Xialu Temple, known as the crystallization of Sino-Tibetan art bet365 bonus code 2023 Yuan Dynasty, has many Buddhist art relics。Among them，A large number of Central Plains art elements appearing bet365 bonus code 2023 murals of Xialu Temple，It is we who fully elaborated on the blending of Chinese and Tibetan cultures during the Yuan Dynasty、Reconstructing a typical case of how multiple ethnic groups jointly build Chinese culture。

Xialu Temple is located on the west bank of Nianchu River、Southeast of Shigatse，In ancient times, it was called the Niangsitui area，Now it is Jiacuoxiong Township, Shigatse City。The building of Shalu Temple faces west and faces east，Built by Xirao Qiongnai, a descendant of Tubo Zanpu in the Later Hong period，Founded between 1027 and 1045，It is one bet365 bonus code 2023 important temples established during the Buddhist revival movement in the early Houhong period。To the Yuan Dynasty，The power bet365 bonus code 2023 Jie family is at its peak。As one bet365 bonus code 2023 130,000 Usi Tibetan households entrusted by the Mongolian emperor, Xialu Ten Thousand Households，In 1268, Mongolia had the largest number of tax households in the first enclave of Usizang，Ranked first among 130,000 households。Yuanshi，The Xialu family mainly relies on generations of marriages with the Sakya sect to which the emperor's master belongs to safeguard their political interests，Received special courtesy from the emperor bet365 bonus code 2023 Yuan Dynasty because he became the uncle ("ancient prime minister") bet365 bonus code 2023 Sakya sect，Superior to other Wuzang households。Yuan Chengzong (reigned 1294-1307)，The ancient prime minister of Xialu Ten Thousand Households, Drakpa Gyaltsen (served as the ancient prime minister from 1306 to 1333), once went to Han to meet the emperor in person，Received the title of "Serving as Marshal of Uszang Nali Suguru Sundu"，Given the Tiger Talisman"，Rank from the second grade，Higher than the average Wuzang Ten Thousand Households，And received a considerable bounty for the construction bet365 bonus code 2023 temple，Xialu Temple was expanded on a large scale。This period，In the process of expansion，The biggest feature bet365 bonus code 2023 temple is that it is strongly influenced by the Buddhist art and architectural styles bet365 bonus code 2023 Central Plains，This has become a precious relic with milestone significance in the development of Sino-Tibetan Buddhist art。

The temple retains relatively complete and relatively accurate remains of Yuan Dynasty murals，In particular, you can see a large number of images reflecting the imperial power and royal sponsors bet365 bonus code 2023 Yuan Dynasty, as well as Han cultural elements。For example, a glazed tile building with cornices and raised corners，Images of emperors wearing Han and Mongolian costumes，Magnificent dragon and phoenix pattern、Smart and elegant cloud patterns，Furniture from Han Dynasty、Utensils、Mountain rocks, etc.，Exceptionally rich，Reflects the political relationship between Tibet and the Central Plains under the unified pattern、Economy、Close exchanges in religion and culture, as well as the historical fact bet365 bonus code 2023 expansion of Xialu Temple in the Yuan Dynasty。These images were mainly painted in the murals bet365 bonus code 2023 expanded temple，Including the "One Hundred Jatakas" mural on the outer wall bet365 bonus code 2023 prayer cloister bet365 bonus code 2023 assembly hall on the first floor、Mural painting of dragon and phoenix on the north wall bet365 bonus code 2023 porch bet365 bonus code 2023 Dharma Protector Hall，The mural bet365 bonus code 2023 story "Sumati Girl Asks for a Marriage with the Buddha" on the south wall bet365 bonus code 2023 outer corridor bet365 bonus code 2023 Prajna Buddha Hall on the second floor，They became important benchmarks of Tibetan art in the Yuan Dynasty，Provides valuable reference materials for us to explore the multilateral cultural exchanges in Tibet at that time。

