In the essay of "Non -Taoist"，Bernard Williams (Bernard Williams) describes non -morals as a person who places himself completely outside of "morality": he does not have any moral motivation，No moral concept，Refuse to be evaluated and measured by any moral standards。In short，He will clarify all his contact with morality，Reject everything to be "moralized"。but but，Williams has an interesting optimistic attitude towards non -morals。He pointed out，The biggest difference between non -Taoist and spiritual perverts，It is the ability of the latter that does not have the ability of the former to care about others，Therefore, we can use this，Through the expansion of the sympathy of non -morals，Finally transformed it into an ordinary person with normal moral concepts。The interesting thing is，Typical representatives of non -moralists in Williams，It is precisely the common blood gangsters in movies -he is a good son、Good husband、Good father、Good brother，But it is difficult to push the limited concern to those close to others。

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Obviously，Under the definition of Williams，Can be friends with non -morals constitute a question。Contemporary ethical scientists discuss this issue，related to their understanding of friendship。Generally speaking，Contemporary ethicalists regard friendship as a non -moral good，The focus of their attention is the tension between the general requirements of morality and some moral requirements of friendship: the moral requirements for friendship are lower bet365 best casino games than the general requirements of morality。Some scholars such as Michael Stocker and Bernard Williams，See this as a defect for the general theory of morality。Others，Peter Railton and David Velleman，Based on acknowledging this tension, amended the concept of moral theory or friendship。Generally speaking，What they seek is the unity between the general requirements of morality and some moral requirements of friendship，As T.M.SCANLON said，"Consistent with the general moral requirements is the value of the friendship itself"。

But in fact，People seem to have no such high moral requirements for friendship。In most cases，Due to malicious homicide, this crime impact on our moral impact is too strong，We must not want to become friends with malicious murderers。But，If someone is for loved ones、Friends who are killed and killed for deep hatred，So the situation is another matter。For this situation，Even if the killer cannot escape the severe punishment of the law，People seem to be much more tolerant of it，Even sometimes the murderers will be popular with folk public opinion。Some scholars point out，Can we be friends with non -morals，Depending on the degree of violations of non -morals to our recognition of the moral norms，There is a distinction between "immoral" and "amral" in the middle: "immorality" is more violated than "non -moral" for moral norms，We cannot accept "immoral"，But you can accept "non -moral"。But obvious，This distinction does not match the actual situation of people who become friends。In real life，There are many reasons why people become friends，It is not limited to moral considerations。Diversity of friendship cause，It shows the complexity of the human nature itself。

　　Aristotle distinguishes two kinds of friendship

In the history of Western thought，Aristotle is the first philosopher to comprehensively think about friendship。different friendship between Chinese people as friends，"Friendship" that Aristotle understands is not limited to friends，It also includes mutual like and love between family members and even members of society。In "Niger Marco Ethics"，Aristotle's definition of love、Cause、Condition、The category has been sorted out。We can't help but think，As a person who has a deep understanding of friendship，How can Aristotle view the question of "Can you be friends with non -morals"?

Aristotle divides the type of friendship according to the object of friendship。The so -called friendly object，The cute thing that connects people in linked，People become friends because they find the cute things on each other。There are three kinds of cute things: one，Can bring happiness;，It can bring utilitarian;，Good，That is good morality。corresponding to this，Friendship can be divided into happy friendship、utilitarian friendship and virtue friendship。Divine You and Aid，Most of them appear between adults，Is the most common friendship。Happy Friends and love due to the sharing of happiness，Most of them appear between young people。Morality friendship produces between people with virtue，They appreciate each other's virtue and become friends。In three kinds of friendship，Happy friendship and utilitarian love can exist between everyone，Good people and good people、Between bad guys and bad guys and good people and bad guys can find these two kinds of love; and virtue friendship can only produce between good people，As a friend, both sides must be a moral person。

