■The skull of a bet365 tennis bet hidden in Shuanggu, Chinese Academy of Sciences Author/Photo provided

2022 is the Year of the bet365 tennis bet Renyin，The rise and fall of bet365 tennis bet populations and cultural connotations，Reflects the psychological changes and behavioral changes in human understanding of wild animals。On the occasion of the Year of the bet365 tennis bet，Let’s talk about tigers from a zooarchaeological perspective。

　　The rise and fall of populations

bet365 tennis bet，Belongs to the class Mammalia、Carnivora、Feline，is the largest cat。bet365 tennis bet is at the top of the food chain，There are almost no natural enemies in nature，Is one of the strongest carnivores on land in Asia。Therefore，bet365 tennis bet is a wild beast in the forest、King of the Forest，Also known as the King of Beasts、The Overlord、The King of Mountain Beasts、Chief of Beasts。But，The bet365 tennis bet population is now globally endangered，Listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)、International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List (2015) Endangered Species、China's "List of National Key Protected Wild Animals" National Level 1 Key Protected Wild Animals。

The earliest known cats are Proailurus, which dates back to 30 million years ago, and Pseudaelurus, which dates back to 20 million years ago，Most of the cat taxa we know of appeared mainly in the past 10 million years。The bet365 tennis bet is a member of the Panthera family，The closest relative to the snow leopard，They are derived from a common ancestor more than 2 million years ago。The oldest bet365 tennis bet fossil is Panthera tigris palaeosinensis，From China and Java，About 2 million years ago。

There are currently 8 subspecies of bet365 tennis bet。Among them，4 subspecies have become extinct: the Bali bet365 tennis bet (Panthera tigris balica) became extinct in the 1930s，The Caspian bet365 tennis bet (Panthera tigris virtata) became extinct in the 1970s，The Javan bet365 tennis bet (Panthera tigris sondaica) became extinct in the 1980s，The South China bet365 tennis bet (Panthera tigris amoyensis) is almost extinct in the wild。The remaining 4 subspecies include: Siberian bet365 tennis bet (also known as Siberian bet365 tennis bet，Panthera tigris altaica，The largest bet365 tennis bet subspecies，Distributed in the Russian Far East and China)、Indochinese bet365 tennis bet (Panthera tigris corbetti，Distributed in Indochina)、Bengal bet365 tennis bet (Panthera tigris tigris，Distributed in the Indian subcontinent)、Panthera tigris sumatrae，Distributed in Sumatra, Indonesia，The smallest existing bet365 tennis bet subspecies)。In addition，Some scholars have proposed the ninth subspecies of bet365 tennis bet-Panthera tigris jacksoni，Distributed in the Malay Peninsula)，Because the bone morphology and genetic differences between it and the Indochinese bet365 tennis bet are minimal，There is insufficient evidence to classify it as a subspecies。

Zooarchaeology pays special attention to bet365 tennis bet bones。The bet365 tennis bet has 230-283 bones in its body，A complete adult bet365 tennis bet bone，The general mass is about 10 kg (the Siberian bet365 tennis bet can reach 20 kg)。The characteristics of each bone part are relatively obvious，Take the skull and mandible as an example: the bet365 tennis bet’s skull is slightly irregular oval，The highest point of the skull is in the middle of the frontal bone，The height is not less than 50% of the total length of the skull，Tall frontal bones、The middle part is significantly concave，The brain is obviously tilted backward，The junction between the sagittal crest and lambdoid crest (occiput) is obviously posteriorly protruding；Thick mandible，Straight lower edge，Depression of masseter fossa，The coronoid process is very high，Wide condyle；There are 30 teeth in the upper and lower jaws，Tooth type is 3.1.3.1/3.1.2.1，The canine teeth are well developed and strong，Conical shape，The tip of the tooth is slightly bent backward，The first mandibular molar is concave。

　　Cultural connotation

■The jade double bet365 tennis bet head unearthed from the Lingjiatan site Author/photo provided

Tigers are only found in Asia，Has important symbolic significance in cultures across Asia。For example, the Hindu goddess Purga’s mount is a bet365 tennis bet，The monkey god Hanuman also has the image of riding a bet365 tennis bet；bet365 tennis bet is the national symbol of the Korean nation，"Tai Chi bet365 tennis bet" Dori was the mascot of the 1986 Seoul Asian Games and the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games。