　1. bet365 bonus code 2023 and Phoenix Picture

Dragon and Phoenix Royal Couch Picture (Picture 1)，It is one bet365 bonus code 2023 representative works of Yuan Dynasty murals in Xialu Temple。It is located on the north wall bet365 bonus code 2023 porch bet365 bonus code 2023 Dharma Protector Hall on the first floor of Xialu Temple，Drawed during the reign bet365 bonus code 2023 ancient Prime Minister Drakpa Gyaltsen，Original work is about 2 heights.0 meters、Width 2.4 meters。In the center bet365 bonus code 2023 picture is a large wooden Xumizuo armchair，Wood grain is outlined with gold wire，The texture is clearly visible。On both shoulders bet365 bonus code 2023 throne are golden banners with dragon heads attached to the head，Rolled armrests at lower waist，The center bet365 bonus code 2023 pedestal is paved with a red cloud and dragon pattern，Reflects the specifications and grades bet365 bonus code 2023 imperial couches bet365 bonus code 2023 Yuan Dynasty emperors and empresses。Red backlight bet365 bonus code 2023 tree behind the throne，Top hanging umbrella cover，The gods on the clouds on both sides bet365 bonus code 2023 umbrella cover appear in the rainbow light，The eight auspicious patterns and the seven political treasures bet365 bonus code 2023 Wheel King are arranged vertically on the left and right ends bet365 bonus code 2023 screen (an aquarium is added at the bottom to be symmetrical with the left side)。The center supports a dragon and a phoenix，Two "Five-clawed Golden Dragons" are on top，Meandering and soaring，The toes point to the flame beads，Full of momentum；The following is a performance of pearls and phoenixes，Phoenix bird with pheasant head and body，Beautiful wings，Feathers fluttering，Comparable to the phoenix bird style in the Danbi stone carvings of Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty。There is another saying that "Dragon and Phoenix" are the decorative patterns on the backrest bet365 bonus code 2023 throne，It also has its rationality。The murals in this shop cleverly place the images of dragons and phoenixes in the Han Dynasty, which symbolize imperial power, into the Buddhist background，Symbolically expresses the respect and prayers bet365 bonus code 2023 Xialu Ancient Prime Minister family and Xialu Temple monks to the central imperial power and royal sponsors bet365 bonus code 2023 Yuan Dynasty，It is the collision of cultural concepts of Han and Tibetans in the Yuan Dynasty、The crystal of blending。It is worth mentioning，The adjacent murals of Duowen Tianwang and Bada Ma are also influenced by images bet365 bonus code 2023 same theme in the Central Plains and are expressed using the same techniques。Because I heard that the king of heaven has the power to protect wealth、Victory and other functions，The people of Xialu Monastery believe that the ancient prime minister Drakpa Gyaltsen, who brought wealth to Xialu Monastery and all households in Xialu, is its incarnation，And painted extensively in the murals of Xialu Temple in the Yuan Dynasty。

　2. bet365 bonus code 2023 image

The images of secular emperors in the Yuan Dynasty murals of Xialu Temple often appear in Han robes and long sleeves or Mongolian attire。The mural in this shop is the 93rd "The Story of King Dinghui" in the "One Hundred Jataka" story murals on the outer wall bet365 bonus code 2023 prayer cloister bet365 bonus code 2023 assembly hall on the first floor of Xialu Temple，It was drawn during the period bet365 bonus code 2023 ancient prime minister Kongga Dhondup (1333-1355) based on "One Hundred Lives" written by the Third Karmapa，The original mural size is 1.31 meters、Width 1.80 meters，Image above，Below is a Tibetan inscription in the style of a Tibetan long book (Picture 2)。The mural mainly depicts Sakyamuni Buddha when he was the King of Wisdom in his previous life，The story of answering questions for gods and human beings in Thirty-Three Heavens and Zhanbuzhou respectively。The left side bet365 bonus code 2023 screen shows King Dinghui and King Lihui、King Yunhui、The situation when King Starlight and others gathered to discuss Buddhism on the thirty-third day: King Dinghui was in the center，Wearing a Mongolian hood，Wearing Han Chinese half-arm gown，Wearing left-sided shirt，Wearing skirt，Facial features are very similar to Mongolian people，Slender eyes，Round and plump face，There is a tuft of hair left on the lower edge bet365 bonus code 2023 hood on the forehead，It should be a reflection bet365 bonus code 2023 ancient Mongolian people’s “pojiao” hairstyle；The kings around are also wearing similar clothes。The right side bet365 bonus code 2023 screen shows King Dinghui preaching Dharma to all sentient beings in Zhanbuzhou，The palm fan commonly seen in Han ceremonial guards is also drawn below it、Huagai、Flags。

Located in the mural bet365 bonus code 2023 story "Sumati Girl Asking for a Marriage with the Buddha" on the south side bet365 bonus code 2023 corridor bet365 bonus code 2023 Prajna Buddha Hall on the second floor of Xialu Temple，There is also a pavement of images representing secular kings in the attire of Han emperors，Also painted in the ancient phase of Gongga Dundup period (Figure 3)。"Sumati Girl Pleases the Buddha" tells the story of Buddhist fate。Sumati, a rich girl from the ancient Indian country of Savatthi, believed in Buddhism since she was a child，When she grew up, she married the son of Mancai, a wealthy elder from the Six Paths of Manfu City。When newly married，My father-in-law made a fortune and invited six thousand heretics to a banquet，Sumati has different sects，Refuse to receive guests from outsiders，And reprimanded the heretic guests for being naked、Ugly shape。Later, I got some advice from a friend with a lot of money，It was only when my father-in-law became rich that he realized Sumati was a disciple of Buddhism，Sakyamuni is the right path。So，Mancai asked his daughter-in-law to ask Sakyamuni Buddha to come and preach the sermon，Finally the whole family converted to Buddhism，cultivation into righteousness。Part bet365 bonus code 2023 mural in this shop shows Sakyamuni’s response to Sumati’s sincere prayer，The plot of sending Rahula, who is the best in observing precepts among his disciples, to take the appearance of a wheel-turning king (i.e. a secular emperor) and fly to Manfu City。Rahula wears open-sleeved Han Chinese clothing，Wearing a crown similar to that commonly used by Han emperors，Surrounded by seven political treasures and various ceremonial guards and attendants。

