Cambodian Kingdom is known as Khmer，As an important post on the Maritime Silk Road，Since the 1st century AD, he has played an important role in Nanyang's business and cultural exchanges，Through countries such as India、Communication in the area，There is also thousands of contacts with the land Silk Road。The trading silver coins at the end of the Kingdom also flowed into China with the Nanyang Trade route，Among them, the red bird silver coins are more。

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Red Bird Coin is also known as "chicken money" in Zhangzhou, China，It is a hand -made coin made by Cambodia in the mid -19th century。Its positive pattern is the image of the bird，The back is light back。Red birds on the coin surface have steps and independent、mouth vines、Emphasis on the head of head，Clumsy and cute，Clumsy and cute。Its image originated from the Hamsa Bird (Hamsa Bird) in the mythology of India and Southeast Asia，In Myanmar culture，This bird is called Hintha，Is a red -haired duck。Therefore，This coin is also called "Red Bird Coin" in my country's folk collection。Bird -shaped images are not unique to Cambodia，This cultural symbol appears on the line along the sea, land and the Silk Road，In Central Asia、India and China is more common in arts and crafts and religious legends。

Discuss its cultural communication route from the cultural symbol represented by "Red Bird"，There are few articles and books involved in the past，Southeast Asian coins often appear as evidence materials for historical research，To supplement the shortcomings of the literature description。As Xu Guanmian's "Nanyang Money Law: Chinese currency，1596-1850 "In the process of combing the colonial historical materials of European countries such as the Netherlands，The material of the Manchu coin of the West Brahman Chinese Company is used to confirm the impact of Chinese people on Southeast bet365 live casino games Asian business activities，It supplemented the content of the type and development history of Chinese coins in this area。

Literature of Cambodian Red Bird Coin directly，Such as "The Times of Southeast Asia", "Overview of Zhangzhou Foreign Currency", etc.，Descriptions are relatively simple，One more brings。Books specializing in Southeast Asia's local self -cast currency are rare，Most of the atlas、Directory is mainly，For example, the "Vietnamese History Currency" co -authored by the Yunnan Coin Research Association and the Guangxi Coin Institute、American coin collector George Cuhaj, etc.Standard Catalog of World Coins 1801-1900。The types of Southeast Asian currencies included in these books are complete but the research is not significant，Undevity of image decoration from the currency surface is seen、Explore the status of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries and the exchange of commercial and cultural exchanges of Nanyang。

　　The type and image connotation of red bird coins

Look at the Cambodian red bird coin included in the book of Standard Catalog of World Coins 1801-1900，After 1847, Cambodia issued a variety of silver coins with a red bird image，Facial value from small to big，There are the following:

1att，Copper，Weight 1.40-2.50g，Unexpected size。The front is a bird shape，Facing to the left，Tailing Tailing，mouth vines。The back is the plain surface。

1PE，Copper，Weight 4.00-4.60 grams，Unexpected size，The decoration is the same as ATT。

2PE has five types，All are silver，Weight from 1.00-2.00 grams，Unexpected size。The first type is a bird shape，Facing to the left，High vertical tail feathers，mouth vines; the second is similar to the first type，Just bending down the end of the tail feathers; the third positive is bird shape，It is considered to be a peacock，Open screen -shaped，Facing to the right; there is a character above the fourth type of front bird，It looks like Chinese "Zhou" but has a sealing，The meaning of luck。The four backs of the back are all plane without patterns，Among them、2、Four is very common in the southern Fujian bet365 Play online games region of the same period。other，There is another different from other patterns、Garuda image with the front of the bird's head，Facing to the left，There is a text on the back，Jaw tooth fate。

1fuang，Silver，Weight 2.70-60 grams，Unexpected size，The same pattern as the first pattern of 2PE。

1/4tical，Silver，Weight 3.20-3.60 grams，Unexpected size。The image of the front bird is similar to ATT and PE，Facing to the left，Wearing gorgeous feathers，Around Cambodian characters around the week，The back is the temple。Division of fate and missed。

