Xialu Temple, known as the crystallization of the Chinese -Tibetan art of the Yuan Dynasty, has many Buddhist art relics。Where，A large number of Central Plains art elements appearing in the murals of Xialu Temple，It is us to fully explain the integration of Han and Tibetan culture during the Yuan Dynasty、Reconstruction of how multi -ethnic groups build a typical case of Chinese culture。

Xialu Temple is located on the west bank of the Chu River、Shigatse southeast，In ancient times, the mother -in -law of the Niang Dai，Now Nagato Township, Shigatse City。Xialu Temple Architecture sat in the east of the West，Builded for the descendants of Jie Rao Qiong, a descendant of Zanpu in the post -Hong period，Founded between 1027 and 1045，It is one of the important temples established in the early Buddhist revival campaign in the early days of the post -Hong period。From the Yuan Dynasty，The family forces of the Jie clan reaches the heyday。Xia Lu Wanhu, one of the 30,000 households sealed by the Mongolian emperor，In 1268, Mongolia's first tax households in Mongolia's first sphincter were the most，ranked first in 130,000 households。Yuan Shi，The Xialu family mainly uses the help of the Sakya school that belongs to the emperor to maintain its own political interests，Due to the Emperor's Emperor's Emperor's Emperor's Emperor's Emperor because of becoming a Sakya School ("Ancient Phase")，Excellent than other Wusi Tibetan households。Yuan Chengzong (reigned in 1294-1307)，Xia Lu Wanhu's long ancient phase, Zhaba Jianzan (1306-1333 as the ancient phase), once went to Han Dynasty to see the emperor，Subject to "Marshal of Marshal Sun Du, the Gulu Sunda of Wusi,，Give Tiger Character "，Nong Cong two products，higher than ordinary Wusi Tibetan households，and get a considerable number of bounty for building temples，Xialu Temple was able to expand on a large scale。This period，During the expansion process，The biggest feature of the temple is that it is strongly affected by the art and architectural style of the Central Plains Buddhism，As a result, it becomes a precious relic in the process of the development of Buddhist art in Han, Tibetan Buddhism。

The more complete and relatively conventional Yuan Dynasty mural relics in the temples，In particular, a large number of images of the imperial power of the Yuan Dynasty and the royal supporter and the cultural elements of the Han Dynasty。For bet365 Play online games example, the glazed tile building of the cornice angle，Emperor image in the Han and Mongolian costumes，The magnificent dragon and phoenix pattern、Smart and elegant cloud -gas pattern，Furniture of Han Land、、mountain stone, etc.，Unusually rich，It reflects that in the unified pattern of Tibet and the Central Plains in politics、Economy、History of religion and culture and the expansion of the expansion of Yinxialu Temple of the Yuan Dynasty。These images are mainly drawn in the expanded temple murals，Including a piece of "One Hundred Ben" murals on the outer wall of the corridor to the outer wall of the corridor、Law Law Temple Corridor North Wall Dragon and Phoenix Royal Cuttra Make，The second floor of the Prajna Buddha Temple to the south wall of the Corridor "Sumi Ti Girls Ask the Buddha Fate" story mural，They become important benchmarks for Tibetan art in the Yuan Dynasty，More we provided precious reference materials for us to explore the multilateral cultural exchanges of Tibet at that time。