Aristotle pointed out，bet365 Play online games Both of them must meet some conditions: First，I really hope to be good because of my friends' own reason; second，The love or kindness between friends is mutual; third，Aware of each other's good intentions; fourth，Live together for a long time。Of these four conditions，The first three are Aristotle to determine whether the two are the main basis for friends。Three kinds of friendship from the above conditions，Aristotle thinks，Only virtue friendship is the most complete、unconditional and lasting，and the other two kinds of friendship are conditional、Low and unstable。There are two reasons: one，In Germany and friendship，Friends love each other because of their friends，In the other two categories，The generation of friendship is due to the benefits or happiness that the other party can bring，Once this benefits or happiness disappear，Friendship and love also dissipate; the second，Morality friendship is both useful and happy，and the other two types of friendship are not necessarily necessary。

So the question comes: If we strictly follow the conditions of becoming friends，I will find that happy friendship and utilitarian friendship seem to conflict with it。First，Happy friendship and utilitarian love depends on happiness or utilitarian sharing，And this sharing is based on the premise of satisfying the happiness or utilitarian of self，This condition violates the condition "I hope friends are good because of friends themselves"。Next，Happy friendship and utilitarian love exist between everyone，But it is difficult for us to believe that there is good intentions between bad guys，It's hard to imagine that they realize each other's kindness。So，How should we treat bet365 Play online games the contradiction between the classification of friendship and the conditions of becoming friends? The answer is in the definition of friendship: "Friendship is a virtue，or accompanied by morality。More，It is the most needed for our lives。"" In this definition，Aristotle actually distinguishes the friendship of "Ying Ry" and the friendship of "actually": the former is "a kind of virtue，or accompanied by virtue "，The latter "Most Life Requires"。

　　"Ying Ren" is consistent with friendship and universal morals

"Ying Ry" friendship is the ideal friendship in Aristotle，It has an important position in the entire ethics framework of Aristotle -is an indispensable part of a happy life。We know，Aristotle defines happiness as "the soul conforms to virtue activities"。In this sense，Ideal friendship as part of a happy life，It must be a virtue -that is, the virtue and love that Aristotle calls。Just，This kind of friendship is extremely difficult to get，It is the most stringent full friendship，Only in the existence of only a few people with virtue。Aristotle's limitation of becoming a condition to become friends，Is in terms of virtue and friendship。The friendship of "in fact" is the most happy friendship and utilitarian friendship for life，Contains Aristotle's deep understanding of the real world。In this world，Morality friendship After all, it is just an exclusive exclusive to a few people with virtue。Most people face the life of life，utilitarian and happiness is the most realistic needs of people and the most easy comfort。So，Friendship on the building on utilitarian and happiness has its own necessity and universality。and，The complexity of human nature is，We can accompany good people，Can also be with bet365 live casino games bad guys，Since the connection to good people and bad guys cannot be virtue，It can only be the need for reality。So，We can also understand happy friendship and utilitarian friendship.，It shows the distance between the ideal and reality: at the ideal level，Aristotle held up the banner to promote virtue friendship，tied up to reach the ideal condition; at the actual level，He has to make a compromise，Acknowledge the happiness, friendship and utilitarian friendship。

Knowing this，How does Aristoto think of the question of "being friends with non -morals" is also solved: standing on the standing position，Aristotle will severely refuse to be friends with non -morals，Requires to be friends with those with virtues; from the perspective of facts，As long as someone is mutually beneficial to someone with a non -moral person，Happy together，They can develop utilitarian friendship or happy friendship。Contemporary Ethics The question of the question of "can be friends with non -morals"，Always entangled in the general demand of morality and the contradiction of partiality of friendship。But，Discussion from this contradiction has a big problem，That is, they have put forward too high requirements for people at the beginning -it assumes that people will care about the moral standard of friends，Or must you achieve some kind of consistency in moral concept，will become a friend。But in actual life，The process of dating our friends with friends is from shallow to deep，The reason for the beginning of a friendship is often sharing common happiness or has common interests。Of course we will consider universal moral requirements，But it does not seem to be a decisive factor in friendship。No doubt，The facts about friendship even highlight Bet365 lotto review Aristotle's insights: morality is not the most important prerequisite for friendship，but only one of the many reasons。

　(This article is the National Social Science Foundation Project "Aristotle" Odmo Ethics "and" Niger Marco Ethics "(17bzx098) staged results)

(Author Unit: Philosophy of Renmin University of China)