Physicalism (Physicalism) is one of the mainstream philosophical theory of the mainstream philosophy of the international philosophy today，It is also regarded as the contemporary continuation of the traditional materialism tradition that has been stretched for thousands of years in the long river of human thought，is a worldview that fits modern science。According to the explanation given by the "Encyclopedia of Stanford Philosophy"，Physics can be expressed as: everything is physics，or everything is accompanied by (Supervene on) physics。Currently there are various discussions on physics in physics，But in general, it is based on the three basic problems: expressing the problem、Heart -Body Question、Specification Questions。These three basic issues are independent and affect each other，Almost all aspects of contemporary physics。

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Explanation problem refers to，Can you and how to properly define the basic concept of "physical"。This is vital to accurately understand physics。Carl Gustav Hempel earlier with a dilemma (that is, "Hunpur Two Disposes") to point out，The problem of the expression is that the physics cannot be around。At present, the physicalism schemes to deal with the "Hunpur dilemma" mainly include the following five types。Scheme 1: Use physics theory to express "what is physics"，Then make a specific analysis of "Hunpur Dilemma"，Breakthrough with the figure。Plan 2: Do not use physics theory，but describes "What is physical" based on a model physical object，Avoid "Hunpur Dilemma" with a picture。Scheme 3: Test the "Via Negativa) to avoid" Hunpur Dilemma "。​​Plan 4: No longer trying to express physics as a topic with real value，Instead, treat it as a certain attitude or methodology guidance principle that is not true and false，to avoid "Hunpur Dilemma"。The above four schemes are currently difficult to overcome: the plan is still difficult to get rid of the "Hunpur dilemma";，It will make some common physics viewpoints (such as cancellation theory、Type of the same theory) The situation is embarrassing; for physicalism for physicalism，Plan 4 is actually not sufficient nor necessary。

In view of the above four schemes, there are obvious deficiencies，Recently, some scholars have proposed a new type of improved solution (plan 5)。Plan 5 absorbs the active results of the scheme two about the physical object of the model，The principle of causality closure of the physics world is re -expressed by the principle of causality in the physics world。Comparison of comparison，The main characteristics of the solution five are three points。One，Plan 5 not only can effectively respond to the question faced by the first four schemes，and can effectively avoid "Hunpur Dilemma"，Can also get rid of the problem of pan -theory。Its two，Plan Five is a bet365 best casino games solution between neutralizing the controversy between restoring physics and non -returned physics.，Therefore, it is expected to become a scheme generally accepted by physics。Its three，Exploring the Program V，Thinking that can further deepen the shape and school level，Help physicists build a more solid metaphysical and school theoretical system。

Heart -Body Question 

Since the Di Carter era，Heart-Mind-Body Privem has always been the basic problem in modern western philosophy，It is also one of the focus of contemporary spiritual philosophy and cognitive science。Heart -The question is asked，The soul (that is, psychological phenomenon) and the body (that is, physical phenomenon) exist.。Contemporary related debate，It is mainly developed between dualism and physics。Binary Theory has two common types，Substance Dualism (Substance Dualism) and Property Dualism (Property Dualism)。The former thinks，Psychological phenomena and physical phenomena are divided into two types of different entities，Each can exist independently，and there is no inevitable contact between the two。The latter thinks，Psychological phenomena and physical phenomena are divided into two types of different attributes，Although psychological phenomena cannot exist independently，But there is no inevitable connection between psychological phenomena and physical phenomena。

Different answers to the heart -body question，Three types of physics can be partially divided: Eliminativism、Reductive Physicalism and non-restoration Physicalism。Different from binary theory，Physicalism believes，Either everything in the world is physics; or even if there is a psychological phenomenon or other non -physical phenomena，After all, it is also necessary to based on physical phenomena or with physical phenomena。On the heart，Binary Theory provides a metaphysical world map of the dual splitting of the mind and body，And physicalism attempts to provide a unified metaphysical world map of the heart and body。In this picture of physics，There are currently three difficulties that need to be dealt with: consciousness (consciousness)、Causal effect of psychological phenomena、Position of psychological phenomenon (The Placement of the Mental)。

There are two difficulties in consciousness。The first difficulty is: how to understand consciousness or psychological phenomena generally have the first-person perspective characteristics (The Character of the First-Person Perspective) or subjective characteristics (The Subjective Character)。The second difficulty is: how to understand the phenomenon characteristics of some special psychological phenomena (Phenomeenal Character)。Brief words，Subjective features are almost unique to all psychological phenomena。Phenomenal features refer to，In addition to subjective characteristics，Some psychological phenomena often also have distinctive phenomena (Phenomeneal Quality) or phenomenon features。Conscious experience or psychological experience bet365 live casino games with phenomenal characteristics，It is collectively referred to as feel (qualia)。

