Around 3000 BC，The Balkan Peninsula took the lead in opening the gate of the European Bronze Age，In the next 1500 years，Most of Europe has entered the threshold of the Bronze Age one after another。European geographical environment is complex and diverse，Bronze culture in the territory also presents different regional characteristics，It can be roughly divided into Southern Europe、Eastern Europe、Central Europe and Western Europe inland、Western European coast and five regions of Nordic Europe。

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Greek Peninsula and its surrounding islands are one of the earliest regions in the Bronze Age in Europe，Early and mid -term in the Bronze Age，The inland inland in the peninsula is mainly Greek Culture，The Aegean Islands are mainly Cycladic Culture，The southern islands are mainly Minoan Culture and the late Mycenaean Culture。

It is generally considered，Greek Culture、Kikradi Culture、Minos culture is indigenous culture，Mindini culture is a very developed culture created by the Asians created by the Asians from the northern grassland。Late in the Bronze Age，Under the impact of the Funiki people at the maritime nation and the Dorian people in the northern grassland nation，Greek Peninsula enters the dark period。After more than 300 years，The culture of the Greek Peninsula began to recover，step into the geometric style period、Ancient style、Classical and Greek period。

Under the influence of the bronze culture of the Greek Peninsula，Yapingning Peninsula entered the Bronze Age around 2,000 BC，The northern part is the Terramar Culture created by the northern grassland people after entering the peninsula，The southern part of the central and southern part is the APennine Culture created by the local Aboriginal people。With the south of Tramara Bet365 app download culture，Two cultural fusion of Villanovan Culture，Later developed into Etrusian Culture (BC 1200 -BC)。

Southern European bronze ware with portrait、Weapon、Tool、Decoration、Daily utensils。Person common male idols、Grand Statue、Prayer、Warrior、Royal Portrait as a small portrait for sacrifice，Animal image mainly has cows、Horse、Sheep、Deer, etc.。Bronze portrait before the dark period is more realistic and realistic，Portrait in the geometric style period is rough and abstract，Classical and Greek portrait how tall realism is realistic、Sophisticated production。

■Danish Tryo Mums unearthed bronze solar car authors/picture 

Weapons mainly have daggers、Sword、spear、Double Blade Ax、horizontal ax、Ax、镞, etc.; Common vertical ax、Sword cut、chisel、needle、cone、Hammer、Do not needle、镊、Scissors, etc.; The decorations mainly have bracelets、Necklace、amulet、Stand head、pole headgear; daily instrument has a mirror、Candle、dressing box、Overse, etc.; Another ashes、Pot pan、chariot and other etiquette。Bronze wares are often out of tombs or palace。The bronze culture of this spectrum is mainly created by the ancestors of the ancient Greeks and the ancient Romans。

　Eastern European Bronze Culture 

With the formation of "Karba -Bargan Metallurgical Area"，Entry Tomb Culture in the southern European and northern part of the Eastern European Peninsula entered the bronze era，Time is slightly earlier than Southern Europe。After the cave tomb culture (Catacombs Culture)、Abashevo Culture、Development of Poltavka Culture，Timber-Chamberd Tomb Culture entered the iron era。

Scythian Culture, who was in the early iron age, is still common in bronze wares。The Fatyanovo-Balanovo Culture period in northern Eastern European Forest Pradeshores is entered the Bronze Age，Entering the heyday during the Sejma-Turbino period，and in the post -Saima -Turbino Culture、Saf Roman Culture Bet365 app download period entered the iron era。(Liu Demira Kriakova waited，Chen Xiang translated "The Gate of Eurasia: The Bronze and Iron Age of Ural and Siberia"，Sanlian Bookstore 2021)

Eastern European bronze wares with weapons、Tool、decorations are mainly，Common Ax、Vertical Ax、spear、Dagger、Short sword、Long sword、镞、horizontal ax、Sword cut、sickle、锄、锛、chisel、cone、Do not needle、Bracelet、earrings、Necklace、The head of the stick and a small amount of small portraits, etc.。Added a horsepower to the late stage、card decoration、pole headgear、鍑 and other popular animal decoration art (Yang Jianhua、Shao Huiqiu、Pan Ling's "The Road to the East of Eurasia Prairie"，Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 2016)。Bronze wares are often out of tombs and cellars。It is generally considered，The bronze culture of this spectrum is mainly created by the ancestors of Slap Mrs.。

　　Central Europe and Western European inland bronze culture 

Farming conditions in central and western Europe are better，Bronze resources are also rich，There is a big difference between the student model and southern Europe and southern Europe，Its bronze culture presents the characteristics of both connections and differences with the two places。The area is under the influence of the "Kalba 阡 -Balkans Metallurgical Area"，Bell-Beaker and Battle-Axe Culture in the Bell Cup enters the bronze era，After passing the Ni Nitz Culture、Tumulus Culture、Development of Urnfield Culture，Enter the Iron Age during the Hallstat Culture period，But in fact, it is still common until the La Tene Culture period.。

■Bronze wine tanks unearthed from Vickis Town, France/Figure Figure 

Bronze Culture and Eastern Europe in the inland of Central Europe and Western Europe、Southern European region has an impact，A greater impact on Nordic Bronze Culture。Bronze wares mainly have weapons、Tool、decorations and a small amount of small portraits，Common horizontal ax、spear、Dagger、Sword、镞、Vertical Ax、Sword cut、Bet365 app download sickle、chisel、cone、needle、Do not needle、Fish Hook、collar、Bracelet、Arm Ring、earrings、Make a car、Bar ash、Waterbird;、armor、Shield、Mirror、wine can、Bringing pot、No.、Round -shaped sculpture ornaments, etc.。Bronze wares are often out of the cellar，Such as French Gannte Cellar、Hungarian Kujiid Cellar, etc.。

