We usually think，The historical materialism of Marx and Engels just applies the laws of dialectical materialism to the historical field，Therefore, the development law of the entire human society。but，This view is a narrow understanding of historical materialism。Dested，The essence of historical materialism understood by Marx Engels is practice，It is human history and civilization. Under the role of people's practical activities, from one form to another,，The process of finally going to communism。In this process，Practice is reflected as pointing to nature、Society and human's own free and conscious life activities。In this deep understanding of historical materialism，We can find the ecological significance it has。

　Bet365 lotto review

Marxist philosophy thinks，Nature includes free nature and humanization of nature。Naturally, although it has not been touched by human practical activities，But for humans，It has prelude，That is, nature is the mother of human beings，The basis for human beings to survive and develop。On the one hand，Human beings are the products of long -term development of nature，is part of nature; on the other hand，Natural "is a person's inorganic body"，People must rely on natural life，Continuously interact with nature and energy to maintain its own needs。Humanization naturally refers to the transformation of human practice activities，Become humans to use、Nature that can be enjoyed，Humanide naturally hit the brand of people。

Marx's view changed the understanding of the relationship between people and nature in Western philosophy。17th century，Descartes has established the subject and object by demonstrating "I think I am"、The dual theory system of spirit and nature，People and nature have become two bet365 live casino games parallel worlds，​​Run in accordance with its own rules。Bacon thinks，The purpose of philosophy is to make people get knowledge，The so -called "knowledge is power"，That is, people must obtain the power of transformation of nature through knowledge。Under such an influence，17、Western philosophers in the 18th century generally emphasize human rational dominance of nature、Reform the power of nature，Kant called "human natural legislation" as Cordini -style revolution; Fiphit and Hegel will upgrade their rationality to the spiritual power of creating the world，The former believes that the entire experience world is a creator of spiritual motivation; the latter further believes that the development of the world、Changes originated from the planning and evolution of absolute spirit (rational)。In short，From the perspective of these thinkers，The development of a person is the development of the rational power of people who has nothing to do with nature，People have absolute power to dominate nature。

but，Dested，It is impossible for people to have absolute power to nature，between people and nature is a kind of mutual dependence、The relationship between interaction，Traditional Western philosophy is because I did not realize this，One -sided emphasis on people's infinite digging，Only in a certain sense, the natural resources are exhausted、Worsening ecological environment。Marxist philosophy regards practice as the basis for the relationship between man and nature，Practice as a human emotional reality activity，It is a free and conscious life activity directly related to nature，In this life activity，People have transformed nature，Naturally shaped people。That is to say，The practice what Marx said does not mean that a person's one -way activity of nature，The beginning and development of practical activities is human and nature interaction、Process of mutual structure，People must transform naturally bet365 best casino games to make them more suitable for their own survival，At the same time, the change of natural changes also forces people to constantly adjust the way and means of practical activities。So，Practice makes people and nature an inseparable overall，Practice this "free and conscious life activity" is the original state of the relationship between man and nature。

This understanding of Marx's relationship with nature contains clear ecological viewpoints。Naturally not the reality of the outside world，People are in nature，Naturally in people。So，Unlimited grabbing of nature is the consumption of our own lives，Being good is naturally treating us well。

　　Alienation labor has caused alienation of man and nature

From Marx's view，The original harmonious state of the relationship between people and nature is the characteristics of free and conscious life activities，But the relationship between the private ownership has gradually deteriorated the relationship between man and nature，Especially capitalist production relations make the sensual practical activities become narrower and narrower，Gradually become alienated labor。

"Alienation" (Alienation) comes from Latin Alientio，The earliest religious science，Refers to Jesus Christ who lost his body and lost his deity。In modern times，Graouus first used Alientio for the context of personal rights，Refers to the overall guarantee of individuals to obtain national rights by transferring their rights to the country or rulers，But the transfer is not given up，Not the loss of rights，It is just a way to give me。Later Hobbes and Locke also use this concept in the sense of rights transfer。Rousseau enriches the connotation of alienation theory，In his opinion，Establish a contract for individuals to give their own rights to the country or a certain collective，Fundamentally to better realize your rights，If the state or collective does not realize the will of all individuals in accordance with the agreement，It becomes the existence bet365 Play online games of dissidents，So individuals also enjoy the right to recover their rights。Based on this，He science in modern civilization society、Economy、Education and art have a comprehensive criticism of natural humanity，Alienation has resistance、Alien、Objectized、alienation and other meanings。German classical philosopher Feihit first used alienation concepts in the philosophical sense，He applies Martin Luther's alienated German translation HatsichGesaussert (lost) in philosophy，Refers to "self" to create "non -me"，"Non -me" becomes the alien of "self"，"Self" and "Non -I" are the relationship between mutual alienation。Hegel systematically elaborates alienated thoughts on the basis of inheriting Fisht's view，He takes nature、​​Society、The development process of human history and civilization is attributed to the power of absolute spiritual self -denial and self -alienation。Ferbaha uses alienation theory to explain his humanism，He believes that God or God is a fantasy that is not alienated by human essence。

