■bet365 online live casino Jade，Now in Liangzhu Museum (left)；bet365 online live casino jade cong unearthed from Wujiabu site (right)。 Ye Yinian/Photo provided

　In many Chinese prehistoric archaeological cultures，The bet365 online live casino distributed in the Taihu Lake area is a dazzling star。A series of important new archaeological discoveries in recent years，The social organization form reflected in bet365 online live casino、Civilization has triggered a new round of discussion。The archaeological community generally believes that，bet365 online live casino has entered the early national stage。Liangzhu ruins cluster centered on Liangzhu ancient city，Shows its core position in the entire Liangzhu cultural distribution circle。Large-scale water conservancy project、Magnificent ancient city、A jade ritual vessel with Congbi as its core、Mysterious and complicated divine emblem image，Indicates the prosperity and development of bet365 online live casino，It is an important civilization that stood in the East Asian continent during the Neolithic Age。To demonstrate the five thousand years of Chinese civilization，bet365 online live casino played a key role。

Any civilization has its own characteristics。Then，What are the characteristics of Liangzhu civilization？We think，The most important things are rice and bet365 online live casino。

　　bet365 online live casino economics and social complexity

The Yangtze River Delta where the bet365 online live casino is located is criss-crossed by rivers、Many lakes。Good water resources conditions and proper water resources management are extremely beneficial to the development of rice agriculture。Starting from Majiabang Culture，via Songze Culture，To the bet365 online live casino Period，The development of rice agriculture has become relatively mature，At that time, it had entered the stage of plowing agriculture，Liangzhu people plant rice in paddy fields。Archaeological workers are working at multiple sites (such as the Cao Xie Mountain site in Wu County、Linping Maoshan Site、Rice fields were discovered at the Shi'ao site in Yuyao。The plane shape of the fields at the Linping Maoshan site is long strips、Irregular circle、Rectangle and many more，The area ranges from one or two square meters to thirty or forty square meters，There are raised soil ridges between the fields。A “well”-shaped structure composed of criss-crossing raised field ridges was discovered in the rice fields of the bet365 online live casino at the Shi’ao site，Shows good paddy field management。

The emergence of rice fields and their growth，Plus effective management，brought about an increase in rice production。Discovered by archeology，Nearly 400,000 kilograms of carbonized rice were unearthed around Mojiao Mountain in the center of Liangzhu Ancient City，Such a large size，You can get a glimpse of the development of rice agriculture in bet365 online live casino。Liangzhu Ancient City and dams are both large-scale public projects，Requires huge labor expenditure，This also reflects the economic foundation behind the project construction to a certain extent。

The stable development of rice agriculture has brought about an increase in rice production，And triggered population growth。Accordingly，The degree of social division of labor is also higher，Partial handicraft specialization (such as jade carving、Painting、Pottery making, etc.) are more fully protected。If there was no development of rice agriculture、Guarantee of abundant rice production，The most eye-catching jade industry in bet365 online live casino，The skin will disappear，How can General Mao be attached?”。The process of social division of labor is also accompanied by social differentiation，Different personnel engage in different majors based on their respective expertise，Results，Including possession of the means of production、Distribution and social identity、Status and power will be different。

In short，The development of bet365 online live casino agriculture will trigger chain reactions in social production and life。“Heterogeneity” in demographic composition or occupation between social groups appears，"Inequality" in obtaining wealth and status within society has also formed。And these so-called "heterogeneities" and "inequality" that are divorced from the state of "homogeneity" and "equality"，It is McGuire (Randall H. McGuire’s two key concepts in defining “social complexity”。Therefore，The success or failure of bet365 online live casino agricultural development is closely related to the complexity of the regional society。In the long historical process，Around bet365 online live casino farming、Production formed by bet365 online live casino、The cultural identity of lifestyle will also continue to accumulate and solidify。"bet365 online live casino, soup, fish" is such a common understanding。Actually，The intensive cultivation of bet365 online live casino agriculture has always been the backbone of Jiangnan’s economy，Is an important factor in shaping Jiangnan civilization。

　　bet365 online live casino and civilization

If rice is the material basis for the survival of Liangzhu ancestors，Then bet365 online live casino has both material and spiritual meanings。Developed by Liangzhu people、Carving bet365 online live casino is both productivity、Progress in material life，It is also a manifestation of the pursuit of status and spiritual transcendence。bet365 online live casino has been developed and used at the aesthetic level，At the same time, it has religious symbolic meaning。

