Water is the source of life。Human survival and development，Beard cannot be separated from water，Development of water、Use and manage，Always accompany human society。In ancient times，The ancestors are mainly taken for water、Avoid it with peace。But about 10,000 years ago，With the emergence of settlement life and the emergence of the original village，Drainage becomes an important aspect of pipe water and water。Especially after the city is generated，Urban drainage has become a fight against rain、An important means to treat water affected。So，The design and construction of drainage facilities and drainage systems have become a key part of prevention and treatment of urban water.。Urban drainage facilities and drainage systems from prehistoric to Qin and Han dynasties，Historical documents rarely record，But related archeological discovery and research can initially reveal its development and evolution trajectory。

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　　Prehistoric period: Preliminary drainage facilities

In our country，The origin of the city can be traced back to the end of the prehistoric era 5,000 years ago。City is different from one of the outstanding features of ordinary rural settlements，The relative concentration of the population。As far as its material form is concerned，A prominent feature of the early cities is surrounded by cities surrounded by cities、There is a town outside the city wall，Form the so -called "city"，This has also become a basic tradition built by ancient cities in my country。Surrounding such a city wall、The relatively concentrated closed space of the population，Drainage facilities and drainage systems have become the basic means to prevent urban water.。

The site of the prehistoric period in my country was widely discovered in the north of the Plateau River, Inner Mongolia、Two Lake Plain in the middle of the Yangtze River、From the east Shandong Peninsula、Sichuan Basin in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in the west，More than 50 pieces have been found so far，Most of its age is the late Yangshao era and Longshan era in the Yangshao era of 5000-4000 years (Ren Shinan "Prehistoric City Site Investigation"，"Archeology" 1998, No. 1)。

The material forms of prehistoric cities in various places are often different due to the differences in the local natural environment and cultural traditions，But in terms of site selection and layout structure，It is basically consistent with the concept of easy to take water and water use of water.。As far as the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are concerned，The prehistoric city site is generally located in the high -end of the river or the plain area。As the site of Xishan City, Zhengzhou、Dengfeng bet365 live casino games Wangchenggang City、Shandong Zhangqiuchengzi Yacheng site and the city site built on the "pile" built in the Luxi area，Its site selection is undoubtedly considering the convenience of water，Pay attention to the prevention and control of water。

Because of this，There are many prehistoric cities.，Local washed out。The plane shape of the city address is mostly square or rectangular，Tingtu Tongcheng Walls are built around，There is a town outside the city wall。Most of the urban downs are artificially excavated，Width is often different from the city address，5-7 meters most common，Some cities also partially use the natural river。It is generally considered，The function of the city wall and the city is mainly defense，But observation from the perspective of urban water conservancy，Accept urban drainage and discharge it，It should be another main function of the city tadpole，Organic composition part of the urban drainage system。

Drainage facilities in the prehistoric city site are found in various places，There are ground drainage ditch canal、Tao Water Pipeline、Underground drainage culvert and other types of various types。Ground drainage ditch is the most common，As the site of Totou, Cheng County, Hunan Province，Found the ditch for drainage on both sides of the Qujialing Culture period。The site of Zouping Dinggong, Shandong, excavated and cleaned up the ceramic drainage pipe，Start a drainage facility in the north gate of the north wall of the outside city，Passing through the wall from the bottom of the city wall，Directly to the city outside the city。The section of the drainage facility is close -forming，Establishing roughly processed wooden pillars on both sides as support，The top covers dense logs，The bottom of the soil and broken pottery is paved with the bottom and rammed it (Luan Fengshi "Ding Gong Longshan、Yueshi Cultural Ancient City "，"Examination of the Ancient City of Shandong"，Cultural Relics Publishing House 2016 edition)。This is the earliest wooden structure drainage culvert in my country to date。

