Contemporary Yingmei Analytical Philosophy Traditional Inspenor is a very active and rapid research field。An obvious example is，Shortly after the so -called "value steering" occurs，The theory of knowledge is considered to be experiencing a factual steering。So，What is the factual turn? What factors have contributed to this steering?，We will analyze these problems one by one。

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It is generally considered，Only when we believe in one thing based on good reasons and evidence，Our beliefs are basically basically available、Justify and reasonable。The problem that follows is，What are the reasons for faith? Most of the traditional knowledge theory thinks，The reason for the reason that can play faith is the inner psychological state of the subject of faith，If perception experience or other beliefs。For example，When others ask you why you believe there is a brown table in front of you，You may naturally answer because you see a brown table。That is to say，Your visual experience can be used as a reason for your belief; when asked why he believes that Xiaoming is not at home，The reason you can give is: you believe he went to work at this time。Psychological status as a reason for faith is reasonable。Because，Obviously，Good reasons must be to support beliefs，It will make the belief holding reasonable，But only things that the subject can be achieved，What is the thing that causes reasonable beliefs or not，What a completely not understood by the subject will not affect the rationality of his beliefs。For example，You see water droplets bet365 Play online games and hit the window，This will make you believe that it is reasonable to rain outside，Although the actual situation is that the crew outside is filming，Created the scene of rain。But this situation is not known for you，So it does not affect the reasonableness of your belief。Psychological state is easily understood and known by the subject，So it is taken for granted as the best choice for the reason for faith。

Simply put，The factual steering of knowledge theory refers to a trend shown in the research of knowledge theory in recent years，From the original generally considered subjective psychological state to provide reason and evidence for beliefs，Turn into more and more emphasis: the reason can only be factive (factive)。Literal perspective，One thing is the facts，It means that it is in line with facts。More accurate saying is，Factive things contain facts，From it, what can be obtained from the actual situation。What you need to pay attention to is，Although the facts must be facts，But except for facts，There are other facts of facts。bet365 best casino games True perception experience is the facts，From I do see that the table is brown，It is true that "the table is brown" is true，That is, "the table is brown" is the facts。Knowledge is also factual，Because the analysis of knowledge concepts is based on the traditional concept of knowledge，Knowledge is the true belief of being defended，I know that one thing contains this thing is true、Is the facts。On the contrary，Belief and general perception experience are not facts。For example，I may believe that someone likes me，But from my belief, I can’t get me really like me，I might just have a wishful thinking。Another example，Partial chopsticks that are not soaked in Bet365 app download the water seem to be curved，I can't get the chopsticks from this visual experience.。Traditional knowledgeists take non -actual psychological state such as belief and perception as a reason for beliefs，In recent years, more and more people do not agree with this approach，Instead, the reason for thinking can only be factual，That is facts、True perception experience or knowledge，This is the factual steering in the so -called knowledge theory。

　The cause of facts shift

The emergence of the facts of the facts is not overnight，In fact, there is an accumulated process。It is generally considered，There are three forces to promote this steering together，Analysis of knowledge theory、Knowledge first knowledge theory and factualism in action philosophy。

Knowledge Theory Analytical Proposal，bet365 best casino games True perception experience and unrealistic perception experience (such as illusions and hallucinations) have different cognitive significance。Specifically，Only realist experience can provide defense for faith。When a cognitive subject has real perception experience，If he does see someone，His visual experience is for him to believe that there is a good reason in front of him。but，If it is just an illusion or hallucination，If he is actually a tree or nothing in front of him，Then it seems that a person's perception experience will not provide a reason for his beliefs，Not even a little reason for it。The difference between real and unrealistic perception is that in the former，The external world is directly presented，When you really see a person，There is really a person in front of you。In other words，True perception experience is the facts，Unrealistic perception experience is non -fact。Compared with unrealistic perception experience，True perception experience has the superiority of the cognitive cognition for faith，It is reflected in its facts，It can reflect the facts。