bet365 online live casino was developed on the basis of Songze culture，Not only inherited the jade industry of Songze culture，It also absorbed Lingjiatan culture more extensively、The jade treatment technology of Hongshan Culture、Styling design，Developed Yi Cong、The highly developed jade ritual system represented by Bi。Jade Cong、Jade and widely distributed and standardized image patterns of facial patterns of gods, humans and animals，Reflects the artistic aesthetics of Liangzhu people、Image design、Have deep attainments in the development of primitive religious beliefs。In fact，Exactly the countless number of jade articles in bet365 online live casino、Type、The image shows her level of sophistication and civilization，It also reflects the complex pattern of bet365 online live casino with its own characteristics，As Li Boqian said, bet365 online live casino is theocratic、Military power、Combined royal power，But still a model dominated by theocracy。No exaggeration，The jades from the developed bet365 online live casino are what we know today about the Liangzhu Civilization，Especially an important medium for its spiritual civilization，Nature is also a key feature of Liangzhu civilization。How to understand the connection between Liangzhu jade and the social complexity it represents？We think，Mainly from the economic perspective、Start from three perspectives of politics and ideology。

Economic level，As mentioned above，Rice agriculture is the economic foundation of bet365 online live casino。Economic power is the power resource most deeply rooted in daily life。Developed rice agriculture，Reflects the complete water resources management mechanism and mature social division of labor model。Stable harvests bring social stability，It will also bring performance legitimacy to leaders of regional society。After increasing economic strength，Humanity’s ability to create and accumulate other wealth has also increased accordingly。Reflected in the production of jade，Since Majiabang Culture，Yuhuang、Jade jue and other types of jade have appeared，To the Songze Culture Period，The jade industry further matures，The types of jade articles begin to increase，Developing a complete set of accessories from a simple single jade ornament，Tools have also begun to become jade rituals。To the bet365 online live casino Period，Wide varieties of jade、Complex compatibility、Clear levels，Reached the pinnacle of prehistoric jade culture。

Political level，The holder of political power has greater or lesser control rights。Zhang Zhongpei thinks，Based on wealth and power，The residents of bet365 online live casino can be divided into four levels from bottom to top。The first level is the god-king who controls the political power；The second level is those who hold military power；The third level is part-time warriors with the authority to perform military functions；The fourth estate is the lower class residents engaged in agricultural labor。Different classes、The correlation between the level of personnel and the way of owning jade is very prominent，There is competition and cooperation among different groups and people around jade。The aristocratic class produces a series of jade ritual objects、Distribution and use establish the etiquette system，Controlled politics、Economic and Military Power。Therefore，Jade is a valuable item that embodies the "heterogeneity" and "inequality" characteristics of social complexity。

Ideological level，Different from stone tools、Bronze and Ironware，bet365 online live casino cannot be used as a production tool，Cannot promote productivity and directly drive economic benefits。bet365 online live casino is loved by humans，First of all, because bet365 online live casino is a glorious thing。bet365 online live casino，The Beauty of Stone。"The Beauty of Stone"，The emphasis is on the brilliance of bet365 online live casino，Include colors、Brightness。The beauty of bet365 online live casino，It will give people visual pleasure，And then lead human perception to the mysterious realm。This is not a lie，In "The Classic of Mountains and Seas·Western Mountains" it is said: "The ghosts and gods of heaven and earth，It’s food and it’s delicious；A gentleman obeys it，To protect the bad luck。"Yang Boda once proposed，The beauty of bet365 online live casino is the soil from which deeds of God can be derived。Mou Yongkang once said: "The reason why bet365 online live casino can have such a profound and long-term impact on the psychology of the Chinese nation，One of the reasons is because this mineral is given to the ‘mountain elite’，Played a catalytic enzyme role in the birth of ancient Chinese civilization，Thereby bringing political power with civilization，Securely wrapped in a mysterious robe。It can be said that the transcendent nature of bet365 online live casino and the mystification of politics have jointly molded the psychological quality of the Chinese nation。”Many literature and anthropological data show that，Human beings indeed treat bet365 online live casino as an extraordinary thing，bet365 online live casino is meaningful in human witchcraft-religious experience，bet365 online live casino has the potential for divine power，Become a medium for communication between humans and gods。

Once jade becomes a sacred object in the field of human spiritual belief、Spiritual object，It means that another level of "heterogeneity" and "inequality" appears，Because only a few people can own jade，And use jade to communicate with the spiritual world。Zhang Guangzhi has a famous conclusion。He thinks politics、Religion、Art is combined，Art as one of the tools of heaven，It is a necessary political means for the Tongtian class。includes bronzes、Jade、Ivory vessel、Lacquerware、Woodware、Pottery、Oracle bones, etc.，They are tools used by ancient shamans to communicate with ancestors and spirits。In order to maintain communication with the spiritual world，Jade is constantly being produced。Symbols related to the spirit world were also created。As far as bet365 online live casino is concerned，The most typical one is the “god-man-animal facial pattern”。

