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2022 is the Year of the Renyin Tiger，Tiger's population and decline and cultural connotation，Reflects the psychological changes and behavioral changes of human cognition of humans。On the occasion of the year of the tiger，Let's talk about tigers from the perspective of animal archeology。

　　Species of population and decline

Tiger，belonging to the mammalian、Meat Eater、Catae，is the largest cat family in the body。The top of the tiger is at the top of the food chain，There is almost no natural enemy in nature，is one of the strongest carnivores on the Asian land。Therefore，Tiger is a mountain forest beast、King of Forest，Also known as the King of Beasts、Jun of Overlord、Mountain Beast King、Hundred Beast Long。but，Tiger's population is now in a global endangered state，Lady in the International Trade Convention on Endangered Wild and Plant Species (CITES) Appendix I、"World Nature Conservation Alliance" (IUCN) Red List (2015) Endangered species、China "National Key Protection Wild Animal List" National Level 1 National Key Protection Wildlife。

The earliest cats known as the original cat (PROAILUS) and the fake cats (Pseudaelurus) 20 million years ago (PSEUDAERURUS) 20 million years ago，Most of the cats we know mainly appeared in 10 million years in the past。Tiger is a member of the leopard family，Relative relationship with Snow Leopard recently，They are different from the common ancestor of more than 2 million years ago。The oldest tiger stone is the ancient Chinese tiger (Panthera Tigris Palaeosinensis)，From China and Java Island，About 2 million years ago。

Tiger's current 8 subspecies。where，4 subspecies have been extinct: Panthera Tigris Balica was extinct in the 1930s，Panthera Tigris Virtata was extinct in the 1970s，Panthera Tigris Sondaica was extinct in the 1980s，Panthera Tigris amoyensis is almost extinct in the wild。The remaining 4 subspecies include: Northeast Tiger (also known as Siberian Tiger，Panthera Tigris bet365 live casino games Altaica，The largest tiger subspecies，distributed in the Far East of Russia and China)、Indochura Tigris Corbetti，distributed in the Central South Peninsula)、Panthera Tigris Tigris，distributed in the Indian subcontinent)、Sumatra Tigris Sumatrae，Sumatra Island distributed in Indonesia，The smallest tiger subspecies in the existing body)。other，Some scholars have proposed the ninth subspecies of the tiger -Panthera Tigris Jacksoni，distributed on the Malay Peninsula)，Due to the skeletal form and genetic differences with the Indian Tiger tiger，The evidence that is divided into a sub -type is not sufficient。

Animal archeology especially pays attention to the bones of the tiger。Tiger's whole bones have 230-283 blocks，A complete adult tiger bone，The general quality is about 10 kg (Northeast Tiger can reach 20 kg)。The characteristics of each bones are relatively obvious，Take the skull and lower jaw as an example: The skull of the tiger is slightly irregular oval，The highest point of the skull is located in the middle of the frontal bone，50%of the total length of the skull，E frontal towering、The middle part is significantly concave，The brain skull obviously tilted backwards，Sagittarius and Human Romance (pillow) obvious posteriorities; the jaw bones are thick，Xiayuan Pingqi，Puttering muscle nest depression，Coronation is very high，Displaidity is wide; 30 tooths in the upper and lower jaws，Tooth formula is 3.1.3.1/3.1.2.1，The developed canine teeth are strong，Bring cone -shaped，Bending backwards at the tip of the tooth，The 1st molars of the jaw are concave。

　　cultural connotation

■ Lingjiatan site unearthed the first jade double tiger author/

Tiger is only distributed in Asia，It has important symbolic significance in the culture of all parts of Asia。If the Hindu goddess Purga's mount is a tiger，Monkey God Hanuman also has the image of riding a tiger; Tiger is the national symbol of the Korean nation，"Tai Chi Tiger" Dori is the mascot of the 1986 Shouer Asian Games and the 1988 Shouer Olympic Games。