　Bet365 app download

Dragon and Phoenix Royal Tutu (Figure 1)，is one of the masterpieces of the Yuan Dynasty murals of Xialu Temple。It is located on the north wall of the porch on the first layer of the Law Temple in Xialu Temple，Draw in Gu Xiang Zaba Jianzan in his office，Original is about 2.0 meters high、2.4 meters wide。In the middle of the picture, the large -scale wooden whispered armchair，Wood grain drawn with golden silk，The texture is clearly visible。Substand's two -shoulder golden titled faucet and brain，Arail on the lower waist，Paper Palepi of the Red Field Yunlong Pattern in the central table，Reflecting the specifications and levels of the Emperor's Emperor's Emperor Queen。Red backlight after the throne，Top Umbrella Cover，The heavens on the clouds on both sides of the umbrella cover appear in the rainbow，The left and right ends of the picture arranged the eight auspicious and the rotor king seven political treasure patterns (adding treasure bottle to the left side to the left)。seat central support to dragons and phoenix，Two "Five Claw Golden Dragons" goes up，winding flying，Toed point to the firework firework，full of momentum;，Phoenix Bird's 雉 雉，Wing gorgeous，翎，The Phoenix Bird Style of the Dan Dan in the Yuan Dynasty is dwarfed。Another saying that "against the dragon and the phoenix" is the decorative pattern on the throne，It also has its reasonableness。This paving mural cleverly places the dragon and phoenix royal couch image of the imperial power in the Buddhist background，Expressing the honor and Bet365 lotto review prayer of the Xialu Guxiang family and the monk of Xialu Temple and the monk of Xialu Temple in the Yuan Dynasty，It is a collision of multi -ethnic cultural concepts such as Hanzang in the Yuan Dynasty、Crystal of blending。It is worth mentioning is，The Tuwen Kings and the Eight Malaysia Martes are also affected by the image of the same subject and adopt the same way。Yin Wen Tian Wang has a wealth protection、Victory and other functions，Xia Lu Temple people think that the ancient phase Zaba Jianzan who brings wealth to Xialu Temple and Xia Lu Wanhu is its incarnation，Draw a lot in the murals of Xialu Temple in the Yuan Dynasty。

　2. Emperor image

The image of the secular emperor in the Yuan Dynasty murals of Xialu Temple often appears in the Han nationality long robe long sleeves or Mongolian costumes。This paving mural is the 93rd "Dinghui Wang Ben Sheng Story" in the "One Hundred Ben" story murals in the outer wall of the Corridor "，It is drawn in accordance with the "One Hundred Books" based on the third karbar.，The original mural size is 1.31 meters、1.80 meters wide，Above is an image，Below is Tibetan Title Title of Tibetan long book style (Figure 2)。The mural mainly depicts the time when the Sakyamuni Buddha is the king of wisdom in the previous life，Thirty -three days of answering doubts about the gods and all beings in the world for 33 days。The left side of the picture shows King Dinghui and King Lihui、King Yunhui、Star King and others in the thirty -three days of rally discussed the Dharma: Dinghui King Judong，Wear Mongolian Hat，outer Han Dynasty half -arm gown，There is a left -handed shirt，Lower skirt，Facial features are very similar to the Mongolians，Eye slender，Full face is full，There is a pinch of hair in the lower edge of the front forehead hat，It should be a manifestation of the "Po Jiao" hair style of the ancient Mongolians; the surrounding kings are also wearing similar clothing。On the right of the screen is the situation where King Dinghui is preaching the law for all beings on the world，Below it also draws the palm fan of the Xisha see in the honor of the Han dynasty、Hua Gai、Banner。

Located on the second floor of the Prajna Buddha Temple on the second floor of Xialu Temple to the south of the Corridor "Sumi Timothy Winning the Buddha" story mural，There is also a image of the Emperor of the Han Emperor to express the secular king，It is also drawn in the period of ancient phase · Gonggutonzhu (Figure 3)。"Sumi Ti Girl invites the Buddha" tells the story of Buddhism。Ancient Indian Gongguo Rich Family Subami believes Bet365 app download in Buddhism from an early age，When he grows up, he marrys the son of Man Wecai, the elderly of the six foreign masters of Manfu City, as his wife。Newlywed，Father -in -law full of wealthy feast, please 6,000 outsourcing，Sumati Different sects，Refusing to receive foreign guests，and reprimand foreign guests naked naked、Ugly shape。After the full wealth of friends instructions，Grandpa Manchu only knows that Subati is a disciple of Buddhism，Shakya is the right path。So，Full wealth, please ask your daughter -in -law to ask Shakya Buddha to come to fast，Finally, the whole family converts to the Buddhist gate，Fix the positive fruit。The local performance of this paving mural is the prayer prayer of Sakyamuni，Luo Luohua, who is the first disciple of the disciples, Luo Luohua, the current turbine king (that is, the secular emperor).。Luo Yuluo wearing a open -sleeved Han Dynasty Chinese clothing，Wear Tongtian Crown commonly used by the Emperor of the Han Dynasty，Surrounding seven political treasures and various ceremonies and servants。