Timothy Williamson's knowledge priority principle has a wide range of influences。His analysis of knowledge at once，No longer rely on beliefs、Defense and other concepts to understand knowledge，Instead, knowledge is used as an irreplaceable original concept，Based on it to explain the defense of faith。The traditional approach is to analyze knowledge as a true belief to defend，Williamson reversed the order of explanation，Try to use the concept of knowledge to explain or explain beliefs、Defense、Evidence and other related concepts。He advocates，Knowledge and only knowledge can provide defense for faith，The principle of evidence of the evidence of knowledge and only knowledge constitutes faith (e = k)。or，Everyone knows everything and only what he knows，The overall evidence that constitutes his evidence。He also pointed out，Knowing that it is a factual psychological state。That is to say，In this psychological state，What we know is facts，From knowing p，It is true that P is available to push p，P is the facts。

Compared with knowledge theory，The field of action philosophy has gone through the facts of facts first。There is a famous distinction in the philosophy of action，is the reasons for normative (or defense) and motivation reasons。The reasons for normativeness are the reason for someone to do something，This reason is supporting this; the reason for someone to do something is actually the reason for motivation。A number of philosophers have already believed that the facts rather than the belief or desire of the actor are the normative or good reasons of action。bet365 Play online games The reason is the fact itself，Not the belief about facts。Jonathan Dance believes，The reason for motivation must also be at least possible to become a regulatory reason，Since the reasons for normative are facts，So the reason for motivation must be a fact, not a psychological state such as faith or desire。，Some action philosophers think，The views on the reasons for action can be extended to all fields。Further say，Whether it is a reason for the reasons for practice，It is still a reason for the belief of cognitive reasons，They are all facts。

　　The resistance that turns to encounter

The reason for the faith is real perception experience、Knowledge，Still facts，They have a common feature，All are factual。We can't help but ask，Why does traditional knowledge have always regarded non -factual psychological state as a reason for faith，What did it not change until the last two decades? Generally considered，The emergence of this situation，It is related to the thinking of the philosophers in history。We can imagine a world ruled by Descartes -style devil，This world is completely different from our real world in the objective environment，But my twin brothers in that world have the same perception as I have the same perception as my demon control。For example，When I see that the table is brown，He also has a table for brown perception experience。Based on the same perception experience，We all have formed a letter of brown at the table。His belief is obviously fake，Because the table is not brown or there is no table at all。So，Whether the two of us have the same reason, I believe that the table is brown，Or is it reasonable for us to form such a belief? Many philosophers tend to give positive answers。Obviously，My twin bet365 Play online games brothers are equally rational，But my situation is good，His situation is bad。If our beliefs are also reasonable，and based on the same reason，And the common place between us has the same psychological state，So looks like，The reason for our belief can only be our psychological state。，The biggest difference between our biggest difference is exactly different from the facts in the external world of each itself，So the possibility of factual things as the reason for faith can be ruled out。

Recently some philosophers have pointed out，The belief of the cognitive subject in the suspicion of the context cannot be defended。Although my twin brothers do not need to be blamed because of his beliefs fake，But this does not mean that his belief is defended or reasonable。It is two codes to be defended and needless to be blamed。The authenticity of the proposition we believe will affect the rationality of faith。So，People who are in good cognitive and bad people，Although it may believe in the same thing，but not all reasonable，Do not have the same belief reasons。It can be said，Differential defense and exemption from the facts of knowledge theory to a certain extent eliminated a key obstacle。

Of course，There is really a so -called factual steering in the knowledge theory，Not a voice without doubt。As we have seen，In the middle of the philosopher who supports the facts of the facts，What does it constitute a reason for faith，Have different opinions，At least realistic experience experience appeared、Knowledge and facts:。Some people have the views of multiple theory，I believe that since the reason is to play a variety of characters，You cannot bear it by one thing。Visible，Facting turning is not a consistent bet365 best casino games pace、Relaxed philosophical movement，There is differences in its internal existence，Details also need to be improved。but，philosophers advocating the fact that the facts of the facts have a basic consensus，That is the reason why only facts can constitute faith。

　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Heilongjiang University)