Marx's alienation labor theory is a deeper interpretation of alienation issues on the basis of all previous alienation theories。Marx thinks，Alienation labor is a concept that distinguishes from general labor，The latter is an activity that people seize natural objects，It is an integral part of human objectization activities。But under capitalist conditions，Labor has alienated，It was the confirmed labor alienation of human essential power to compulsory、Compressed labor，"The workers are not sure of themselves in their own labor，but negate yourself，I don’t feel happy，but feel unfortunate，Do not freely use your physical strength and mental strength，Instead, it is damaged by your body，Spirit is destroyed "。The reason why labor is alienated is because under the condition of private ownership of capitalist，Alienation of labor products，That is the product or wealth produced by the Bet365 lotto review workers' labor，But it has become the power of dissidents with workers，Outside the workers and obtain independence，In turn to dominate and control workers。

When labor and labor products are alienated，Not only does it lead，It also makes the relationship between people and nature "break"，That is, a person and the natural separation of the naturalness of the person and the survival of the survival。Before the capitalist system，People and nature are unified，People’s practical activities are the basis for the unity of the two。But in the capitalist stage，When practice alienation is alienated labor，The unified relationship between nature and man is broken，Nature has been gradually commodized in the process of capitalism，Become an independent product to enter the exchange activity，This leads to a natural alienation。Visible，Alienation labor breaks the harmony between man and nature，People have a sense of property that is rich in nature and alienation of nature into a single property，Naturally, it becomes a product that can be separated from others for exchange。When naturally becomes a product，Human desire for nature will infinitely expand，Ecological problems will naturally happen。

　　Dialectical unity of nature and society

From Marx's view，Nature and people are in the process of continuous interaction and construction of each other，So，Naturally participating in the development process of human history。In other words，The history of nature and the history of human society are inseparable，"As long as someone exists，Natural History and Human History restrict each other "。Marx always pays attention to nature from the perspective of human history，He thinks，Freedom naturally only transforms into humanization，It is meaningful for talents，The history of humanization and nature shows the dialectical unity of nature and society。During the previous capitalist period，Because the production method is backward，Although human practice activities bet365 Play online games act on nature，But due to the limitation of the natural environment and conditions，Therefore, it has not changed the fundamental nature of nature，Social attributes of humanization and nature are not fully displayed。At the capitalist period，Capitalist large machine production method has completely changed the existence form，Object to become a direct control and use of human society，Natural available value is completely excavated。But，This does not mean that Marx only pays attention，Marx clearly recognizes the morality of nature、Value of spirit and aesthetics，In his opinion，It is because capitalist production only pays attention to natural material and economic value，Only leading to alienation problems and human perceptual destruction，The relationship between man and nature has fallen into an unprecedented tense state。

One of the core issues of Marx's historical materialism is to criticize the capitalist system and production method: the ultimate purpose of the capitalist production method is to pursue the maximum of the surplus value，Therefore, it will inevitably plunder naturally、Control nature，Taking nature as the object of profit，to destroy nature，Causes the sharp contradictions of human and nature。If you want to change this situation completely，It can’t be adjusted by the capitalist system，Capitalism must be abolished，Make the society into a more advanced stage -Communist society。Communist society is human and nature、People and people、The real solution of contradictions between people and society，It is the dual liberation of nature and human society。This means the elimination of people and nature in the future communist society，People no longer seek to control nature and dominate nature，Instead of caring for nature、Respect naturally, transform nature and enjoy nature。

From the perspective of ecology，The problem to solve the historical materialism is how to fundamentally eliminate the unity control relationship of nature and make nature bet365 best casino games and human perceptual richness.，abolish the capitalist system，Entering communist society is its only solution。So，We can say，Historical materialism does not clearly explain ecological problems，But its thoughts on the dual liberation of man and nature exactly pointed out the direction for humans to solve the ecological problem。

　(Author Unit: School of Marxism, Heilongjiang University)