June -October 2018，To cooperate with highway construction，Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeological Research Institute rescued the excavation of the Abu Santel Cemetery in Ailibar, Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Yili, Xinjiang。The cultural attributes of the tomb of the cemetery are Sodun Purack Culture。Sodun Purak culture is an archaeological culture that is mainly distributed in the Early Iron Age, which is mainly distributed in the Ili River Valley of Xinjiang。

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The surface shape of the tomb of Abu Santel's cemetery is mostly stone ring shape，unearthed tanks、bowl、pots such as pots and bronze horses、Blocks and other relics。Among the 88 tombs excavated，Ⅰ Tomb Group A District A Tomb 27 (ⅠAM27) on the surface form is strange。The tomb is located in the edge area of ​​the western part of the cemetery，The in -situ table above the mouth of the tomb is placed in the inside and outside two weeks of stone circle。Where，8.0 meters in diameter outer circle、1.0 meters wide、0.2 meters high，1.0 meters apart from the inner ring。The central position of the west of the outer circle，Put a huge pebble -like pebble -like pebble。Toad's front limbs support ground，Rare slightly at the east of the head，The overall shape is squat -shaped。Toads have a large amount of stone quantity，The exposed part of the ground has been sunburn after many years of wind，Color Black Black Lighten。These features make it very different from other small pieces of pebbles that constitute ⅠAM27 surface stone rings，The main position in the middle of the entire outer circle，Show the trend of "exclusive respect"。

ⅠAM27 Tomb to 240 degrees，The cemetery opening is under the original gravel layer，Plane is a rounded corner rectangle，2.2 meters long、0.6 meters wide、Deep 1.2 meters，indoor filling loess、Gravel、pebble, etc.。Tomb room，Most of the human bones are concentrated in the east of the middle of the tomb，No obvious disturbance marks were seen during the excavation process，No funeral。Preliminary inference of excavators，The tomb owner is suspected Bet365 app download to be migrated in the secondary funeral。It is worth noting that，ⅠAM27's tomb pits are basically the same as the direction of toad，All east -west directions。Search for previous excavation information，This is the first time that people in the cemetery's surface stone rings found in the architectural surface of Xinjiang archeology are interested in placing the burial customs of toad stones，can be described as rare。Therefore，We named the newly discovered tomb form as "Toad Stone Circle Tomb"。

　The physical evidence of the Central Plains toad culture

The age of this toad stone circle tomb is roughly equivalent to the Warring States Period of the Central Plains region。In the prehistoric archeological discovery of Xinjiang，I have not seen toad modeling unearthed before before。So，Toad shape on this stone circle tomb，Where does it come from?

Actually，Chinese Chong Chan custom can be described as long and long。Starting from the middle of the Neolithic era，The ancestors of our country began to consciously imitate toads for creation or decoration。The pottery tank unearthed from the Fuxin Chahai site in Liaoning is embossed with "toad pattern" and "snake title toad pattern"，Their back is stamped with small pit nests，To toad。Yangshao Culture of Jiangzhai site in Lintong, Shaanxi and the ancestors of Miao Digou culture in Shaanxi County, Henan，Draw a toad pattern on the color pottery pot。Shijiahe Culture in the middle of the Yangtze River and Liangzhu Culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River are also unearthed with jade toads。Overall，Toad shape and decoration of this period，With a strong elephant realistic style。

In Ganqing area，Martyn Koya culture ancestors in the late Shinshi era are likely to use toad (frog) as totem，One of the main patterns of its colorful pottery is toad pattern (frog pattern)。But the toad pattern (frog pattern) at this time has evolved from "portrait frog pattern" to "abstract frog pattern"，It focuses on expressing the claws of toad (frog)，and style with grid and symbolization，Therefore, it is also known as "Bittering frog pattern", "deformed frog pattern", "frog limbs", "frogman pattern"。

Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties，More bronzes appeared in our country、Pottery、Jade、Toad shape with green pine。A stub -shaped bronze toad unearthed from the Shanxi Xiangfen Temple bet365 Play online games Temple site;，Dead pattern was decorated，Toad pattern back as a pattern，to symbolize the raised bumps on his body; an late Shang Dynasty bronze unearthed from Goro Temple in Guxian County, Shaanxi，The image of a clearly limb in the center of the body is engraved with the image of Fu toad with a clear body;，Toads are carved with thin lines with thin lines; the site of Xingan Daluzhou and Tengzhou Qianda Daga sites in Jiangxi also unearthed to toads with green pine。Look at the shape of a toad in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties unearthed，They are flexed back with limbs，Vivid image，Have a strong artistic expression。