Henan Huaiyang Ping Ping Grain Table City site found a variety of drainage facilities and preliminary drainage systems，It is about 4300 years from this age。Pingliangtai City site plane is square，A city gate was found on the South City Wall and the North City Wall; a large number of buildings were found in the packet wall of the rammed earth base in the city，The outer edge of the high -Taiwan houses is distributed with vertical and horizontal drainage ditch on both sides of the road; a group of pottery drainage pipes found in the west of the long ducts，Connected from the north -south side of the north and south side of its side; three pottery water pipes placed in the shape of the "Pin" shaped under the doorway of the South City Gate，Passing through the city wall and gate from the ground，Beiougou and underground ceramic drainage pipes are connected，to the south bet365 live casino games to the city; the section of the pottery pipe is round，35-45 cm per section，diameter ranging from 23-32 cm，One end of one end and one end is thin，Severe buckles (Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics Research Institute, etc.，"Cultural Relics", No. 3, 1983)。This is the earliest urban drainage system in my country.。

I want，Urban in the late history of our country has initially formed a ditch canal through the ground drainage ditch、Drainage facilities such as underground drainage pipes and drainage culverts under the city wall，Resting rainwater, daily production and living wastewater into the city drainage system of the city outside the city wall，laid a solid foundation for the further development of urban drainage facilities and drainage systems in the historical period。

　　Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties: Selection and drainage of water

The urban drainage facilities and drainage systems of Xia and Shang and Western Zhou Dynasty，Further development on the basis of pre -historical period，The ground drainage ditch canal that has appeared in the pre -historical period、Underground drainage pipes and drainage culverts passing through the city wall，Discovery in the city ruins of various places。Henan Yanshi Erlitouxiaxia Site 2 Palace Building Base Site is excavated and cleaned out of Lu Minggou canal used for drainage in the palace area。Drainage facilities found in the palace area of ​​Yanshi Mall，A large number of "penetration，Small simplicity dew -Ming ditch or stone -building canal，There are also underground rock drainage drainage channels buried in the base address of the rammed soil，There is also a large stone -building Luminggou canal between the palace courtyard，and stone -building or woodstone drainage culverts through the palace or city wall ("Chinese Archeology · Xia Shang Volume"，China Social Science Press 2003 edition)。

In Zhengzhou Mall、Anyang 洹 North Mall、Anyang Yinxu、Xi'an Fenghao Zhoudu site and Baoji Zhouyuan site have found pottery drainage pipes，It can be seen that it was a drainage facility commonly used at that time。Where，The circular ceramic water pipe system found in Yinxu, Anyang，A piece of drainage pipe with a thickest end of one end，The other is a flat -mouth docking pottery pipe at both ends，There is also a T -shaped three -way pottery pipe joints (Anyang Excavation Team of the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences "Tao Water Pipes and Shi Ji"，Archeology, 1976, No. 1)。This pottery pipe joint is also the oldest three -way connector in our country to date。

Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods，Accompanied by the occasion of the climax of the city -building event，Urban drainage facilities are more diversified，Lu Minggou canal、Tao Water Pipeline、Drainage culverts and other types of drainage facilities have been found in the ruins of the country's capital，Urban drainage system further。Luoyang Eastern Zhou Dynasty Wangcheng Site Building Building Bet365 lotto review Base Found of the Warring States Period in the middle and late period of the Pottery Water Pipeline，Existing single -pipeline，There are also dual pipelines with dual tubes; the pottery pipe has both long and short、Straight pipes with different thickness，There are also curved ruler -shaped two -way pipes。Under the palace wall of the Gongcheng site in the northwest of the Northwest of the new Zheng Zheng Han City，Discover the pentagonal pottery pipeline in the late Warring States Period that cleaned out the wall，This is also the earliest pentagonal pottery pipeline known at present (Cai Quanfa's "The Discovery and Research of Zheng Han's Old City"，"The Source of Huaxia City"，Henan People's Publishing House 2012 Edition)。