　3. bet365 bonus code 2023 Clothing

Not only the costumes bet365 bonus code 2023 above-mentioned Central Plains emperors can be seen in the murals，At the same time, a large number of costumes reflecting the secular Mongolian men bet365 bonus code 2023 Yuan Dynasty also appeared，The common Mongolian robe with a hat and crown，But it is not the case that Mongolian men in the Yuan Dynasty often wore "tight waistbands"、A braided robe with narrow sleeves on the right side that is convenient for riding and shooting，It is a wide robe with open sleeves and a sloping front，Probably more influenced by the Chinese costumes in the Central Plains images。Compared to Mongolian clothing，Han costume elements appear more frequently in the Yuan Dynasty murals of Xialu Temple，More varieties，Like half an arm、Ruskirt、Philippine、Yun Jian、robe、Belly wrapping, etc.，In terms of its detailed performance，Reflects that Tibetan painters’ understanding of Han-style clothing is not entirely based on what they see in reality，To a large extent, the drawing is still based on images such as prints and paintings。

The mural "Bhikkhu Qinglianyan's Jataka Story" is located at the north end bet365 bonus code 2023 east wall outside the prayer cloister bet365 bonus code 2023 assembly hall，Drawed based on the 98th chapter of "One Hundred Jatakas" written by the Third Karmapa (Picture 4)，Screen height 1.11 meters，Width 1.8 meters。The mural mainly depicts Sakyamuni Buddha in his previous life as King Qinglianyan，Perception of impermanence，To become a monk with his wife and family，And influence the living beings in the border areas to uphold the right views、The story of rising to Chengmen。The screen is divided into backgrounds such as mountains and forests，Arrange the storyline from left to right，A collection of rich Han image elements，Three-story glazed tile hilltop building、Characters wearing Han and Mongolian costumes、ren character cloud pattern，As well as the common Buddhist offerings in Han Dynasty during the Song and Yuan Dynasties - incense burners, flower arrangements, etc.，You can still see traces bet365 bonus code 2023 Song and Yuan Dynasty "Diamond Sutra" prints in the composition bet365 bonus code 2023 picture。

The incense burner seen in this mural，The lion is used as the furnace lid，The earliest image is Suanni。This is also recorded in the "Fragrance Book" bet365 bonus code 2023 Song Dynasty: "Fragrance beasts are painted with gold，for Suan Ni、Qilin、Like a duck，The air is full of fragrance，Make smoke come out of your mouth，Thought it was a good time。There are those who carved wood and made of earth。”In the Song Dynasty, closed incense burners were called “Chuxiang”，The incense comes out bet365 bonus code 2023 hole in the stove lid，Quite interesting，Suanni is one bet365 bonus code 2023 common shapes of stove lids。Suanni is the ancient name for "lion"，Legend is one bet365 bonus code 2023 nine sons bet365 bonus code 2023 dragon，Looks like a lion，Happy smoke and good sitting，So it is often carved on the furnace lid，Smoke comes out bet365 bonus code 2023 mouth，gulping clouds and puffing smoke。Suanni offering incense in the murals of Xialu Temple，The shape is close to the existing Song Dynasty objects in the Central Plains，For example, a piece of Jizhou green-glazed Suan Ni incense unearthed from the tomb of Yuanyou in the second year bet365 bonus code 2023 Northern Song Dynasty in Susong County, Anhui，The furnace body is made of high-relief lotus petals，Suanni sits upright，Playing with the ball while looking back，Lifelike；Another piece of Suan Ni incense from the Yue kiln bet365 bonus code 2023 Southern Song Dynasty is now in the Zhejiang Provincial Museum，The furnace body is molded with stacked lotus petals，Suanni squats with head held high，Both are similar to the fragrance in the murals of Xialu Temple。

