Hume mentioned a very interesting phenomenon in his masterpiece "Humanity Theory": "In every moral system I encountered，I have always noticed，The author is performed by the usual reasoning method in a period of time，Determined the existence of God，or I made some discussions on personnel; but suddenly，I was shocked and found out，What I encounter is no longer the common words such as ‘yes’ and ‘not’ in the proposition，Instead, there is no proposition that is not associated with a ‘should’ or ‘should n’t”。"" "" Should often interfere with people's thinking inadvertently，The "Honglou" between the two is an object that many thinkers have repeatedly analyzed and attempt to cross。In fact, it was about one thousand years earlier than Hume，Buddhist monk Xuanzang, who is at the center of Chinese culture and Indian culture collision，I have clearly realized the contradictions that should be with the facts，and given a set of considering tradition and reality、At the same time, the conference plan that reflects the characteristics of Chinese Indian Buddhism。

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"Surname" is a long -term cultural concept in India，"Pearded" has already appeared in Brahmin、Khaidi、Parks and Shouhara transformed from different parts of the original person's body, respectively。When the Buddhist first prosperity，or resistance to Brahminism Thought，Or affected by the surname of Emperor Sakyamuni itself，The banner of the Buddhist church in clear opposition to the existence of eternal surname，Not to recognize the decisive role of the surname for personal behavior。But at the level of ideology，Indian Buddhist monks did not completely get rid of the "surname -style" thinking method，For example, "Chang Ahan Sutra" still acknowledges that there bet365 live casino games are four surnames，But the first and most prestigious human beings are Yidi，Then Brahmin appeared later、Ju Shi and Shouhara。

and the 7th century AD to Xuanzang West，accompanied by Buddhism's micro -and -Hinduism，Some Indian Buddhist monks even regard the difference in surnames as a matter of course。According to "Yoga Reerexions", "Fahua Show Sentence", etc.，Xuan Zang's Master Jie Xian's proposition when he was in India，Some people are born without Buddhism，That is, people have the difference between surnames、Some people cannot become a Buddha anyway。Xuan Zang believes that the Chinese will not believe this set of words，Delete the relevant content in the scriptures brought back to the domestic scriptures。As a result, Xuan Xian referred to Xuan Zang as "contempt car" (barbaric that does not respect the Dharma)，Xuan Zang has to accept the difference between the species that should exist under the perspective of Indian culture。

Proof of facts，Xuan Zang's anxiety is unreasonable。Starting from the Northern and Southern Dynasties，Chinese Buddhist believers pay special attention to exploring the problem of "one explanation and no Buddha nature"，Can people who have no good deeds be able to use Buddhism through faith、Practice in Buddhism and eventually become a Buddha。At the level of doctrine，With the translation and circulation of the "Big Mud Sutra"，Chinese Buddhist believers gradually formed such a consensus，That is, all sentient beings have Buddha nature。At the level of religious communication，Buddhism as a foreign religion，It is advocated that anyone can believe in Buddhism、Buddhism、Buddha，It is undoubtedly a more attractive communication strategy。More importantly，Stand in the individual of Chinese Buddhists，If you can become a Buddha, you must be limited by congenital surnames and you cannot know the surname，The motivation to keep faith will weaken。

On the one hand, it is deep -rooted in Indian culture、Surname differences that should exist，On the other hand, the fact that Chinese Buddhist believers can become Buddha without Bet365 lotto review surnames，Xuan Zang can do only to reconcile the two。

　　Two category surnames and two seeds

First，Xuan Zang divided the surnames that should be divided into two categories: qualitative species surnames and the wrong surname。In the masterpiece of the idea of ​​Buddhist yoga in India，There are four surnames of a person: the surnames and surnames、Self -conscious surname、Buddhist surnames and no surnames。After practicing，The surnames can only become Arahant，Independent surnames can only become a Buddha，Buddhist surnames can become Buddha，No surnames continue to be a person or become God。Corresponding to the four surnames，Xuan Zang clearly mentioned in the "Inconsistent" two concepts:，That is to show the classics such as "The theory of the Holy Education"，There are two types of advocates sounds and consciousness: some sounds and feelings pursue the pursuit of quickly entering Nirvana，In the end, it can only become Arahant and the Buddha of Pianzhi，Their surnames are constant; some of the sound of sound and hearing realize that during the practice process, it should be more wisdom in the pursuit of the Buddha，They can finally become a Buddha after hard work，Its surname is not a qualitative surname or a surnamed name，but belongs to the indefinite surname。

To some extent，"Unsure of Surname" is the dissolution of the "surname"，Because the surname originally aims to emphasize congenital、Unchanged birth status，Unsure surnames indicate that through the understanding of people and the corresponding practice, the existing state can be changed。But the use of the status of the background is not exactly equivalent to the existing state，Xuan Zang was able to count the surnames as a category of surnames，So the subjective initiative of human beings in the stereotypes of the surnames has won a place。But what you need to pay attention to is，The surname of the indefinite surname is the sound of the sound、Independence、The Buddha is talking about，People without surnames are still considered to never become a Buddha。

