Bet365 lotto review International Comparison Research Series (1)

"Where is the Welfare Country Go" shortly after the publication，I am elected as a member of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，After that, I accepted the commission of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (at the time was the Ministry of Labor and Social Security)，Compare research on the social security system of more than 100 countries。Due to the fundamental funding at the time, it was more abundant，I decided to mobilize more manpower，Do a little basic construction in the international comparative field of social security in China。My design is a continuous follow -up research in four steps。

The first research step I designed is the basic method of tracking the funding process of the social security system of various countries，The income and expenditure of the social security funding of 125 countries in the world (including the principles reflected in the income and expenditure process、Law、Payment ratio、Management mechanism, etc.)，Investigating the country from the flow of funds and traffic in social legislation、Taxation (or payment) system and social administration and other similarities and samples。The purpose of this is to restore the complicated social bet365 live casino games security system into a most basic activity，that is, "receipt" and "branch"，By tracking the basic flow and basic method of "income transfer"，The role of the state's legislation and administrative agencies in the capital flow。Process of tracking funds transfer，You can see the social security system of various countries or exquisite or simple design，You can understand the institutional contact in the social security system，You can observe the level of different social development in different countries、The relationship between the relationship between different economic and political structures and historical and cultural resources and their social identity。I think，When China is learning from the experience of foreign social security system，Should master、Knowing and understanding this information，and the inevitable contact between them and the basic system structure，That is, a bird's -eye view of these systems，Looking for the logical reasons and overall effects of the system design，instead of removing a photo to copy individual methods。

Tracking the principles and methods of collection and payment of the five major insurance types of social security in various countries (regions)，I ask the author to draw the funds to the flowchart，To ensure the absence of basic information and the comparability between different systems，For example, the funds process bet365 Play online games of each country must include the payer、Payment Standards、Collection agency、Fund management and issuing agency、Beneficial group、Information from the beneficiary method and standard。Compare this information，It can achieve a clear effect at a glance。Comparison research shows，In the change of industrialized society，The development of the social security system does show regular characteristics。For example，Work injury insurance is generally an early guarantee form，Unemployment insurance changes with the change of social employment。The role of the government is not neat，But the total of the government and the market is enough to resist industrial social risks。Social security accounts for the proportion of fiscal revenue.，Is the derivative system of industrialization，It has conductive utility in the world，Generally, there is industrialization，There is a social security。In the post -hair industrial society，Indeed, a phenomenon of simple imitation of the social security system of developed countries，This imitation has made mistakes due to ignoring the characteristics of the country。

The second research step I designed is based on the policy formulation process of tracking social security policies，Select 50 countries from more than 100 countries in the first phase，Analysis of the social security system and mechanism，Observe the system design and institutional setting of these countries' social bet365 Play online games security，and express it in a diagram。The results of this research show what are the same as the social security system of different types or models。The flow chart of the second phase is no longer the flow of funds，but the circulation of policy，That is, the social security policy is proposed、Legislation to the entire process of implementation，I call it "institutional map"，"Fund Map" that is different from the first issue。If the first phase of the research is concerned about the commonality of the social security system，So the second phase of research is the characteristics of focusing on the social security system，Mobilization agencies to study social security policies from various countries、Legislative process、The implementation of laws and regulations，and the final efficiency。For example，The Central Provident Fund Law adopted in Singapore in 1955 is a compulsory savings social security。According to this decree，Singapore is established, including the Ministry of Human Movement、A whole set of institutions, including social security institutions such as the Central Provident Fund Bureau，To ensure the effective implementation of the law。The "Work Injury Compensation Law" passed by Singapore in 1985 is an important part of social security，But the social insurance method was adopted，Therefore, it is impossible to entrust the Central Provident Fund Bureau to implement。So，In order bet365 live casino games to implement the "Work Injury Compensation Law"，Singapore has established another set of administrative agencies。The "Medical and Disease Insurance Law" adopted by Singapore in 1983 involves the traditional provident fund，It also involves social insurance，Need to comprehensively mobilize the functions of various institutions，Forms a based on the principle of different guarantees、Multiple division of labor and echoing system，Only to truly implement the "Medical and Disease Insurance Law"。

Careful readers of the second phase of the results can read a lot of new discoveries，For example, comparison display of systems of various countries，Federal countries are more inclined to multi -layer legislation，There is national legislation，There are also local legislation，Social security legislation is from different levels、different fields、Different laws of different groups stipulate to put together to make together。The relationship between social security legislation and administration also has a sparse division due to different national conditions。In many cases，The implementation and management agency of social security is also different at different levels。Some countries implement two systems at the national level，That is the Ministry of Social Security and the Ministry of Public Health，The more Bet365 lotto review complicated the situation, the more complicated the situation, the more complicated，Social Security is divided into two systems: social insurance and social relief，The system of medical services is even more complicated。Social relief and medical relief is usually managed by local governments。Through the second phase study，We are convinced，Administrative and audit supervision is vital to the healthy operation of the social security system，And the system and mechanism of these administrative management and audit supervision are constantly changing，The changes in these systems and mechanisms are often through legislative procedures，and always have a political force behind legislation，These political forces sometimes play a role in promoting，Sometimes it is the force that promotes retreat，Can't make simple value judgment for this。Similarly，Social security management supervision agencies that are different from different countries (regions) cannot give a simple conclusion，Because the settings of these institutions are likely to be a reasonable system selection at the beginning，But with the development of society, the efficiency is low or the interest distribution is not publicly distributed。

　　(This article is excerpted from one of the "Everyone's Elegant Things" series "Zhou Hong: between" Tea "and" Coffee "，There are deletions)