　3. Central Plains Clothing

In the mural, not only can see the clothing of the Central Plains emperor，At the same time，Mongolian robe with a hat -crown as you see，But it is not that the Mongolian men in the Yuan Dynasty often "waist tight beam"、The right narrow -sleeved braid robe that is easy to ride and shoots，but the oblique gaurea robe with wide robes and open sleeves，It should be more affected by Chinese -style clothing in the Central Plains images。Compared to Mongolian clothing，Han clothing elements appear more frequently in the Yuan Dynasty murals of Xialu Temple，More diverse categories，Such as half arm、Skirt、Piece、Cloud shoulder、robe、Wrapped belly, etc.，As far as its details are concerned，Reflected that the Tibetan artist's understanding of Chinese -style clothing is not exactly what you see，To a large extent, it is drawn with images such as printmaking and painting as a reference。

"Bhikkhu Qinglian Yan Ben Sheng's Story" The mural is located at the northern end of the east wall of the coast hall to the east wall of the outside of the corridor，It is drawn based on the 98th product of "One Hundred Ben" by the third karbar (Figure 4)，The picture height is 1.11 meters，1.8 meters wide。The mural mainly depicts when the Shakyamuni Buddha was the king of Qinglian Yan in the previous life，Perception of impermanence，Student with his wife's dependents，and induced the soul of the border to make it adhere to the righteousness、Story of Asbeling to the door。The picture is divided bet365 best casino games by the background of the mountains and forests，Set the story plot from left to right，Gathering rich Handi image elements，Three -story glazed tiles top building、characters in Han and Mongolian costumes、Renzi Mundai，and the Han and Yuan Dynasties of the Han and Yuan Dynasties see Buddhist contributors -incense burner and flower insertion，You can also see the traces of the Song and Yuan "Diamond Sutra" in the picture composition。

The incense burner appearing in this mural，Is the lion as the furnace cover，The earliest image。This is also recorded in the "Xiangpu" in the Song Dynasty: "The incense beast uses gold，狻猊、Kirin、The shape of the duck，Sky, but incense，Make the cigarette from the mouth，I thought it would be good。Those who re -Eagle Wood and Earth。"The Song Dynasty called a closed smoked furnace is" Out of Fragrant "，Xiangzi furnace cover the hole，quite interesting，狻猊 is one of the common shapes of furnaces。狻猊 is the ancient name of "Lion"，Legend is one of the nine sons of Longsheng，looks like a lion，Happy Sitting，Therefore, more carved on the furnace cover，Smoke out of the mouth，Swallow the clouds。狻猊 香 香 香 香，Its shape is close to the existing Song Dynasty in the Central Plains，For example, a Jizhou green glaze 猊，The furnace body is a high -relief lotus petal，狻猊 狻猊，Football players and interpretable，lifelike; another one now hidden in the Zhejiang Museum of the Southern Song Dynasty，Packing the stoves of the furnace body with layered lotus petals，Squat，All incense -shaped Xiao in the murals of Xialu Temple。

　4. Han -style glazed tiles top building

The top building of the Chinese -style Liuliwabex Mountain is the most obvious Chinese element in the Yuan Dynasty mural image of Xialu Temple。In the story of this life，Except for a few shops in Nepal -style murals and animals，Liuli tile roof buildings almost appear in each shop screen，This is not only the direct presentation of the Han -style building of Xialu Temple，It also reflects that this building style has been deeply imprinted in the mind of the painter，Become their important painting material。

