■ Shiji Royal City Far Vision   Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archeology/Figure

Hetao area is located in the edge of northern China，It has been considered a drought and barren land for a long time，The degree of civilization is relatively low。In recent years，Discovery of the super -large center settlement represented by the Shijie site，The academic community gradually realized that the Heba area is not only the strong cultural group of early civilization in East Asia，It is an important part of the formation of Chinese civilization。But because the work that has been carried out is relatively limited，The civilization process in the river in the river is unclear，The academic circles have created a variety of "Questions of Shi Ji"。It is worth noting is，A large number of special relics related to religious sacrifices have been unearthed in the river.，Under the background of the settlement archeology that has not been fully carried out，This type of relics provides important clues for the civilization process of knowing the river in the river.。

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Early Longshan Times，Religious sacrifice relics appeared in the river in the river for the first time。Baotou Azhan in the southern foot of Yin Mountain、Shamujia、Black Maispan and Weijun Settlement Settlement is generally found "altar" relics。These relics are located on a higher position or artificially paved tablet.，The surrounding terrain is wide，Stay away from the residential area。The ruins include two types of mound stone circle altar and simple stone circle altar，All are in a combined discharge distribution。This kind of relics are completely different from the residential and burial architectural system，and bet365 Play online games Modern Mongolian people、Aobao used by Daur and Tibetans is very similar，The academic community generally believes，This type of relics are related to religious sacrifice activities。

other，Jun Gezzzi Tower in the Yellow River area of ​​the south、Jiaxian Mountain, Jiaxian County、Shicheng settlement such as Wakaya Quzhai Mountain and Wubao Guanhu Puki of Hengshan is generally found，The overall animal scapula is processed，There are several round burning marks on the front of the bone fan。Divination using animal scapulas is a popular religious sacrifice in the pre -Qin period of China，Diviners perform burning on the selected beast bone surface、Diamond and Chisu，Then judge the good and bad blessing according to the scarred cracking pattern of the sparkling marks。

The origin of the bone is still controversial，Gansu Wushan Fujiamen、Chifeng Balin Zuoqi Fuhegou Gate and Henan Xichuan Xiawanggang site found that there are so -called in the late stages of the Yangshao era，But found that the number is very limited，The distribution area is very scattered，The late bones discovered are all late Longshan era，Age span is very large，Therefore, it is difficult to determine whether the bone bone originated from the late Yangshao era。and the early Longshan era in the bone bone is only found in the Yellow River area of ​​the south，Not only is it widely distributed，and in the late Longshan era, it also has a clear inheritance continuation，Therefore, the origin of the bone bone is likely to be closely related to the river -style area。

Since the religious sacrifice remains, there are generally appearing in the river system area，Its role is an unavoidable problem。Early Longshan Times，Under the background of the pressure of "population -resource"，Shicheng settlement，Conflicts between different regions are also more common。Construction of Bet365 lotto review Shicheng settlement，Construction of Shicheng settlement、Maintenance and use requires the power that requires aggregation to fall into the group，and the clan organization relationship has been obviously weakened in the He suit area，Public rally in large houses generally disappear，New social organizations and social order tend to form。Affected by the weakening of the clan tissue relationship，Independence of the big family and the family is significantly strengthened，Social differentiation is gradually formed，Religious sacrifice rituals have also become an effective way for some large families and families to condense internal condensation。visible from existing materials，Altar is generally built in the southern foot of Yin Mountain，Bone bones in the Yellow River area of ​​the south，There may be two different religious sacrifice "experiments" within the construction of a new social order within the construction of a new social order.。

　　Late Longshan Times: Development of Religious Sacrifice Categories

Late Longshan Times，The culture and hierarchical integration of the culture and level in the river in the river in the river，The Hetao area also ushered in the highest peak of social development。The bone bones that were popular in the Yellow River area of ​​the southern flow of Longshan in the Longshan era have spread to the entire river in this stage，Not only found in Shicheng settlement，In Shenmu Xinhua、Xinzhou Tour Invitation、Dingxiang Qingshi and other ordinary settlements are often found，The religious sacrifice ceremony represented by the bone bone has become an effective way to maintain the internal relationship of the settlement and highlight the identity level。The sacrifice means represented by "Altar" still appear in the early early stage of the Longshan era.，But the influence of the bone gradually weakened and coexist，and generally disappear in the late late period of bet365 best casino games the Longshan era。So far，The religious connotation and religious model of the river in the river are gradually consistent。

