"，The Japanese academic community is used to called "Church"。According to the explanation of Volume 1 of Zhihua's "Fahua Xuanyi": "Teacher，The sage is also the words of the next;，The same differences, respectively。"From this we can know，Literally，Teaching is the difference between the same difference between Buddhist classics。

On the origin of the teachings，For the product of which it is Chinese Buddhism，can still be traced back to India，Disputes in the Buddhist academic community have always existed。Speaker of the Indian Origin mainly based on the content of the teachings in the classics，If the "Three, One Multipmentual" in the "Fahua Sutra"、The "Three Photos" of the Huayan Scripture、The "Three Sees" of the "Sutra of the Deep Deep"、The "Graduation" of the Lenga Sutra、The "Five Taste" theory of the Nirvana Sutra。Fang Litian thinks，"With the classic circulation of Buddhism and the breeding of the Buddhist faction，Indian Buddhism uses the method of judgment method to re -evaluate and arrange various classics from content to form "。Gong bet365 Play online games Yan more clearly stated in the book "Awareness and Fascination: On Chinese Buddhist Thought": "The idea of ​​judging teaching in Indian Buddhism，The Ministry of Parliae has said that there is no righteousness in the Buddha's statement，This can be regarded as the origin of the teachings。"Gong's further believes that India’ s teaching is tilted before the criticism，China will focus on the integration of various doctrines。

With the advancement of research，The academic world gradually realizes the Chinese cultural background of judgment，The most representative point of view from Wang Zhongyao's monograph "Research on the Thought of Buddhism in the Sui and Tang dynasties": "(Teaching is) a concept unique to Chinese Buddhism。We now say that there are traditions of teaching in Indian Buddhism，is when examining Chinese Buddhist judgment，A saying of reviewing and reflection on early Indian Buddhism。"This is not nonsense to make judgments through the way back to the classic basis，The reason for the judgment of Liu Ye (479-502) such as Safei is the reason for teaching，"Although this is Calle，Neither the theory of sincerity，Unbelievable "。This can be seen，The basic role of classic teaching。On the one hand，The establishment of the teaching obviously has the character that quotes the classic Indian classics，This traceable process may cause the illusion of the ultimate conclusion as the source is equivalent to the source。This may also be the question of whether India itself has a conscious consciousness。On the other hand，The starting point of the Bodhi Streaming Branch is still classic，This has also become the basis for the establishment of the legitimacy of its teaching。So，It can be said that teaching or the product of the classic authoritative operation，But still keeps space for classic choices and interpretation。This may be because the classic group as the overall complexion and the internal contrary, it cannot directly form a unified knowledge，Classic structures need to be bet365 Play online games established after the help of rational forces，Then return to the original position to determine the occurrence of thoughts。So，This classic structure is obviously in the second sequence，So the universal significance of the classic belief faded，Have exclusive，From this judgment, it has become their respective school、Unique perspective in the denominations。Of course，Bodhicitta flow is not a special example，Ruzhi is also based on the idea of ​​"" The "Power of Power and Realization" ‘Expressing the Books' in the Lotus Sutra of the Miao Fa，Created my own teaching theory "; Xuanzang、Sepanic, etc.，It also quotes the "Confinement and Secret Scriptures" and "Golden Light Sutra"，It is also "obviously to show that its claim is classic as a bouncing"。

　Teaching is not unique to the sectarian Buddhism

If the teaching is a unique content of Chinese Buddhism，Then another problem follows，Why does it produce teachings in Chinese Buddhism。A response，Traditionally in the Chinese academic community is the product of teachings as "sectarian Buddhism"，If Ren Jiyu believes that "the judgment work is a partial attack of the Buddhist sects of the Sui and Tang dynasties、The necessary measures for unified internal differences "。This is a statement centered on the perspective of Chinese Buddhism development。Let's expand the scope of thinking，Entering the comparative sequence of the development of China and India Buddhism。If a Buddhist classic is recognized in India, it is not produced for a while，So the classic group is in Indian history、The durable changes in society are truthful existence。From this，Because the monk is in this specific reality of this change，It will also form a psychological process of continuity of classic development and the gradual acceptance process of different classics。In other words，classic groups due to differences，In the psychology of Indian monks, it was established at the same time with the development of classic groups。

Different，Chinese Buddhism Bet365 app download accepts the classics to complete through the translation of the scriptures，and the translation is not gradually performed according to the classic establishment time，From this classic and classic stools with different times to enter people's vision together，The continuity of the classic group will also break with it，Therefore, the differences and levels within the classic group cannot be gradually established at the psychological level of the monk。In this case, facing the classic contradictions，It must be solved with other means。This demand promotes the formation of judgment。Japanese scholar Fujii Kiji noticed that the advancement of Chinese judgment was exactly the climax of the three translations (Kumorosh、Earth Theory Translation、Xuanzang) Related，This is the "motivation" brought about by the translation of "broken" translation。Chinese Buddhists are also in this way，Gradually form a classic structure that combines with rationality and the concept of faction with it。This is the formation of the formation of Mahayana in Chinese Buddhism，As Shengkai said: "The buds and development of Chinese Buddhism Mahayana consciousness，It is a long criticism and conversion of Buddhism in the Northern and Southern Dynasties，Translation with the Indian Buddhist Anthology、Development of Teaching Theory，Finally established its own subjectivity -China Mahayana Buddhism。”