1Tical，Silver，Weight 15.25 grams，Unexpected size。The same content as the content of the 1/4tical pattern，and add more details。Back Temple Tower Tower increases from one weight to triple。All fate。

It is worth mentioning is，Cambodia also issued 10Centime face value in 1953，The positive pattern also uses the image of the bird，Body posture is very close to the red bird coin in the 19th century。Introduction of machine casting technology，The process has changed，Monetal texture and pattern show more standardized、Features of refined。

What kind of birds do the Red Bird Coin perform，There are currently many sayings。In addition to the more obvious peacocks and Gauluo，For the most common orientation left、The image of the bird with the head of the tail，The mainstream view is considered to be the image of the Hamsa bird。Hamsa Bird is a god bird in India and Southeast Asia，is the mount of Hindu wisdom and art goddess Saraswati，Taking pearl as food，can be discerned with good and evil。The prototype is said to be a swan，There is also a view that it is a spotted goose。Because the first syllable in the name of the Hamsa bird is the sound of inhalation，The syllable SA is the sound of exhalation，Therefore, among Hindu philosophy，Hamsa bird symbolizes the breathing of the universe，Represents the cycle of the universe。Hindu saints are often awarded the title of Paramahamsa，The meaning of the supreme Hamsa。In art works in Southeast Asia，Hamsa birds are also very common，and present a processed image: there is a crown on the top of the head，The body Bet365 lotto review is thick，The body is thick，Tail feathers are like flowers。

Except Hindu，The image of Hamsa Bird is still widely used in Buddhism and national art。If in Myanmar culture，Hamsa Bird is a symbol of the Mon people，Appears on the banner of the Meng people。In the Buddhist art of Panda Luo，There is also the image of Hamsa bird，Kanishka Casket like Baishawa，The lower edge of the lid is a week of Hamsa bird image，One of them has a flower ring，The image of the vines on the red bird currency is consistent。

　Nanyang Trading and Cambodia coin

After the 15th century，The copper coins cast by the Ming Dynasty and its local Southeast Asian imitation money became the "lubricant" of economic activities。1405-1433，Ming Dynasty sent Zheng He to lead the huge fleet seven wests，Connect China in Southeast Asia、India、European and African Maritime Silk Road trade pushed to the peak。Phnom Penh in Cambodia as an important transit port of the Maritime Silk Road in Southeast Asia，Make the Cambodian dynasty a huge economic benefits。1567，The Ming Dynasty lifted the Nanyang Sea ban，A large amount of copper coins flowing into Southeast Asia。By 1590，Guangdong and Fujian began to cast a new and cheap lead coin for the Nanyang area，But this inferior coin made imitation mints in the Nanyang Coast、The phenomenon of the flood of inferior counterfeit currency，So silver coin slowly replaced the lead -alloy coin。

In the late stage of the Angkor in the 14th century，King Anzan ordered the casting of the cast with dragon totem、Sluncoin in the silver texture，This is a unified currency in the country，But Cambodian society, where the commodity economy is underdeveloped，Stocks are still more common，Self -cast currency circulation is not smooth。In the 1930s，A Chinese businessman living in Cambodia once used the contract for the kingdom coin，He also purchased silver from the Dutch as a coin material。

In the first half of the 18th century，Business development of Nanyang region has increased the demand for silver，New mercury refinement technology is also used for silver mining in the west and Japan，This leads to inflowing into China、India's silver Bet365 lotto review volume surges，Most silver flows through Southeast Asia and stays locally，Cambodian dynasty seized this good time，Create your own currency system，in order to better control the domestic economy。