While the common settlement is popular，Large and oversized settlements present a completely different religious sacrifice ritual。The relics related to religious sacrifice activities unearthed at the site of the Shijie site are very rich。The outer city of the east gate of the outer city of the Shiji site、6 ruins of buried skins in the walls of pier and horse noodles，Most of the deceased as young women，Some skull hair has obvious burning and cutting traces，Religious sacrifice behavior implemented for the construction of the city wall。Sun Zhouyong believes that it may be recorded in the "Historical Records" recorded Qin Degong's "Four Gate of Douyi，The function of Royal Mask "is similar。The collapse and stack of stone walls in the east gate of the outer city of the outer city of the Shiji site or some stone walls in the gate of Huangcheng Terrace or the outer edge of the wall found that there are a lot of embedded jade，Jade species with jade shovel、Jade、Daising, etc.。These jade wares that are regarded as high -level luxury in other cultural areas are intentionally embedded in stone walls，Given a new religious connotation by the ancestors of Shi Yan，Ye Shuxian believes that it may be related to the "Yumen Yaotai" recorded in the literature。

Shi Ji Ruins Emperor City Taiwan Dacai Grand South Lado is unearthed with a large number of stone carvings，Stone carving、Patters and techniques are very rich。Although different types of stone carvings have different use scenarios，But is generally located on the grand Huangcheng Taiwan Grand Taiwan base，For people to admire and worship，Reflecting the spiritual sustenance of the ancestors of Shi Yan's place to the location of the imperial city，Not only adds the mystery of the location of the Huangcheng Terrace，It bet365 best casino games also highlights the religious authority of the upper society of Shijie。Shi Ji Site The collapse of the northern end of the Taitung Wall in the Shijie site also found more than 100 pieces of bone bones，Bone Bone is distributed at the same position，It reflects the signs of concentrated treatment after the divination is over，It also implies that there should be concentrated divisions at the top of Huangcheng Terrace。，The top of the Imperial City Terrace also found a considerable amount of mouth spring，From the records of the pre -Qin literature and national scientific information，The springs of the mouth have taken the ancestor of worship ghosts and gods、Entertainment Bin Xing and Love expression and other functions，The mysterious melody with a sense of ritual may be given to the human god、The function of sacrificing ancestors。

Generally speaking，The upper society of Shijie has made multiple attempts in the aspects of building beliefs or communicating with human gods，Religious sacrifice relics can be divided into two forms: one is the ceremony of "Tibetan jade" and "head sacrifice" held at the time of the city;，Including conventional stone carving admiration and worship，It also includes divination sacrifice and springs performed at a special time。

The gap in the stone wall of the city wall in the city of Houcheng、A jade knife was found at the bottom of the collapse and the bottom of the ring.、Jade Ring and other special jade，Show the religious connotation similar to the Ishi site，But how many forms of religious sacrifice relics are unclear。Generally speaking，Compared to ordinary settlements，Large and ultra -large settlements Master a more diverse sacrifice method。These rituals dominate the spiritual world of the ancestors of the He style in a "authority" method，to achieve the legitimacy of maintaining real social organizations and political levels、Divine bet365 best casino games purpose，Not only the effective means of gathered people's hearts and maintaining social order in different levels of rulers，It also makes large and super -large settlements the most important political and religious center of the river in the river.。

It is worth noting that，The sacrifice method or element of the stone 峁 culture is inherited by the later three generations of civilization。Divination becomes the three generations of royal family or aristocratic groups for "human and god communication" and predicting good and bad ways。Although the stone carving is not inherited directly by future generations，But the composition method of the stone carving pattern and the face pattern、Elements such as animal face patterns and other content are basically followed by later bronze rituals，Become an effective way to communicate the gods during the sacrifice。The construction of the three generations of civilization for the order of sacrifice etiquette，It should be used for the religious sacrifice tradition of the river in the river.，The Hetao area also provides important information for exploring the complexity of the three generations of civilized society。

The formation mechanism of the early civilization and the origin of the country is a problem that the academic circles tirelessly explore，Religion is one of the most important power mechanisms。In the development process of civilization in the river in the river,，Religious sacrifice always plays a role in condensing people's hearts and maintaining social order，God of power and secular power are closely combined，Hierarchical integration from the settlement group to the region in the river，and then move towards the early country's journey。Civilized development is the common feature of the evolution of human society，But due to the environmental background、Resource conditions、Production method、There are differences in factors such as consciousness concepts and cultural Bet365 app download traditions，The civilization process and expression forms in different regions are different，and the religious sacrifice factors reflected in the process of civilization in the river in the river，It provides an important "Hetao Case" for exploring the study of Chinese civilization and national origin research。

　　(Author Unit: School of Literature, Shaanxi Normal University; School of History of Anhui University)