As early as the 1930s，Soviet economist Luxebe pointed out: "Taking abstract labor as a physiological consumption of labor is wrong。"" physiological interpretation deviates from the basic principles of historical materialism，There is a tendency to scientifically scientific abstract labor。About abstract labor，No fixed usage in Marx text，For example, the "Abstract Spiritual Labor"、"Critical Economics。Book First Book "" Abstract -General Labor "、"Abstract Human Labor" in "Capital"。"Human" is not "abstract object inherent in a single person"，but "social" human，Therefore, the essence of abstract labor exists in social relations。In this sense，The existence of capitalist labor with "abstract" is in line with text and logic。other，Marx said that abstract labor is accompanied by "common", "universal", "no different" attributive，Therefore, it is necessary to combine these expressions instead of in isolation to explain this concept。

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To accurately grasp the "abstract" nature of abstract labor，It must be returned to the philosophical change context of this concept。In the tradition of Aristotle，Abstract was first defined as "technical characteristics of the thinking process"，but not independent。According to Haoge's statement，In Platoism，Abstract gradually becomes independent and becomes ideal、The universal existence of separation from the material。Abstraction has become the core category of epistemology，and express a recognition ability。Kant's "intellectual abstraction" is the ability to regulate the minds of perceptual mixed。In Hegel's philosophy，Abstract means simple specified of things，Thinking about things is from abstraction to specific dialectical processes。Ferbaha developed abstract negative meaning，It is believed that the disadvantages of rational metaphysics are the concept category that originally abstracted from the existence of sensuality with the nature of people。

"Abstract" from epistemology and understanding is the interpretation of naturalism of abstract labor，The bet365 live casino games classic definition of "Capital": "All labor，On the one hand, it is the consumption of human labor in the physiological sense; as far as the same or abstract human labor is concerned，It forms a product value。"" In this explanation paradigm，Specific labor and abstract labor is further transformed into personality and commonality、Special and General、Individual and general relationship。Abstract labor is understood as specific、Special、Abstract of the emotional labor of individual brand，The consumption of physical and mental strength by thinking in physiology，Condensed in the product to form value。From the perspective of natural scientific thinking，Although this abstract labor cannot be intuitive to，But can grasp its objectivity through "abstraction"。

This looks like，Does Marx himself become a fan of naturalism? The key to the interpretation of biology science is in the first volume of "Capital", "The Promotion of Master and its Secret" chapter。The reason why the product is valuable，It is because of "condensing" human labor，But this is "later scientific discovery"，and have epoch -making significance。The "discovery" said in Marx is reflected in the concept，refers to the abstraction of human thinking that has become a real history; and "scientific" discovery，It is the scope for this kind of understanding，That is a set of natural sciences based on tool rationality。Marx thinks this is just "thinking about the law from the back"，The scientific analysis of the form of human life "is" began in the post -afterwards，means，Start with the result of the completion of the development process "。

But，"Science" as the dimension of value evaluation，It is the result of the "scientific thinking" as a "scientific thinking" as a subject category。This means，The physiological connotation of abstract labor needs to be clear of historical materialism，Then leave a reasonable position for its criticism of political economics。Marx inherited the concept of "abstraction" of epistemology critically，"Thinking is used to master specific、Taking it as a spiritual and concrete way "，Through this "scientific and correct method" reveals the essence of labor category as the theory of capitalist production relations。Physiological bet365 live casino games connotation is the product of the capitalist commodity economy，Expressing with the "abstract understanding" of natural science，But at the same time, the super historicization of abstract labor。It is from the category of "post -afterwards，Employing labor will be regarded as an eternal form of production。The consumption of physiology，Its essence is to calculate the consumption of human labor through biological science and technology，Eventually with abstract physical time as the measurement standard。On the contrary，Marx does not understand life from natural science，It believes that "time is an abstract form of perceptual perception"，The labor process is the disappearance of human emotional life。But the life time is abstracted as the physical time of dissolving personality differences and pure digital physical time in the calculation of product exchange value。Human beings have not adopted physical time to guide life since ancient times，In China ’s farming society is a natural solar terms、seasonal as a reference。The setting of physical time into people's life is the product of a certain historical movement。

　　Value Objective: Criticism of the existence of abstract labor

After Marx's transformation，"Abstract" of abstract labor enters the field of existence theory。At this level，Abstract labor is not the concept of concrete labor in natural scientific thinking abstract，Instead of "abandoning the objective relationship and existence of sensuality"。In other words，Marx's criticism of the political economy of abstract labor and the existence of self -awareness of self -consciousness has inherent unity。The movement of the concept of Hegel's philosophy instead of the movement of reality，Use self -consciousness instead of constantly abandoning the perceptual objective activity subject。Marx to abandon Ferbaha's perceptual intuition and Hegel's rational subject。Under dual criticism，Abstract labor must not be explained as existence in each era、The consistent thing，but the result of human perceptual activity。In "The Manuscript of Economics of 1844"，Marx has clearly explicitly existing people's objective activities。Sensory objective activity is the subjectivity of human objective essence，bet365 Play online games "Abstract" labor means existence of sensibility、Objective activity and human essence (human personality、abilities and life performance, etc.) abandoned。This abandonment is also an abstract subject (the abstract labor of creating value) to return its own process after negating the perceptual objective relationship。