　4. bet365 bonus code 2023 glazed tile hilltop architecture

The Han-style glazed tile roof building is the most common Han element in the Yuan Dynasty mural images of Xialu Temple。In Jataka stories，Except for a few Nepali-style murals and animal Jataka themes，Glazed tile roof buildings appear in almost every shop scene，This is not only a direct representation bet365 bonus code 2023 Chinese-style architecture of Shalu Temple，It also reflects that this architectural style has been deeply imprinted in the mind bet365 bonus code 2023 painter，Become an important painting material for them。

The ancient prime minister Drakpa Gyaltsen was at the beginning bet365 bonus code 2023 expansion of Xialu Temple，She should have a preliminary idea of ​​the structure of its Chinese-style architecture，When he returned to Tibet from Dadu:

A large amount of wood was transported from the south，Invite skilled craftsmen from the Han region in the east。Four large ridge gold vases were built on the roof bet365 bonus code 2023 Han-style glazed hilltop，The Buddhist temples on all sides also adopt the glazed architectural style，The roof ridge is also decorated with a gold bottle on the ridge。The Golden Palace is a three-story Chinese-style hilltop building，The rest are two-story hilltop buildings...

　One bet365 bonus code 2023 sentences “Invite skilled craftsmen from the Han region in the east”，Can be inferred based on contextual analysis，Should refer to Han craftsmen who are proficient in Chinese architectural techniques and glass making，Not a painter who is proficient in Han painting，This view will also be discussed in detail below。Then，When Xialu Temple was expanded in the Yuan Dynasty，Why use the Chinese glazed tile roof style？This is closely related to the background of its royal edict and its request for expansion to pray for the royal family，It is clearly recorded in "Collection of Chinese and Tibetan History":

When Master Damabala met with Kublai Khan, the founder bet365 bonus code 2023 Yuan Dynasty，The memorial said: "Wu Si Zang in Tubo，My uncle Xialu is in every household，Please issue an edict to commend。"The emperor said: "Since he is the master's uncle，Just like my uncle，Special care should be taken。"And gave the Xialu family the edict to take charge of thousands of households from generation to generation，And a large amount of charity such as 158 liters (ingots) of silver，Used to build three Buddhist temples (Buddha statues) made of gold and silver for the emperor and the benefactors of Sakya Futian to recite sutras and pray for blessings.、Buddhist scriptures and pagodas) and the construction of temples and temples, etc.。

bet365 bonus code 2023 Yuan Dynasty, Tibet not only built Xialu Temple to pray for the emperor，According to records, it was during the earlier period when Pasi Pa was the emperor’s master，Xuanzhengyuan Benqin Jiawa Zangbo was built bet365 bonus code 2023 style of an imperial palace in Tibet specifically to pray for the emperor’s benefactors and blessing fields、Make a wish、The temple where incense is burned——Lu Jiekang。This is the most clearly recorded temple in Tibetan historical records that was built specifically for the royal family to pray for blessings，It is also a Chinese-style wooden building。The repeated appearance of Chinese-style glazed tiles and hilltop architectural elements bet365 bonus code 2023 murals of Xialu Temple is inseparable from this meaning。

Among many Chinese-style architectural images，The 97th "The Story of King Bian Sheng" among the "One Hundred Jataka" murals on the outer wall bet365 bonus code 2023 prayer corridor bet365 bonus code 2023 assembly hall on the first floor is the most typical，The original mural size is 1.11 meters，Width 1.39 meters。The mural mainly depicts Sakyamuni Buddha in his previous life as King Bianrim，Practice Buddhism devotedly，Complete virtue，Introduce the lost people to the right path，Emperor Shakti heard this，Send people to drive the thousand-spoke wheel chariot bet365 bonus code 2023 thirty-three gods to welcome him to the thirty-three days，However, after experiencing the beauty and happiness of thirty-three days，King Bianwang still chooses to return to the human world，Support Buddhism，The story of transforming sentient beings with compassion and willingness。The picture depicts Han architecture in more detail，鸱kiss、Feng Duo、Dragon head animal equipment now，Tenglong on the roof，There are dragons on each side bet365 bonus code 2023 pillars，It is a typical dragon-wrapped pillar in Han architecture。

This article takes the Central Plains art elements bet365 bonus code 2023 Yuan Dynasty murals of Xialu Temple as the starting point，Through the physical objects from Han Dynasty、Comparison of image shape and structure，Combining screen context and text content，Revealing the depth and breadth of artistic exchanges and integration between Chinese and Tibetan people。This exchange is not an isolated case，Not an abrupt end。To the 15th century，Yimian Tang、Tibetan local art styles represented by Qinzi have emerged one after another，The banner of his school is to absorb the artistic elements of Han Dynasty，Looking at the fusion of Chinese and Tibetan art bet365 bonus code 2023 Yuan Dynasty murals of Xialu Temple，Should be considered a precursor。

(The author is an associate research librarian at the bet365 bonus code 2023 Culture Museum, China Tibetology Research Center)