Tigers are carnivores，So，“bet365 tennis bet hurts others” is due to its nature。The ancients reflected this fact through artistic works，The bet365 tennis bet eats humans because of its peculiar shape、Mysterious meaning and widespread attention。What we’ve seen so far，There are 2 pieces of bet365 tennis bet-eating bronze 卣 in total，Hidden in the Izumiya Museum in Japan and the Senuschi Museum in Paris, France，It is said that they are all from Hunan, China。Bronze wares with human-bet365 tennis bet motifs are mainly distributed in southwest China and the Central Plains，such as Hubei、Hunan、Henan、Shaanxi、Sichuan and other places。its connotation，Some scholars believe that bet365 tennis bet bites people，Some scholars believe that it was a man-bet365 tennis bet copulation。Zhang Guangzhi explains humans and tigers as wizards and animal assistants，Chen Xingcan thinks that bet365 tennis bet is actually bet365 tennis bet skin，The so-called person who is in the bet365 tennis bet’s mouth should be the person who is wearing the bet365 tennis bet’s skin，The actual source should be that people wear bet365 tennis bet skins to hunt or dance and practice in ritual activities。

The earliest bet365 tennis bet shape，From the 6,400-year-old dragon, bet365 tennis bet and clam sculpture unearthed from the Xishuipo site in Puyang, Henan。The main species of clam shell is Lili clam、Spear clam and wedge clam。Feng Shi thinks，The shapes of clams, dragons and tigers can only be explained by astrology，Its arrangement direction and east、西二路 unanimous，Add the Beidou pattern that was produced together with the clam sculpture，The composition is completely consistent with the real celestial phenomenon，"Greatly advanced the origin of China's twenty-eight constellations system and the age of the ancient heaven-covering theory"。bet365 tennis bet is the five spirits (dragon、bet365 tennis bet、phoenix、turtle、Lin) one，Also one of the four gods，For the image of the West，"Erya Shitian" said: "The West takes the shape of a bet365 tennis bet。”

Tigers are often associated with the military because of their bravery。Yellow Emperor Xuanyuan "teaches bears、罴、Pi、貅、粙、bet365 tennis bet，To fight Emperor Yan in the wilderness of Banquan" ("Historical Records: The Chronicles of the Five Emperors")。When King Wu conquered Zhou，"Three hundred military vehicles，Three Hundred Tigers and Benefits" ("Shang Shu·Mu Shi")，This is where the metaphor of bet365 tennis bet and birch as a warrior begins，"Shang Huanhuan，Ruhurupi，Like a bear，In the suburbs of Shang Dynasty" ("Shang Shu·Mu Shi")，Then use the bear、bet365 tennis bet and other fierce beasts are used to describe the majesty of one’s army。Used to convey orders in ancient my country、bet365 tennis bet is engraved on the talisman for dispatching troops，Called "bet365 tennis bet Talisman"。Currently，The earliest bet365 tennis bet charm is from the Warring States Period，In "Historical Records", there is a story about the theft of "bet365 tennis bet Talisman" by Prince Xinling of Wei State、Seize military power、The record of defeating Qin and rescuing Zhao。The National Museum of China has a collection of "Yangling bet365 tennis bet Talisman"，Certificate of mobilizing troops for Qin Shihuang，Made of bronze into the shape of a crouching bet365 tennis bet，Can be divided into two，The left and right nape of the bet365 tennis bet’s neck have the same 12-character inscription in gold seal script “The Talisman of Armor and Soldiers”，The emperor is on the right，Left in Yangling"，When mobilizing troops，The envoy holds the upper right half talisman from the emperor，Go to Yangling (today’s east of Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province) and match the left half，Only before you can give orders。

　　See "bet365 tennis bet" in Archeology

At least since the Yangshao Culture period，The ancient Chinese ancestors had a very clear distinction between domestic and wild animals，With the distinction between "I" and "not myself"，All “I” includes domestic animals，And the "not me" type，Not the target of hunting，The object to be conquered，Even people。Not many animal remains were unearthed from the Lingjiatan site in Hanshan, Anhui (5600-5300 years ago)，But there are bet365 tennis bet bone remains unearthed，Should be obtained from hunting，There are also jade bet365 tennis bet-headed huangs and jade double-bet365 tennis bet shouhuangs unearthed。Among them，The jade double bet365 tennis bet head huang was unearthed from Tomb No. 8 excavated at the Lingjiatan site in 1987。Jade is off-white，Oblate arc shape，There are bet365 tennis bet heads embossed on both ends of the huang，Use negative lines to embossed the eyes, nose, mouth, ears, wrinkles on the forehead and the forward paws，The incised pattern on the Huang represents the bet365 tennis bet’s spots，Unique shape，Like a bet365 tennis bet going up the mountain。

The author conducted research based on the zooarchaeology and animal images of the site，It is believed that precious jade materials are used to carve animal images，Both the material and the image reflect the spiritual aspirations of the prehistoric ancestors，Animal images are first of all wild animals known to the prehistoric ancestors of Lingjiatan。They chose from them to represent the sky (birds and eagles)、The Earth (Pig、bet365 tennis bet、Rabbit) and underground (tortoise) animals as image sources，And then deified it into the image of dragon and phoenix，Thus achieving the sublimation of animal images，further placed their spiritual demands。