Tiger is carnivore，So，"Tiger has the intention of wounding" is the nature bet365 best casino games of its nature。The ancients reflected this fact through artistic works，Tiger Foods 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣 卣、The meaning of meaning is mysterious and widely concerned。What I saw so far，There are 2 pieces of bronzes in tiger food people，Hidden in the Spring House Museum in Japan and the Paris Schuski Museum，It is rumored to come from Hunan, China。The bronze wares of human tiger mother are mainly distributed in southwest China and Central Plains，Ru Hubei、Hunan、Henan、Shaanxi、Sichuan and other places。Its connotation，Some scholars believe that it is a tiger snapper，Some scholars believe that it is a human tiger intersect。Zhang Guangzhi interpreted people and tigers as wizards and animal assistants，Chen Xingcan thinks that the tiger is the tiger skin，The so -called tiger mouth is a person wearing a tiger skin，The source of reality is the hunter hunter or dance and practice in ritual activities。

The earliest tiger shape，Dragon tiger mussel plastic unearthed from the Xishuipo site of Puyang, Henan Province。The main species of the mussel shell is Lilang、spear mussels and wedge mussels。Feng Shi thinks，The shape of a mussel plastic dragon and tiger can only be explained by astrology，Its position and East、West Erzu Consistent，Add the Beidou pattern with mussels，The composition is completely consistent with the real celestial phenomenon，"The origin of the 28th Star Star System China and the ancient Gatian theory are greatly advanced"。Tiger is Wuling (Dragon、Tiger、Phoenix、Turtle、Lin)，It is also one of the Sifang Gods，It is Western Elephant，"Eria Shitian" said: "West into a tiger shape。”

Tiger often contacted military because of its bravery。Huangdi Xuanyuan "Teach Bear、罴、貔、貔貅、貙、Tiger，To fight with Emperor Yan in the wild of Sakura "(" Historical Records of the Five Emperor Benji ")。When the King of Wu is cut,，"Three hundred cars，Three Hundred Tigers "(" Shang Shu · Mu Yao ")，Tiger tiger compare the warrior to start，"Shang Yan，Ruhuru，Ru Xiong Ruyi，Yu Shangjiao "(" Shang Shu · Mu Yao ")，bet365 Play online games Then use bear、Tiger and other beasts to describe their own military mighty and majestic。Ancient my country was used to convey commands、Tigers are engraved on the soldiers of the troops.，Called "Tiger Character"。Current，The earliest tiger symbol was the Warring States Period，"Historical Records" is about the "Tiger Faculty" of the son of Wei Guo Xinling Jun、Getting the military right、Break Qin Save Zhao's record。China National Museum is collected with 1 "Yangling Tiger"，The voucher that mobilizes the army for Qin Shihuang，Classed with bronzes into a criminal tiger -like，It can be divided into two，Tiger's left and right neck back has the same wrong golden script inscription 12 words "A symbol of the soldiers，Right in the emperor，Left in Yangling "，When mobilizing the army，The Minister holds the right half of the emperor from the emperor，To Yangling (now East of Xianyang City, Shaanxi) and the left half of the symbol，Can you send a order to give an order。

　　Archaeological see "Tiger"

Start from the Yangshao Cultural period，Ancient Chinese ancestors have already distinguished the boundaries of home care and wildness，With the division of "I" and "I"，"I" all include domestic animals，and "non -me" clan，Not the object of being hunt，is the object of conquest，Even everyone is。Anhui Hanshan Lingjia Beach site (5600-5300 years ago) is not much unearthed in animal relics，But there are tiger bone relics unearthed，It should be obtained by hunting，Also unearthed with jade tigers and tigers first。where，Yu Shuanghu's head was unearthed at Lingjia Beach Ruins 1987 Tomb No. 8。Jade His gray and white，扁 扁，The reliefs at both ends of the 璜 have tiger heads，Wrinkle, nose, nose, mouth, mouth, and head of the brain with a yin line and the front paws that flutter forward，Yinyin carved pattern to express the tiger's flower spots，Unique shape，Like a tiger up the mountain。

The author conducts research based on the animal archeology and animal image of the site，It is considered to use precious jade materials to carve animal image，Both the material and the image reflect the Bet365 lotto review spiritual appeal of the prehistoric ancestors，Animal image is first known as wild animals known by Lingjia Beach.。They choose from it to represent the sky (bird and eagle)、Earth (Pig、Tiger、Rabbit) and underground (turtle) animals as the source of the image，Then it deified it into the image of the dragon and phoenix，to achieve the sublimation of the animal image，Further entrusted their spiritual appeal。