More and more scholars think，Subjective characteristics do not necessarily constitute a substantial threat for physics，What may constitute a substantial threat is the phenomenon characteristics of the feeling of feeling。Three types of physics of the three types are unsatisfactory to explain the phenomenon characteristics clearly。There are two physics solutions in recent years.。One of the main questions currently faced by the former is，How to clarify the cognitive mechanism of the phenomenon concept。and the main question currently encountered by the latter is，It is difficult to solve the "Combination Privem"。Brief words，The key to the conceptual strategy is，It is pointed out that the phenomenon is a certain episodes that people produce when using a specific phenomenon concept，It does not necessarily have any metaphysical substantial status。

Because the phenomenon conceptual strategy does not involve metaphysical specific situation at the level of school，Therefore, in the controversy of physics and their opponents，It actually does not favor any party。On the one hand，For physicists，The advantage of the conceptual strategy of persistence is，It is expected to prevent the opponents from the perspective of the epistemology level (such as dual theoretical) to make a certain "excessive interpretation" of phenomenon characteristics。Difficulty is，To succeed in doing this，Physicists need to explain how special phenomenon concepts are so special，In the cognitive process of people's concept of phenomenon，How does it produce phenomenon features。That is to say，Physicals have the responsibility of providing a satisfactory physicalist description for the cognitive mechanism of the phenomenon concept。On the other hand，For the opponent，If you want to show that the phenomenon characteristics do have some kind of form and go to school，That is, the phenomenon feature is a psychological attribute that is different from the physical attributes different from the physical attribute，Then you need to demonstrate the phenomenon conceptual strategy is defective or even wrong。At present，Whether it is a physician or its opponent，Nothing to provide sufficient reasons，To show that your relevant position is completely reasonable。For the physicist side，One of the current directions worthy of attention is，How to penetrate in depth and try to do some specific work，Make a necessary way to make a cognitive mechanism to figure out the cognitive mechanism of the conceptual strategy。

Different from the concept of phenomenon，Pan -hearted theory of the physicalist version is usually considered，Phenomenon is characterized by a macro psychological phenomenon or conscious state，In the final analysis, it is composed of some micro basic psychological characteristics。So，At the level of school and school，These micro psychological characteristics not only have basic status，and the same as some micro physical characteristics (such as electrons)，It Bet365 lotto review is also common。other，Although these micro psychological characteristics are basic，But it is impossible to exist in isolation，The physical characteristics of the basics attached to some foundations can exist。Due to this perspective (macro) phenomenon characteristics, the phenomenon of phenomenon has the basic (micro) psychological root，Therefore, it can be said that it is a type of (contemporary) panic theory。Due to this view，(Whether it is micro or macro) Psychological phenomenon is always accompanied by physical phenomena，Therefore, it has not separated from the camp of physics。This view has both the theoretical characteristics of physics and pan -theory.，Therefore, it is called "Pan -Heart Theory of the Physics Version"。but but，Can you and how to make a reasonable explanation of the production mechanism of macro phenomena characteristics，is the "combination problem" of the Pan -the -Merimistor who has always troubled the physician version。

Currently diverse treatment schemes on the combination problem，Roughly entered the following two categories。The first type of scheme faces the combination problem，Try to respond to the specific mechanism of the combination of micro -psychological characteristics to form a macro phenomenon feature。It is not difficult to understand，This plan follows the old idea of ​​returning theory。The second type of scheme tries to avoid or even eliminate the combination problem。The key is，Try to reveal it on the one hand，The premise of the combination problem preset some unreasonableness。For example，Cognitive patterns of explaining macro physical phenomena are preset.。On the other hand, try to demonstrate，In the theoretical framework of non -returned physical physics，It is still expected to provide a satisfactory physicalistic description for phenomena。Visible，Unlike the first solution，The second solution tries to provide a new idea of ​​non -restoration theory。These two types of solutions are good or bad、Right and wrong，There is no conclusion at present，To further develop and improve。

Below，Let's take a look at the cause and effect problem of psychological phenomena。The problem is about，Intuition，Most people not only believe that psychological phenomena really exist，And also believe (some) psychological phenomenon has causal effect。If the physics thinks，Only physical phenomena can have real cause and effect，and do not intend to ignore the above intuition，Then it seems to face the following trouble: if only physical phenomena can have causal effect，Because the psychological phenomenon is not a physical phenomenon，Then you can launch，Psychological phenomena cannot have causal effect。So，Physicalism seems difficult to achieve，While insisting on physical phenomena, it has the effect of real causality，Can also retain the causal effect of psychological phenomena。This is the causal effect problem of the psychological phenomenon in front of the physicist。

About causal effectiveness bet365 Play online games problems，Fundamental point of view may still be for this reason: the investigation of the heart -body problems will eventually touch some basic concepts in the field of school (such as attribute、Cause and effect, etc.)，The existing physicalism of physicalism and the school framework cannot provide sufficient theoretical space for relevant in -depth discussions。So，To finally solve the heart with satisfactory manner，It is necessary to make further clarification of the basic concepts of the basic school involved in body problems，Breaking the limit of the existing theoretical framework，Create a new type of physicalism that is more solid and enough to accommodate related discussions。