Gu Xiang Zaba Jianzan at the beginning of the expansion of Xialu Temple，It should be a preliminary idea of ​​the structure of its Chinese -style building，When he returned from most, when he returned to Tibet:

Come to a lot of wood from the south，Invited artisans from the east of the Han Dynasty。Four large roof gold bottle was built on the roof of the Chinese Liuliexie Mountain.，The Buddhist temple on all sides also uses glazed architectural style，Also decorated with the roof gold bottle in Bet365 lotto review the roof ridge。Golden Temple is a three -story Chinese -style Xieshan top building，The rest are the top buildings on the second floor ...

Among them, "Invite the craftsmen from the East Han Land"，You can analyze inference according to its context，It should refer to the Chinese artisans that are proficient in Chinese -style architectural French and glass fired，Painting workers who are well -known in the Han Dynasty，This point will be described in detail below。So，Xialu Temple when the expansion of the Yuan Dynasty，Why use the Chinese -style glazed tile roof style? This is closely related to its royal building background and its expansion demand for the expansion of the royal blessing，It is clearly recorded in "History of Han Tibetan":

Grand Master Damapara sees the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan，Please say: "In Tubo Wu Sizang，I have my uncle Xia Lu Wanhu's home，Please seal down。"The emperor said:" It is both the master of the guru，Just as my uncle，It should be specially respond to。"and given to Xialu's family for generations to take charge of ten thousand households，and a large amount of silver 158 liters (ingots) and other large amounts of giving，It is used to pray for the construction of the three -in -made of gold and silver for the emperor and the Sakya Futian.、Buddhist scriptures and pagodas) and the construction of the temple Buddhist temple。

In the Yuan Dynasty, Tibet not only built a temple with Xialu Temple as the emperor，It is recorded in the earlier period of the Emperor Baziba，Xuanzhengyuan Benqinjia Wakanbu once imitated the style of the palace in Tibet to pray for the emperor and Fukuda、Visual、Temple of burning incense -Lu Jiekang。This is the most clear record of Tibetan literary and historical books.，It is also a Chinese -style wooden building。Repeated Hangu Liuliwawelling Mountain top building elements in the murals of Xialu Temple are inseparable from this layer of meaning。

In many Chinese -style architectural images，The 97th product "Border King Ben Sheng Story" in the "One Hundred Ben" murals in the outer wall of the corridor outer wall of the Corridor is the most typical，The size of the original mural is 1.11 meters，1.39 meters wide。The murals mainly depict the time when the Sakyamuni Buddha is the king of the border in the previous life，Protect Buddhism，Enthusiastic virtue，Introduced by people who lost their way into the right path，Di Shitian heard this，Sending people who drove 33 days of the gods of the heavenly gods welcomed him to 33 days，However, after appreciating the beauty of 33 days，The King of the Bianzhang still chooses to return to the world，Protect Buddhism，bet365 best casino games Story of Essence of sentient beings with compassion。The portrait of the picture of the Chinese architecture is more detailed，Kiss、Feng Duo、Dragon's Set Beast Jiechang，Trip Linking Dragon，Each of the pillars on both sides around the dragon，Typical dragon columns in the architecture of Han and earth。

This article is based on the elements of Central Plains in the murals of the Yuan Dynasty in Xialu Temple as the entry point，Through physical objects with Han Dynasty、image shape and structure comparison，Combined with the context and text content of the picture，Display the depth and breadth of the blending of multi -ethnic art exchanges such as Han Tibet。This communication is not alone，More to stop abruptly。to the 15th century，Emperor Mian Tang、The Tibetan local art style school represented by Qinzi has been produced in succession，The banner of its establishment is to attract the elements of the Han Dynasty as the label，On the other hand, the fusion of Han and Tibetan art in the Yuan Dynasty murals of Xialu Temple，It should be regarded as a pioneer。

(Author is the Associate Research Librarian of the Tibetan Cultural Museum of the Chinese Tibetan Studies)