This interpretation is not a humanistic return on the theory of Marx Labor Theory。In "Capital"，Marx did not give up the important concept of "objectivity"。The reason why a product has value，It is because the object of human abstract labor is in it，But the "value object" of the product is not perceptual，but a "ghost -like object"。"Ghost -like objectivity" is an objective existence that is independent from the existence of sensibility，Therefore, it is "the objectivity of pure imagination" or "abstract objectivity"。Compared with it，Marx referred to the objectivity of the specific labor creation products as "use objective", "feeling rough objectivity", "the objectivity of death"。This is exactly the philosophical expression of "economic discourse"。"The objectivity of imagination" is by no means personal subjective imagination; it is just the opposite，Products become exchanges are not because value is independent of people、The perceptual object (real deposit)，but because the value is confirmed by people as independent of the product itself during the exchange process、But the real existence of human social interaction and social consensus。From this，Objectiveness and value objects of the critical dimension of political economics，It is uniformly unified with the perceptual and rational object (or conscious objectivity) of the existence of the existence of the discussion.。

About the abstract labor of the objective activity of people，In the form of value form, the provisions of the existence of people's existence of people's necessary time in value form。Because of the abstraction (average) of labor，It can "encounter" in the form of historical coincidence as natural sciences，that is, the accurate control of the labor process and exploitation of the remaining value through the physicalization of labor time。From time to view，The "abstraction" of abstract labor is not only manifested in Bet365 app download individual labor time，More hidden in the "rationalization" of the labor process for the necessary labor time of society。Social necessary labor time is an objective existence of super perceptual，This kind of social time that cannot be grasped by senses becomes an intangible tool for the controller。Social necessary labor time is manifested here as a secret、Structural social power，Because of its "natural laws as a regulatory effect, forced roads for yourself，Just like the law of gravity when the house falls on the head of the person to open the road for yourself "。Not only the workers are regulated by them，The entire bourgeoisie restricted by the capitalist production method is no exception。So Marx regards the labor time of the scale of value as the secret behind the movement of the relative value of the product。

　Abstract of labor: Social specified in abstract labor

Marx believes that the objectivity of value is based on the social exchange of goods。"The objectivity of value can only be manifested in the social relations of goods and goods"，So "there is no natural material atom in the value of the commodity body"。Words，Abstract labor is a social category rather than a natural category。There is also the social nature of this personal labor in non -capitalist society，But its labor products are not necessarily valuable。When labor force is generally becoming a product，The entire social production is based on the separation of private labor and social labor。"Abstract" for abstract labor，ABSTRAHERE (ABSTRAHERE) contains the meaning of "trennung"，Means the separation process of workers from objective conditions (production materials) and subjective conditions (ethical relationships) in history。Under this premise，Abstract labor becomes the cornerstone of value。Actually，Value objectivity becomes an independent existence that abandons emotional objects after the exchange process is over，Not only the product itself is abandoned，Its production process and exchange activities are also in the position of the intermediary，Employing labor was set as non -sensitivity abstract labor at the beginning。This abstract labor is defined as the physical and mental consumption of human strength and brain power based on the bet365 best casino games theory of naturalism，Products naturally become its objectized form。This also means that human perceptual existence and objective relationship are covered in the value form of the product，That is, the connection between the goods exchange between the goods exchange covers the social relationship of the people。

The object of Marx Criticism is exactly the explanation of naturalism exported by this epistemology。Labor as an objective activity of human perceptual，It is a life activity that humans are doing every day，It is an affirmation of the essential power of the person。When capital is the absolute command of the labor process as the main body，Each kind of labor activity is reduced to abstract labor without sensitivity，Both have been downgraded as a physical and intelligent consumption of physiological functions that are different from animals。When analyzing value forms，Marx revealed that the upside -down nature of generations of work, namely, negative and enthusiastic。Non -negative is the negation of emotional labor，That is "abstracted all the specific forms and useful labor of the real labor"。This is the value and significance of people，Refers to the negation of the perceptual objectivity of labor，Abstract labor cover is the person's personality、Features and freedom。Planning refers to abstract labor "" the nature of human labor that is worked into their common humans，Consumption of human labor "。This is the meaning of its product form，It means that individual labor has achieved a general jumper from special to universal，So as to obtain a prescribed society。visible，The analysis of abstract labor in "Capital" has achieved the unity of scientific analysis and value criticism。

From the perspective of survival theory，"Simplifying" different labor into a different human labor is a negation and abstraction of people，But Marx pointed out that "this is an abstraction every day in the process of social production"。So，Abstract of labor is a real abstraction，instead of people's thinking abstracts for special labor，This will lead to the abstraction process of labor in history to be covered in the category of economics。Don't understand this，It is easy to amplify abstract labor into a category suitable for all socio -economic forms。Bet365 app download American economist Paul Swick confuses the two: "Abstract labor is equal to 'labor -general'; it is something common in human production activities。"" Labor generally has a essential difference with abstract labor，The former is the abstraction of thinking about the universalization of labor，The former is the abstraction of thinking about the universalization of labor，The abstraction itself of real labor itself。So，Abstract labor becomes the main body of the development of modern society is historical conditions，The entity and source of the value of the product are given abstract labor，It must also be found in the process of capitalism to find the answer。

　　(This article is the Study Research on Labor Dialectics in Capital "of the National Social Science Fund Youth Project" Marx "(23CKS008) phased achievement)

(The author is a researcher at Zhejiang University Marxist theoretical Innovation and Communication Research Center)