　　Evolution and Function of Teaching

If we will expand the research perspective centered on teaching to the entire Buddhist thought，So the core problem is to judge the position and function of the entire Buddhist ideological system。

Teachers have experienced a long history of development in Chinese Buddhism，So it is difficult to generalize its nature。The theory of teaching in the Northern and Southern Dynasties was gradually unfolded by the "Gravity of Five A hours" of Huiguan。He first judged Buddhism as a meal、Gradual Education。Graduate teaching is based on "Nirvana · Shengxingpin" Bet365 lotto review milk、Toses、Raw Crisp、Cooked Crisp、The metaphor of the five flavors of 醍醐，More five o'clock: Three times the other teachings、Three -by -Tongjiao、Education、Tongjin、Frequently Training。In terms of content，Hui Guan's proposal is actually "based on time -based theory，Judgment advocacy in the shallow sequence of teaching "。This is different from the purpose of the teachings of the Sui and Tang dynasties "out of the needs of the Chuangzong"，The judgment of this period is more for the reason that explains the classic purpose。

other，According to the research of the Mu Dian Jun，The formation of teachings in the Northern and Southern Dynasties is mostly opportunities to "talk about the Scriptures"。The so -called Scripture Meeting，In a broad sense, the lawmakers explained to the specific classics。Dao'an "Monk -Nun Fan Dharma Charter" strip is three cases。The first case is "Framery on the Scripture on the Scripture"，The general degree of lectures is evident。The first proposal of Huiguan's "Graduation Five Apse" was in the "Nirvana Scripture"; then Liu Ye's "five o'clock" also came from "The Order of the Infinite Righteousness"。This "preface" style has been used as a form of disciples of Kumorosh as a form of disciples of scriptures。So，Teaching more motivation with classic interpretation，For example, the Northern Zhou Dynasty Huiying Taoism, in the description of the "five -time doctrine": "The mage reads this scripture，See the order of the three -way classmate Bo Ruo,，Create five -time doctrine，Taking this scripture as a general education。""，The reason for the teaching of the Tao is to read the Prajna Sutra。The position of this solution is consistent with the personality of the teachings of the Northern and Southern Dynasties。

The teaching of teachings centered on sectarian Buddhism has been generated since the theory of Zhizhi "5:8 Eight Education"，Although the "Five Osh Relish" of Zhiyi said to be affected by the Tao -Lingyu Yi Series，But the Sui and Tang dynasties have a fundamental change bet365 best casino games in the overall nature。First，Most of the teachings of the Northern and Southern Dynasties are mostly different from the interpreter text such as classic preface，Independent works that have been judged in Sui and Tang dynasties。Next，The teaching of Sui and Tang dynasties has a clear consciousness of Chuangzong，This is different from the reasoning of the judgment of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.。In other words，Judgment under the purpose of Chuangzong, except the reason，There are also religious education and practical factors (practice steps, etc.) include it。Matsuoka Xiaozhou pointed out in the article "The meaning of teaching judgment"，Teaching has the meaning of belief and practice。According to his analysis，Because Buddhists are based on practice and enlightenment as the starting point，The systematic judgment process itself is a choice of practice method。After Matsuoka，The academic world has paid more attention to the complete religious character of judgment，Fujii Ichi clearly pointed out that the personality of judgment (especially since the rooftop) is not pure "knowledge of activities"，and you need to "investigate in the character of religion"。

Talking about this，We can see，Chinese Buddhist monks are making up for the break caused by classic translation，Gradually establish the scope of continuity from explaining the classic theoretical level to the entire religious system。If we focus on the starting point of the judgment, it is not difficult to find，This process is still based on classics as fundamental basis，The space left for rationality is always on the second sequence。But with the development of teaching，Classic beliefs form a fixed structure of a classic group in the interaction with rationality，This structure is "previously seen" and left and right to understand the classic。Final，The classic structure that has been judged to be transformed back to the original stage，In the background of the overall understanding of Buddhism，Fundamentally determines the occurrence bet365 Play online games of Buddhist thought。From this we see，The classic structure of classic beliefs and ideas is the classic structure formed by judging and teaching.。

　　(This article is the 2019 National Social Science Fund Youth Project "Research on the History of Buddhist Civilization Exchange in the Belt and Road" (19CZJ009) phased results)

(Author Unit: School of Social Development, Nanjing Normal University)