Toad as a totem worship，Reflect that my country's ancestors' desire for life reproduction。Toads can spawn thousands at a time，The ancients were surprised by the strong breeding ability of toads，I also long for my own more children and grandson，clan people Ding Xingwang，So naturally given infinite admiration and worship to toads。Not only reproductive worship，During the development of toad culture，Gradually incorporated into praying rain again、Evil、Shengxian、Longevity does not die、Moon worship、New cultural connotation such as yin and yang harmony。

Toad shape as a traditional cultural symbol in the Central Plains region，It appeared in the Sodun Purack culture of the Ili River Valley，It should be the spread of the Central Plains toad culture to the Western Region during the Warring States Period、Extension and expansion。The west of toad culture may be accompanied by the migration of the crowd，It may also be a toad faith to broadcast the Ili River Valley one by one one time，The local funeral customs are finally blossomed.。Although 10,000 miles apart，The owner of the Tomb of the Xinjiang toads, but shared the same cultural symbol with Han culture in the Central Plains region，Although this is expected，But it is reasonable。

In essence，Before the opening of the Silk Road，Xinjiang has maintained a close economic and cultural connection with the Central Plains land。The Shang Dynasty，There are jade trade in the same Western Regions of the Central Plains。and the early Iron Age Yili River Valley has prospered colorful pottery culture，It is also very likely that through the road of colorful pottery，Communication from the Central Plains and Ganqing area all the way。Discovery of the Tomb of the Yili River Valley Bet365 lotto review Toad Circle，The exchange and communication between the Central Plains Culture and the Western Region Culture of the former Silk Road in History，Added new reliable evidence。

　　The concept of "death and rehabilitation" embodies

Chang'e Benyue is a household name that is well -known for our country。Qin Jian, who was unearthed in Jiangling, Hubei,，It can be seen that its early story ancestors，to Eastern Han，Its story content is more colorful。Zhang Heng's "Lingxian": "I invite immortal medicine to Queen Mother West，姮，Sui career in the month，Is for toad。"in the folk beliefs of the Han Dynasty，The toad of the transformed into the transformation of the Eye is already in the Moon Palace。

Evidence from archeological materials is more direct。Hubei Suixian County Pushu Warring State Zenghou Yi tomb box，Directly use the toad to refer to the moon。Han portrait stone，Drawing toads in the moon has become a stylized pattern。This kind of image art description of "Hua Ji to the Moon"，The Han Dynasty of the Warring States Period，Toads have generally been regarded as symbols of the moon。

If the toad on the tomb of the toad is a symbol of the moon，What does it mean? Qu Yuan's "Sky Question": "Luming He De，Deadly breeding? Jueli Wee，and Gu Yan in the belly? "It is reported，Gu Yan is the alias of toad。Ancient people observe the change of the moon phase，Seeing the moon is regular "The lack of the moon is gradually gone，Month of the month "，So you can get a simple experience conclusion，I think the moon seems to be "resurrected" every month。But the ancients could not explain this monthly phase，So ask self -answering，Guessing explanation: "Why does the moon have such divineness? Is that because of‘ Gu Yan ’(toad)?”

I think，Toads have the recognition that can make the moon "dead and educate"，It may be related to the observation of toad biological attributes during the Warring States Period: toads have the habit of hibernation，Enter the state of dormant when it is winter，It seems to have died without eating;，Toad will wake up again，Restore the vibrant state。From the perspective of the ancients，This is a magical ability of "after death"。The ancients passed "Cerforcement Association"，This biological attribute of toad is compared to the natural characteristics of the moon，It is believed that the toads in the moon make the moon have bet365 best casino games the ability to "resurrected"。Since the toad has the function of regeneration，So the ancestors of the Xinjiang Sodun Plaok Culture placed a toad on the tomb of the stone circle，I hope that the main tomb is like a toad and the moon，Can get rebirth。