This area is influenced by the tradition of the late stone Tomahawk in the late Neolithic period (Gordon Chartwen，Chen Chun、Chen Hong's translation "Dawn of European Civilization"，Jilin Publishing Group 2017 edition)。Various bronze axes in the bronze era，This tendency has a great impact on European and Asian grasslands。It is generally considered，The bronze culture of this spectrum is mainly created by the ancestors of the Celtics。

　Bronze Culture of Western European Coastal 

British Islands、Western France's coast and Iberian Peninsula，In the Neolithic era is the main distribution area of ​​Boulder Tomb culture，To the Bronze Age was doubled by the inland bronze culture southern and western in Europe，ATlantic Bronze Culture，presents a variety of appearance features。

Copper ore in this area、Tin ore resources are relatively abundant，Therefore, as early as 2000 BC, I entered the Bronze Age，As Wessex Culture、Argaric Culture。After passing through Acton Park Culture、Development of Bretagne Culture，Dowris Culture、Castro Culture Enter the Iron Age (A.H. Dany，Translation Lin Press 2015 edition)。

Bronze culture of Western European coastal is not as good as South Europe、Western European Inland Development，Bronze wares mainly have weapons、Tool、decorations and a small portrait、Animals, etc.，Common daggers、spear、Carp tongue sword、镞、Helmet、Ax、Vertical Ax、chisel、Sword cut、锛、锄、cone、sickle、Fish Hook、needle、Bracelet、Arm Ring、collar、Vocket、Chariot, etc.。Bronze wares are often out of the cellar，Bet365 app download As such as London, the British Heifu Ling cellar。The bronze culture of this spectrum generally believes that it is mainly considered by the Celtics、The ancestors of the Germans and Iberian people。

　　Nordic Bronze Culture 

Copper Mine in Nordic Region、Lack of tin ore resources，Plus away from Bronze Culture Center，Late time to enter the Bronze Age is later than in other parts of Europe，Nordic Culture, around 1700 BC, entered the bronze era，Enter the Iron Age in the late period of Nortic Culture (Around 700 BC)。

Nordic is rich in amber，It is loved by nobles around Europe and the Mediterranean regions，So in Northern Europe and Southern Europe、Multiple "Amber Road" between Western Europe。Bronze resources from all over Europe、Copycry Crystal、Bronze and other products along the "Amber Road"，From South Europe、Central Europe、Western Europe、Eastern Europe or even farther places come around，Therefore, Nordic Bronze Culture and Central Europe、Western Europe and Eastern Europe are similar。But the buried location of the Nordic bronze wares is different from the above -mentioned areas，Frequently from the lake、Swamp，Such，This may be related to sacrifice activities。

Bronze wares mainly have weapons、Tool、Decoration、Relic instrument, etc.，Common swords、spear、镞、Shield、Helmet、machete、Vertical Ax、Sword cut、chisel、cone、needle、Fish Hook、Make a car、Horn and a small number of small portraits、Animals, etc.。The bronze culture of this spectrum is generally considered to be created by the ancestors of the Germans。

　　Interaction between culture 

Generally speaking，Common weapons of bronze wares around Europe、Tools and decorations。There are more bronze portraits and animals in South Europe，These portraits are mostly related to sacrifice activities，It can be seen from the close connection between the bronze culture of the southern European and the east coast and the south bank of the Mediterranean.。Bronze weapons in Eastern Europe bet365 best casino games are the most developed，The characteristics of the grassland people are still martial arts。More complicated portraits in the above bronze wares、Animals and other common use of waxing method; relatively simple weapons、Tool、Decoration、Daily utensils, etc., use simple dual -based casting method，Supplemented by forging。

The fragmented geographical structure of the European continent and the complex and diverse climate environment，Diversity of bronze culture in the country。From time to view，The earliest time in the Bronze Age of East and Eastern Europe in eastern Southern Europe，Bronze culture is also the most developed，The impact on other regions is also relatively large。Western European coastal and Northern Europe entering the Bronze Age is slightly late，Bronze culture is not very developed，It has less impact on other regions。Central Europe as a European belly area，Its bronze culture is subject to Southern Europe、At the same time in Eastern Europe，For Western Europe、Nordic has had an important impact。

The factors to promote cultural exchanges and communication are mainly the pursuit of resources。When existing resources cannot meet the demand，You need to exchange or buy and sell with the outside world，So a variety of commercial roads were formed，"The Road of Landscape Stone" in Western Asia、The "Amber Road" in Europe and the "Silk Road" between the Asia -Europe continent。When the normal exchange cannot achieve the purpose or inability to exchange the exchange，Frequently pay for force plunder，If the grassland crowd is caused by natural disasters、Plague and other reasons when the survival crisis，It will plunder the food of the surrounding people、Population、Home Animals and other resources，Continuously impact on surrounding areas, especially farming areas, (Wu Yuyu's "Nomadic World and Farming World in World History"，"Yunnan Social Science" 1983, No. 1)。other，Prairie crowd often lives in water and Bet365 app download grass，You also need to continue to migrate。

The above exchange、plunder、Migration and other behaviors while promoting their own cultural diffusion，Culture in other regions has spread to farther place，Eventually complex networks for cultural exchanges between different regions。The communication between the spectrum systems of European bronze culture is roughly the same。

　(This article is the "Study Research on Ancient Chinese Bronze" (19xkg009) in the Western Project of the National Social Science Fund) 

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Shaanxi Normal University)