The ancestors of the late Shang Dynasty had a deeper understanding of tigers。In "The Mammals of Yin Ruins in Anyang" published in 1936，Recorded the skull and mandible of a bet365 tennis bet unearthed from the Yinxu site，De Chardin and Yang Zhongjian defined it as a "wild and indigenous animal"。The "bet365 tennis bet" in oracle bone inscriptions is a hieroglyphic character，Obvious identification features，Visually shows the image of a bet365 tennis bet in the businessman's mind: the bet365 tennis bet's mouth is wide open，Protruding fangs on the upper and lower jaws，There are even stripes painted on the bet365 tennis bet’s body，Detailed depiction of clawed feet and long curly tail。The bet365 tennis bet is big and fierce，In the era when there were only crossbows，Usually only a large hunting team can capture it。The bet365 tennis bet hunting formation recorded in the Yin Ruins inscriptions is very large，But gained little。As in a field hunt，The Shang King’s team hunted 40 deer、164 wolves、159 elk, etc.，There is only one bet365 tennis bet ("Oracle Bone Collection" 10198 guests)。The oracle bones collected by the Royal Ontario Museum in Canada record a successful bet365 tennis bet hunt，They offered the bet365 tennis bet's humerus in the sacrifice，And engraving and inlaying，To highlight its preciousness。bet365 tennis bet is rare and precious，Arouses human awe due to ferocity，It is the most common and frequently used animal image in the Yin Ruins。

Facing bet365 tennis bet danger，If you can "subdue the bet365 tennis bet's soldiers without fighting"，This is really the smartest way。“Jingzong Fuhu Jade Ornament” collected by the National Museum of China，Using the original jade skin color to present the colorful fur color of the bet365 tennis bet。Depicts the situation when Jingzong of Liao Dynasty surrendered the bet365 tennis bet: Jingzong wears the crown，Wearing a narrow-sleeved robe，Sitting beside the cave，The "non-powerful" bet365 tennis bet lies obediently beside Jing Zong。

■bet365 tennis bet cannibals hidden in Japan’s Izumiya Museum Author/photo provided

　　Harmonious symbiosis

The Chinese folk often take the bet365 tennis bet as auspicious meaning。The family hopes that their children and grandchildren will be bet365 tennis bet-headed and bet365 tennis bet-brained、Tough-backed and bear-like、Gaosheng for the King，Wear bet365 tennis bet shoes for children、Wearing a bet365 tennis bet hat、bet365 tennis bet bellyband、Sleeping bet365 tennis bet Pillow、Worship the bet365 tennis bet God。bet365 tennis bet-shaped chamber pot is called Huzi，According to legend, it originated from the famous Western Han Dynasty general Li Guang who shot a crouching bet365 tennis bet to death，Cut off the bet365 tennis bet’s head to make a pillow，A toilet made of copper。

Based on historical documents，bet365 tennis bet is widely distributed in China，At least in more than 20 provinces in history、Autonomous Region、bet365 tennis bet found in municipalities。bet365 tennis bet skeleton remains have also been found in archaeological sites from south to north in China，More than 30 places。The number of tigers in the natural environment is very small，This is mutually corroborated by the small number of bet365 tennis bet remains unearthed from archaeological sites。

From a global perspective，bet365 tennis bet was once widely distributed in Asia from western Türkiye to the eastern coast of Russia，Continuously distributed state。Nearly 100 years，bet365 tennis bet population worldwide declined by 97%。On the occasion of the Chinese Year of the bet365 tennis bet in 2010，Countries with surviving tigers sign a groundbreaking agreement: by 2022，By protecting natural habitats、Clamp down on international illegal trade、Focus on the market demand for bet365 tennis bet bone wine and various traditional pharmaceuticals，Strive to double the bet365 tennis bet population，The signing and implementation of the agreement have achieved results: until 2016，The global bet365 tennis bet population has increased for the first time；As the Year of the bet365 tennis bet approaches in 2022，According to statistics，The global bet365 tennis bet population is estimated to be 5300-7300。

Human beings and animals share the blue planet of the earth，The relationship between the two is complex and changes over time。A few wild animals have completed the transformation into domestic animals，A new "covenant" has been "forged" between humans and domestic animals: mutual benefit and symbiosis，Then the domestic animal population and human population will increase。With the expansion of human beings，A protected area may be established in the wilderness to protect wild animal populations；And within human territory，It can be protected by establishing a zoo, etc.，Some individuals in the wild animals also "try" (forced) to integrate into them through self-domestication。

Changes in the sea，Hard to find in the wilderness，Beast Escape，Humanity is in the process of the sixth mass extinction。Facing serious environmental degradation problems that endanger survival，Protect biodiversity、Work together to build a community of life between man and nature，It is mankind’s solemn commitment and action guide for the future。

　　(Author’s unit: Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)