Of course，There is still the possibility of another explanation。According to Wang Renxiang in "Instrument, Sou Chan Xiao Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Tianshi River ruins of Hubei，Wastew gaps surrounded by birds，In fact, it is exactly the outline of a jade toad。This indicates，In the late Shinki Age，Phoenix Bird and To toad have already appeared together。The combination of the bird and toad may be the art expression of the prehistoric yin and yang view。In the portrait stone of the Han Dynasty，The corresponding occurrence of the matching of the Japanese and middle -aged toads in the Monthly Moon has become a fixed mode。

The toad face of the toad stone circle tomb faces the east，Observation of our field also found，The first rays of sunlight rising in the morning to the head of the toad。The ancestors of the Sodun Plaok Culture Observe the Sun and Moon Alternate，Discover the rising moon and fall，Monthly Rising Sunset，Weekly start，It may be considered: day is day，Representative students; Month for night，Represents death; people’s life and death will reciprocate like the sun and the moon alternate。Therefore，ⅠAM27's ethnic group places the toad stone representing the moon in the west of the stone circle，represents the death of the tomb owner; and the direction of the toad's head in the direction of the east sun rises，Hime Jiji Tomb Law Re -born。

What cannot be ignored is，In the strong faith belief during the Warring States Period，Toad is also an important part of the Western Mother's Immortal System，They may be served on the side of the Queen Mother of the West，or pound medicine、or Lift the bowl、or play。The underground painting created by the T -shaped painting of the T -shaped painting of the tomb of the Mawangdui Han Dynasty in Changsha、Earth、In the realm of the sky，The toad represents the fairyland of the sky。If I was introduced into the concept of the Han Dynasty, the belief in Shengxian to consider the toad stone circle tomb，It is not ruled out that toad stone has the possibility of helping the tomb owner's soul ascending the fairy。

I want，The belief of the tomb owner represented bet365 Play online games by the toad stones on the tomb of the Xinjiang toad stone circle，Whether it is hoping to be born again or the soul is promoted，All are the ideas of the world after the death of the dead，The root of this belief is undoubtedly in the Central Plains area。

　Important cultural value

Since the tomb of the toad circle of the Yili River Valley，With the larger -scale immigrants in the Western Regions in the Mainland Han nationality，More toad culture is introduced into the Western Regions。An East Jin paper painting on the real life scene of the owner of the tomb of the tomb of the tomb of the tomb of the tomb of No. 13 Astana, Turpan，The toads representing the moon in the upper left corner of the picture，Golden Black, which is painted in the circle in the upper right corner，There are two sets of Beidou Seven Stars with different directions between the two。These all show the continuous impact of the Central Plains toad culture on the Western Regions。

Xinjiang as a Silk Road to rush，Discovery of this toad stone circle tomb，Not only does it effectively proves that some parts of the traditional culture of the Central Plains during the Warring States Period have been spread to the Western Regions through the "former Silk Road"，And fully confirmed that the land of the Western Regions and the China China always follow the history.、Humanities -related、root veins are connected。Toad as a friendly messenger of Central Plains culture，Genes with the traditional culture of the Central Plains，spread to the distant Western Regions，In this sense,，Tomb of toad stone circles communicated with the Central Plains and Western Regions before the Han Dynasty。

Toad belief is the traditional culture of the Central Plains region，The tomb of the stone circle is the traditional funeral custom of the prehistoric nomadic culture of Xinjiang，The Tomb of the Stone Circle of the Warring States Period discovered during the Ili River Valley，It is the product of the integration of the Central Plains Culture and the Western Region Culture，It is significant。On the one hand，Toad culture was absorbed into the original funeral customs of the Western Region，This rich and developed connotation of the belief of the Chinese civilization toad。On the other hand，Discovery of the Tomb of Toad Circle，Western Culture has been marked with Chinese culture from the beginning。Through toad stone circle tomb，Long -term exchanges and integration of Central Plains Culture and Western Regions，Not only does Bet365 lotto review it build a common spiritual homeland，and also promoted the development of Chinese culture in a diverse one。

(This article is the 2018 National Social Science Foundation Key Project "Research on Animal Communication and Civilization Exchange of Animals in the Han and Tang Dynasties" (18AZS005)、2017 Ministry of Education's Humanities and Social Science Research Project "Prehistoric Silk Road Central Asia to China to come to China Danodonovo Culture and Research on Sinicization of China (17yjc780002) phase results)

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Northwest Normal University)