It is generally believed in the archaeological community，This unified and standardized image pattern designed and produced by Liangzhu people，Indicates that they worship gods，Almost reached a level similar to monotheistic worship。The facial pattern of gods and beasts is undoubtedly an image symbol，Have what Bourdieu calls symbolic power。Liangzhu people created this kind of image，Having them for the universe、History、Understanding of mythology，Also in this image normalization design、Assignment、In the process of spreading，The power that transmits and shapes ideology。The widespread presence of divine and animal mask patterns in the Taihu Lake area shows that they are universally recognized and worshiped，Contrasts the ideological power carried by this image。This ideological power also has a legitimizing function。For example，Liangzhu dignitaries used bet365 online live casino to establish contact with the spiritual world；Or the bet365 online live casino may be carved with images of gods。The Liangzhu elites grasp and manipulate this ideological power，Won further political power for them、Economic influence and religious dominance。

At the same time，There should also be competition between Liangzhu society and prehistoric societies in other regions。Mass production of bet365 online live casino、Types of bet365 online live casino、Development and design of divine and animal facial patterns，Indicates that Liangzhu people want to develop a unique "cultural industry"。This is a two-way "transcendence"，Liangzhu people are trying to surpass the bet365 online live casino industry in other regions，At the same time, on the basis of satisfying material survival，Ever worked hard to build a spiritual world that belongs to them，This world comes from the common world，The sacred world built on the mundane。Obviously，Judging from the proliferation of bet365 online live casino ritual vessels during the Liangzhu period and after the decline of Liangzhu，These powerful people have successfully built their own sacred world，And exported culture to the outside world，The lingering sound，Endless for Thousands of Years。

From the economy、Politics、Integrated understanding from three perspectives of ideology，We can understand how bet365 online live casino jades and the etiquette they reflect regulate the relationship between people，And how to construct supernatural ways to communicate with another world。These are exactly the contents in the process of civilizing or complicating bet365 online live casino society。

　　Success is also rice bet365 online live casino, failure is also rice bet365 online live casino

bet365 online live casino 5300-4300 years ago，After roughly a thousand years of prosperity，Rise and fall。Joseph A, a pioneer in sustainable development research.Tainter) has analyzed more than twenty cases in which simple societies evolved into relatively complex societies and then collapsed，And explained it。Today，The disintegration of bet365 online live casino also adds new cases to the study of the collapse of ancient civilizations in the world。

About the disintegration of bet365 online live casino，There has been quite a rich discussion。To sum it up，There are roughly two aspects: one，It’s the theory of catastrophe。bet365 online live casino is distributed in the Taihu Lake area，Belongs to offshore、Linjiang、Water environment。It is completely reasonable to analyze the disintegration of prehistoric culture from the perspective of floods。Yu Weichao thought earlier，The floods more than 4,000 years ago caused the destruction of various facilities of the bet365 online live casino，Agricultural land is flooded all year round，Civilization development has stagnated。Many environmental scholars look for environmental evidence，Also interpret the decline of bet365 online live casino。Sustainable development is a reason that cannot be ignored when analyzing the disintegration of bet365 online live casino。Part 2，Looking for the reason from the social mechanism of Liangzhu。The Liangzhu civilization, characterized by theocratic model, had extravagances such as jade、Too much investment in prestige items，Although it is helpful to maintain the political rule of Liangzhu dignitaries，But it also consumes a lot of social costs。When society’s surplus output is continuously invested in maintaining the operation of complex systems instead of supporting people’s livelihood，Marginal expenditures to maintain the operation of the system will inevitably hollow out the economic foundation on which society depends for survival。The foundation does not exist，Social collapse，The ritual system centered on jade cannot be maintained，The process of social complexity has stalled。

Taking a comprehensive view，Being an economic force、Political power and ideological power are coordinated properly，The social structure will be given great stability。Vice versa，If there is an imbalance in the dialectical interaction between these types of power resources，The normal operation of society will be threatened。The two key characteristics of Liangzhu civilization are rice and bet365 online live casino。These two substances are equivalent to the two colorants of Liangzhu Civilization，The "shining" and "darkness" of rice and bet365 online live casino exactly correspond to the "rise" and "decline" of Liangzhu civilization。

　　(This article is part of the National bet365 online live casino Science Fund’s major project “Research on the Complexity of Society and the Process of Centralization in the Lower Yangtze River” (20&ZD247) phased results)

(Author’s Affiliation: Department of bet365 online live casino and Museum, Nanjing Normal University；Wujin Museum)