Hebei Handan Zhaodu's hometown site found a number of circular pottery pipes and drainage road ditches，Inside the wall of the East City of Zhao Wang City and Xicheng and the city wall of Daibei City，It is also found that there are laid on the slope of the city wall、Dust -shaped pottery sink for drainage for the city wall，such a drainage tank is only seen by Zhao Du Handan City (Duan Hongzhen "Zhaodu Handan City Research"，Cultural Relics Publishing House 2009 Edition)。Xianyang City, Qindu, Shaanxi，Drainage facilities are all over the city and diverse structures。Tao Shui Pipeline is the most common，Tao Shui Tube has a circular straight tube，There is also a ruler -shaped bending tube，There are a small amount of pentagonal straight tube。Drainage pipes formed from the pottery pipe are buried in underground，There is a single tube、Double tube side by side and four tube side side by side。other，I also found an underground pipeline that is combined with plate or tube tiles、Louming ditch or drainage ditch in the bottom of the panel tile，and Rainwater Well、Dragons and other drainage facilities (Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archeology Institute "Qindu Xianyang Archaeological Report"，Science Press 2004 edition)。

As far as the urban drainage system during the Warring States Period，The discovery of the foundation of the old city of Qi State of Linzi, Shandong。Qidu Linzi City during the Warring States Period，Composed of near -square cities and small town embedded in its southwestern part，area of ​​15 square kilometers，East Linzi River，Xi Yi's Water，Chengnan and Chengbei City，The terrain is generally southeast high、Northwest low，from the natural river、Pipeline pipelines in the city and the city、Small ditch、Drainage dry canal and drainage culvert，constitutes a complete drainage system ("Linzi Qi Qi City"，Cultural Relics Publishing House 2013 Edition)。

where，The pottery pipe has a circular straight tube、Triangle straight tube and other types，Drainage pipelines made of tile buckle。Small ditch can be built formed，Some use stones to pave the bottom，Multi -distributed distribution between each building area。A total length of about 700 meters in the bet365 Play online games northwest of the small city、20 meters wide、Drainage dried canal about 3 meters deep，The end of its end is connected with the drainage culvert in the northern section of the west wall and the west section of the north wall，The city of the city north of the city and the water system in the west of the city，Drainage system that constitutes a small city。3 drainage dry canal found in the east of the city，Its end is connected to the drainage culvert of Dongcheng Wall and North City Wall, respectively，Drainage system that constitutes the eastern part of the city。Prove a north -south direction in the west of Dacheng、Drainage dry canal in the northern section，total length 2800 meters、30 meters wide、3 meters deep，The end of its end is connected with the drainage culvert in the north wall and the northern part of the west wall，Drainage system that constitutes the west of Dacheng。Where，No. 3 drainage culvert in the northern section of the west wall，It is a large drainage facility built with stones，from the sewer、Three parts of the sewer and the water channel，total length 42 meters，7-10.5 meters wide，About 3 meters deep。Fifteen square water holes with stones in the sewer use stones，Water can flow out of the stones in the hole，But people cannot pass through the pores，The ingenious structure is amazing (the drainage system of Linzi Qi Guo City Site Museum "The Drainage System of the Old City of Qi State of Linzi"，"Archeology" 1988, No. 9)。In summary，The stagnation of water around large buildings and in the courtyard，Remove the drainage dry canal through underground drainage pipes and small ditch canal，Drainage dry canal through drainage culverts under the city wall，Import water into the city or river outside the city，The representative of the design and construction level of the urban drainage system at that time。

To sum up，Urban Construction of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period，Pay attention to the city selection.，Height without drought and water，Under the water without near the water "(" Pipeline · Ride Horse ")，At the same time, pay attention to urban drainage，"Write in the inner，Note because of Dawa "(" Tuzi · Du Di ")，accumulated experience for the later urban construction，Provided reference。

■ Underground ceramic drainage pipeline (taken from south to north) at the site near the South City Gate of Huaiyang Pingliang City City (taken from south to north)