Bet365 app download Next，In fact, the Buddhist practice of Buddhism and the Buddha as the result，After being included in the cause and effect of "seed -current"，Xuan Zang divides the seeds into two categories of nature and cultivation.。In the world view of "Cost of Incibling theory"，People are in the current state and behavior，The result of both a certain behavior in the past，It is the reason why a certain result of the future: "Seed" is a metaphor of an image，The seeds of plants have the function of germination results，"Incibling theory" will be produced in the past and the function of the state and behavior that can affect the current state and behavior is called seeds; "current" refers to the current state and behavior，Especially the behavior of human subjective will will further promote new seeds，thus affecting future status and behavior。Seeds and current interoperability，The life of a person is the current of the seeds、The process of existing seeds and continuous continues。

In Buddhist names，Because the process of current seeds is also called "smoking"，Therefore, the seeds of the acquired behavior are called the breeding of Xi。Specific to the Buddhist practice in real life，The behavior of the practice will inevitably lead to the cultivation of the event that leads to the ultimate Buddha，This is enough to ensure the effectiveness and necessity of believing in Buddhism and Buddhism。But if you want to ask about the origin of various behaviors of human beings，Then you can only set up the concept of living in nature -there are always some seeds that are innate and natural，It is necessary to exist as the first as the first behavior。

Last，Xuan Zang's useless seeds (pure and pure seeds) are available、Troubleshooting (persistent in "my existence") and the obstacles (persistent in the "physical all -method") seeds are two standards.，organically combined with surnames and two seeds together。From the perspective of nature living，Only Buddha、Sound heard、A person in the three kinds of leakage seeds of the independent bet365 Play online games consciousness belongs to the corresponding qualitative surname，People with two or three kinds of leakage seeds are indefinite surnames，There is no surname without leakage seeds;，People who can eliminate the two obstacles through practice are Buddhist nature，Only those who can only eliminate the troubled barriers are heard or surnamed alone，None of the two obstacles can be eliminated without surnames。Xuan Zang establishes the corresponding relationship，It advocates the Buddhist surnames and part of the surnames without the Buddha without leakage，can eliminate two obstacles; sound surnames、The surnames and some surnames of independent surnames have only two multiplication without leakage，It can only eliminate the troubles of troubles;，Two obstacles must be eliminated。

To sum up，Xuanzang will have the overall idea of ​​the actual reality: the special possible situation of reality on the difference between the surname of Ying Ren，Reserves the logical starting point related concept in the real relationship of the real species，Through the further subdivision of should be further subdivided into different levels，To discover the inner association of the opposite side of the contradiction。

　　The defect of Xuanzang will pass the plan

Xuanzang combines the surname and the second seed，Although it can alleviate the contradiction between Indian surname tradition and the needs of Chinese Buddhists to a certain extent，But there are still some theoretical problems and still to be resolved。

Some more detailed questions，If the existence of the Buddha without leakage will inevitably lead to the final loss of the two obstacles，Whether the two barriers may cause the leakage species to be eliminated;，Since sounding、Independent consciousness only eliminates the trouble of trouble，Then their leakage species should be the same category，That sound、Why is it divided into two different surnames;，Some can eliminate two barriers，Some can only eliminate the trouble of trouble，Should the surnames be subdivided Bet365 lotto review into two surnames。For these problems，Xuan Zang did not give the answer in his writings。

What is even more tricky is，In the second category of surnames, the qualitative surnames and the second seeds reflect the reality of the Xi，Deep -level contradictions between the two have not been completely resolved，even inspect from the perspective of qualitative surnames，The concept of breeding in Xi is unnecessary and cannot be established。Under the context of the simultaneous existence of the second seed，Suppose someone belongs to the Buddha's surname，Then this person is born with a leak -free nature，If there is no leakage, the sex species does not produce the current，There will be no result of various Buddhist practice and the result of the final Buddha;，It means that the original nature lives is lost，But the corresponding relationship between the second type of surname and the second seed established according to Xuanzang，The qualitative surname is only as far as the nature of nature，Naturally, the surname is naturally not established if you do not have a nature.，Instead, the function of the cause is continuously enhanced and appeared as a result，The concept of the breeding of the Xi is reduced to non -necessary，Because all the results are just different forms of the original cause。This can be seen，The introduction of the concept of the concept of the practice of Xi not only helps to explain the enhancement of the omissions without leakage，Instead, it will become a weapon that eliminates the difference in the surname。

For those who have accepted the tradition of Indian surnames，The difference between the surname of human beings is natural "should"，It should be in response to it; and in "The Theory of Consignment"，The current physical and psychological activities in daily life is，The habit of habitation that is closely linked to the current is also the existence of factuality，Is the facts in the facts。When Xuan Zang discussed the breeding of the Xi，The hidden connecting words are "yes" and "not"，But on the question of bet365 live casino games qualitative surnames，then unknowingly use "should" or "not"。In fact, although it should be established with a weak connection through the indefinite surname and the nature of nature，But the gap between the two is still far from being filled。

Although restricted by the times and context，Xuanzang will not have a special trial with the facts that it is not particularly successful，But under the historical conditions of the philosophical development of the Tang Dynasty, it is still very valuable，and in terms of ideological and cultural exchanges，Xuan Zang's conference plan almost perfectly shows the integration of China -India Buddhist thought。

　(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy at Peking University)