Last，Let's take a look at the position problem。It is talking about，If physics is right，So how to set psychological phenomena in the physical world。In other words，The main point of the location is，For physicalism，What is the metaphysical relationship between psychological phenomena and physical phenomena。It is not difficult to understand，For the cancellation theory and type of the same theory (a type of physicalism)，Position problem does not constitute a substantial threat，Because neither of them acknowledge the real existence of psychological phenomena is a metaphysical level。For the strong follow -up physics (another type of physics) and non -original physicalism，Position problem is inseparable。

About location difficulties，Inspired by Kant，Donald Herbert Davidson earlier proposed that the relationship between mind and physical relationship is a special type (token identity related)，and point out that this is not conflicting with the relationship with the heart (weak) with the relationship。Thinking along Davidson，Tropes theory (Tropes Theory) with the help of contemporary forms，John Heil and Henry Taylor and others have constructed an improved version of the special type of the same theory (token identity theory) in recent years，"Powerful Quality View。This theory has attracted much attention，Not only is it expected to retain the causal effect of psychological phenomena in the framework of non -returned physics，Find a satisfactory possible answer for location difficulties，And it also brought an important revelation for the ultimate solution of physicalism.。

Normal Questions 

Specifications here，refers to ethical normative。Normal problems say，Physicalist in principle only provides descriptive knowledge about things，and ethical knowledge has a standardized essential characteristics，However, only from descriptive knowledge can not be pushed out of standardized knowledge，Therefore, physicalism seems to be unable to explain the source of ethical norms。This problem has a long history，Dad back to Hume's dual knowledge distinguished by "right"。Hume thinks，There is an irreplaceable gap between the "yes" at the description level and the "should" at the standard level.。The current common response can be divided into two categories: restore theory scheme and non -returned original theory plan。

The popular approach in recent years is，From Bet365 app download the perspective of evolutionary biology or neuroscience，Explain the root source of ethical normative biology，or the research results of comprehensive contemporary natural sciences，Coupled with the transformation of certain religious philosophy resources，Try to build an ethical values ​​for restoring physicalism。This type of restore scheme is collectively referred to as "Naturalization of Ethics"，It is the subject of ethics and Director Lun as a pure natural phenomenon or physical phenomenon，It is believed that in principle, you can take some restoration of processing methods，Restore the standardized ethical knowledge into descriptive physical knowledge，Therefore, it is essentially a way to restore physicalism。other，In recent years, some people have tried from the perspective of quantum physics，The micro -root source of human free will，Try to restore macro moral attributes or moral subjects into non -reasonable facts at the micro -level，Therefore。But，Different from the aforementioned restoration of physicalism entering the way，Because some non -reasonable facts (such as psychological attributes or moral attributes) are promised at the micro basic level，Therefore, the latter is essentially a micro-PANPSYISM。

The above -mentioned theory plan is currently facing two main difficulties。The first difficulty is，Ethics naturalization into the road not only violates the moral intuition of the majority，and at this stage, there is no enough support for scientific evidence。The second difficulty is，The above micro -pan -theory does not necessarily conflict with physicalism，But it will face the "combination problem"。

There are two common plans for non -repayment theory to deal with normative problems。The first solution is to accompany physicalism: on the one hand, the basic characteristics of the world are physics，On the other hand, it also acknowledge the non -physical characteristics of the Director Lun and Ethical subject。Affiliated Physicalism with the help of metaphysics or other relationships (realized、foundation) link the two，The source of ethical normative sources is ethical facts，Ethics is always accompanied by physical facts，But it cannot be restored into physical facts，Ethical knowledge cannot be restored into physical knowledge。This not only keeps the bottom line of physics，Reserved a certain autonomous space for ethical normative。The second solution is the same type of the same theory solution: this solution borrows the beneficial resources in contemporary spiritual philosophy，On the one hand, it is considered that the facts of ethics and physical facts are not different，On the other hand, there are two different sets of vocabulary (physical vocabulary and ethical vocabulary) about the same fact (physical vocabulary and ethics)。Although there are co-reference relationships between specific ethical vocabulary and specific physical vocabulary，But in principle, there is no unprecedented or strict bet365 best casino games bridge law (Bridge Law，Therefore, it is impossible to restore ethical vocabulary into physics vocabulary。

Non -restoration theory scheme is currently facing three main difficulties。The first difficulty is，Adopt a scheme with attached physicalism，Need to explain whether there is a real connection between the moral facts and the action。The second difficulty is，Adopt a special type of the same theory plan，You need to provide more cognitive mechanism descriptions for the theoretical model of "one fact/two vocabulary"，Otherwise, it is inevitable that there are specialty suspects。The third difficulty is，Adopt a special type of the same theory plan，It also needs to be further explained to the essential characteristics of moral facts，and consider how to avoid caught in a vicious cycle argument。

This article briefly sort out the basic ideas of contemporary physics，Analyze the main problems of existence，and pointed out the new development direction worthy of attention。Study on the basic theory of the mainstream philosophy of contemporary physics for contemporary physics，helps further consolidate the foundation of philosophy and social sciences，Promote the high -quality development of the interdisciplinary cross。

(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Fund "Philosophy Research on the Challenge of Nature Cognitive Cognitive Cognitive" (21&ZD061) Staged results) 

(The author is a professor at the Department of Philosophy of Xiamen University)