At the end of the 18th century and early 19th century，Cambodia's main circulation of silver and copper red bird coins cast in China、Vietnam's cubes -shaped square hole round money for Chinese copper coins with zinc，There are a small amount of Thai Sait baht。In order to replace Sinh baht and Vietnam zinc money，Cambodia added the output of self -coin，Except the original gold、Silver Sluncoin，Hand -made red bird coins made of silver and copper also use it in parallel。But，French colonists quickly broke this prosperity，In the middle and late 19th century，Cambodia is reduced to France's colonies，and Vietnam、Laos and the Federal Federation of the Indian Branch，Self -casting coins stop abruptly without the popularity of the market，Only part has been sent to the market，Currency participating in circulation is scattered folk。

　　Cultural exchanges and Chinese contributions

Late Real La in the 15th Century，Because Cambodia strongly advocates maritime trade，attracted many Chinese ship vendors to come here to business and trade，Many of them marry a wife's house here，It has formed another climax of Chinese immigrants after the Angkor dynasty period。This time the climax of Chinese immigrants is different from the early Chinese immigration orgasm。Chinese immigrants in the 9-14 century values ​​the environment and conditions that are easy to make a living in Cambodia，Work here to earn money。Just as "True La Wind" records: "The Tang people are sailors，Nobels do not have clothes in the country，And rice grain is easy to seek，Women are easy to get，The house is easy to do，Buying and selling easy，Often escape from Peter。”

After the 15th century，Chinese immigration Cambodia is characterized by batch immigrants，The scale of immigration is not limited to one person and one household，but a family，or dozens of people from the same area、Hundreds of people groups。They are due to political shelters in the late Ming Dynasty or war in the middle and Bet365 lotto review late Qing Dynasty，Immigration to the deserted areas of Cambodia，Where to settle down there，Hands 胝，Chengjiali，Finally developed there into the hometown of fish and rice。

17-19 century，The development of the internal commodity economy of China has bred a group of richer citizen class，Mainly Cantonese and Fujian people，They carry funds，Immigration Cambodia Business Development，Drive the employment and economic development of Cambodian society。With the increase of the Chinese，They have gradually formed a large and small Chinese settlement area in the local area，Keep the language of the nation、Culture and Living Habits，This constitutes a Chinese society in Cambodia，This is the origin of the "Overseas Chinese" in Cambodia。These Chinese immigrants are the ancestors of the 600,000 Chinese ethnic groups of contemporary Cambodia。The red bird coin cast in the 19th century，Use in the southern Chinese group living in Cambodia，and follow the overseas Chinese returned to the southern Fujian region，Enter inland from the southeast coast。

Chinese historical records continue to record the change of the Cambodian dynasty.，Explain that Cambodia has uninterrupted connections and exchanges with China，and the Maritime Silk Road created the necessary conditions for all this。Before the emergence of the coin，Cambodia's dynasties and Vietnam have used a large number of Chinese squares to round money。China and India are the birthplace of the two major ancient civilizations in the world，The sea road between China and India passes through Khmer Kingdom，Therefore, Cambodia has become the place where the two ancient civilizations of China and India communicate with each other in Southeast Asia，The cultural connotation contained in the red bird currency graphics of Cambodia is a strange style that has grown up under the nourishment of the two major civilizations of Cambodia in China and India。Behind its cultural origins，Ocean and land Silk Road many countries and regions pass the Chinese group，With the help of the Chinese business path opened by the Chinese，or direct or indirect Bet365 app download communication。The Haiku Silk Road is far closer than our imagination，The cultural symbol of "Red Bird" is the testimony of this historical facts。At the same time，It is also around the China Sea area along the sea and land Silk Road、West Asia、Central Asia、South Asia、The cultural connotation of ancient coin -shaped images in Southeast Asia and East Asia has a certain contact，fully reflects the equality developed by the Eurasian civilization in the process of world integration、common、Mutual Relations。

(This article is the "Pacific Silk Road 'Archive Literature Collection and Research" (LSYZD21017) in the National Social Science Foundation Project)

(Author Unit: School of History of Nanjing University)