The ancestors of the late Shang Dynasty have a deeper understanding of the tiger。"Mammaliles of Yinxu, Anyang" published in 1936，Recorded the skull and lower jawbone of the tiger unearthed at Yinxu site，Dei Raijin and Yang Zhongjian set it as "wild and indigenous animals"。"Tiger" in Oracle is a pictographic text，The identification feature is obvious，Viewing the image of the tiger in the minds of the businessman: the tiger mouth big Zhang，There are raised teeth in the upper and lower jaws，Even drawing stripes on the tiger's body，Detailing the feet with claws and curled long tails。Tiger body is fierce，In the era of only crossbow，Generally, only a huge hunting team can capture it。The hunter hunter recorded in Yinxubi is very large，But very little。If in a field hunting，The team of Shang Wang hunting to 40 deer、164 wolf、159 elk, etc.，but only one tiger ("Oracle Collection" 10198 Bin Group)。The Oracle Bone collected by the Royal Ontario Museum of Canada records a successful tiger hunting operation，They presented tiger's humerus in the sacrifice，and carve and inlay，to highlight its precious。Tiger is precious because of rare，Human awareness caused by fierceness，It is the most common and more animal image in Yinxu ruins。

Facing the rampant of tigers，If you can "fight the" tiger "soldiers without fighting"，It is really the most clever approach。"Jingzong Fu Hu Yu Jie" collected by the National Museum of China，Use the original jade leather color to present a tiger color hair color。Drawing the situation of Liao Jingzong's surrender tiger: Jingzong wear crown，Wear narrow -sleeved robes，Sitting beside the stone cave，"No prestige" tiger clothes are lying next to Jingzong。

■ Japan Spring House Museum Hidden Tiger Foods  Author/Figure

　　Harmony Sepating

Chinese folk takes the meaning of auspicious tiger auspiciousness。My family looks forward to the children's grandson tiger brain、Tiger back bear waist、For Wang Gao Sheng，Wear tiger shoes for children、Wearing a tiger hat、Wearing a tiger bellyband、Sleep tiger pillow、Worship Tiger God。Tiger -shaped night pot is called tiger，According to legend, it originated from the Western Han Dynasty star Li Guang shot to death a Crouching Tiger，Cut off the tiger head as a pillow，Copper into a toilet with copper。

According to historical documents，Tiger's distribution in China is extremely wide，Historically at least 20 provinces、Autonomous Region、Tigers have been found in municipalities directly under the Central Government。Tiger's bone remains have found in the archeological sites from south to north in China，There are more than 30 places。The number of tigers in the natural environment is very small，This can be confirmed with each other with a small number of tiger relics unearthed in the archeological site。

From the perspective of worldwide，Tigers have been widely distributed in the vast areas from Asia from western Turkey to eastern Russia.，State of continuous distribution。For the past 100 years，The number of tiger populations all over the world has dropped by 97%。On the occasion of the year of the Chinese tiger in 2010，A country with a tiger signed a pioneering agreement: by 2022，By protecting natural habitats、Banning international illegal trade、Focus on the market demand of tiger bone wine and various traditional pharmaceuticals，Strive to double the number of flocks of the tiger，The signing and execution of the protocol achieved results: until 2016，The number of global tiger populations has risen for the first time; when the year of the tiger is coming in 2022，According to statistics，The number of global tiger populations is estimated to be 5300-7300。

Human and Animals share the blue planet of the earth，The relationship between the two is intricate and changes over time。A few wild animals have completed the conversion bet365 best casino games to domestic animals，The new "Alliance" is "concluded" between humans and domestic animals: mutually beneficial symbiosis，Then the number of family breeding population and population will increase。With the expansion of human beings，Or can establish a protected area in the wilderness to protect wildlife groups; and within the scope of the human territory，It can be sheltered by establishing a zoo and other methods，Some individuals in wild animals also "try" (forced) to integrate into it through self -domestication。

Vitering Sea Sang Field，Wilderness is difficult to find，Beast Sites，Human beings are in the process of the sixth biological extinction。Facing the severe environmental deterioration of survival，Protect biological diversity、Joint build people and natural life community，It is the solemn commitment and action guide of mankind to the future。

　　(Author Unit: Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)