　　Qin and Han Dynasties: The drainage system is improved every day

Qin and Han Dynasties，Urban drainage facilities and drainage systems further develop and improve。Current，More than 600 Qin and Han dynasties found in archeological discovered by archeology all over the country，Most found various drainage facilities，Its types and structures are mostly the continuation of the Warring States Period (Xu Longguo's "Research on the Qin Hangchengyi Examination"，China Social Science Press, 2013)。Where，The most types of drainage facilities、The most complete Bet365 app download drainage system is the most complete is the Han Dynasty in the city of the Western Han Dynasty。

The drainage facilities found in Chang'an City, Xi'an, mainly include indoor water collection and drainage facilities、Garden drainage facilities、Rainwater well、Drainage pipes、Luogou、Drainage ditch and city tales，and therefore constitute a complete drainage system。Indoor water collection and drainage facilities，It is mainly found in a building with special functions，Such as Lingshi and bathroom architecture，There are small drainage ditch and brick pool，The end of the underground ceramic pipes through the wall of the building wall。Water collection and drainage facilities in the courtyard，It is mainly composed of rainwater wells and underground ceramic drainage pipes，Rainy wells or circular deep wells with pottery wells，or a square pool for brick。Pottery pipes are mainly two straight pipes of circular and pentagram，There is also a round ruler -shaped pipeline with a cross -section，According to the size of the displacement，Single row、Double row、Three rows、Four rows and five drainage pipes built into drainage pipes。Road ditch is built on both sides of the road，It is used to excrete the road and its nearby rainwater，Among them, road ditch on both sides of Anmen Street，More than 2 meters wide，More than 1 meter deep。Luogou is connected to the drainage ditch between the building areas，The end is connected to the drainage culvert under the gate，Dowry the water inside the city to the city of the city outside the city。

Drainage ditch can be found between buildings in the palace building area，Where，Small drainage ditch can be built with bricks，Some are Minggou，Some are dark canals for bricks; drainage ditches between courtyards are slightly larger，Most of them are Lu Minggou，But when passing through the courtyard wall, most of the method of underground pottery pipeline。Building area and street、The drainage ditch between the city walls is large，There are both Minggou and dark canal，Is a large drainage dry canal in the city，Ru Gui Palace No. 3 Architecture No. 7 Brick Dark Canal，Inner diameter high、About 1 meter wide。Under the gate of the city，Often build brick drainage and drainage culverts，Internal and external connection with drainage ditches inside and outside the city，Dowry water out of the city outside the city，and finally discharged into the moat。The culvert under the south gate of Zhicheng Gate in the middle of the West City Wall is the bottom of the masonry、The brick coupon top structure of the mother brick voucher，Inner diameter width 1.4 meters、High 1.33 meters，The maximum drainage section is 1.8 square meters。

The above -mentioned various drainage facilities are connected to each other、supporting each other，Establish a set of drainage system: Rain in the courtyard is collected after collecting underground Bet365 app download drainage pipes; rainwater around the building or between the building area，Eliminate the road ditch or large drainage dry canal through the Lu Ming ditch and underground drainage pipes;，Dowry out of the city through the underground drainage culvert near the city wall or the city gate，Finally, discharge through the drainage drainage canal into the city。Obviously，The urban drainage facilities and drainage systems in Chang'an City in Han Dynasty have become quite developed、Quite complete。

From this we know，At the beginning of the birth of the city more than 5,000 years ago, the ancestors of our country were born，The exploration and practice of designing and building urban drainage facilities and drainage systems starts; urban drainage facilities and drainage systems were originally started with simple drainage ditch and underground pottery drainage pipes，continuous development and improvement after that then，Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods have been mature and complete; by the Western Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago，Represents the capital of the capital Han Chang'an City，Urban drainage facilities and drainage systems tend to improve，reached a very high design and construction level。The evolutionary trajectory of urban drainage facilities and drainage systems from history to Qin and Han dynasties、Planning and design and its achievements，Planning and construction of drainage facilities and drainage systems for the later generations and even today，It provides useful reference and historical revelation。

　　(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Shandong University、Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)