General Secretary Xi Jinping's "Speaking in the Dunhuang Research Institute" emphasized: "Dunhuang culture lasted for nearly two thousand years，The largest existing existing scale in the world、The longest duration、The most abundant content、Save the most complete art treasure house，It is a bright pearl in the long river of civilization in the world，It is also studying politics of various ethnic groups in ancient my country、Economy、Military、Culture、Performance of art。"More than 70,000 Dunhuang suicide books unearthed from the Dunhuang Tibetan Sutra in 1900，History of ancient China、Religious、Society、Geography、National、Language、Literature、Art、Music and astronomy、calendar、Cou -school、Medical and other disciplines have important research value。

Compared with the handed down classics of the twenty -four history，Dunhuang documents are mostly primitive files，Unlike ancient historian tailoring，Materials that have not been filtered out by historians。Of course, this helps us fully understand history，It has irreplaceable value for the study of ancient Chinese history。Specifically，Its value is mainly reflected in the following aspects。

1. It is comprehensive for us、Deep、Systematically examined a region in the Middle Ages provided a relatively sufficient research information。Compared with other unearthed documents such as Oracle and Han Jin Jianyu，Dunhuang literature has the following characteristics。First，There are more disciplines and aspects it involved。Only for history，It involves politics、Military、Economy、Religious、Many aspects of various fields such as culture。Next，The content contained in each document is relatively rich。again，It has a longer time period，From the late 4th century to the early 11th century, it is more than 6 centuries。Even in the middle of the 8th century in the middle of the 8th century to the beginning of the 11th century,，It also reached more than 200 years。Last，All documents have different degrees of relationships or contacts with the Dunhuang area。From the perspective of worldwide，There are not many unearthed documents with the above conditions。If we based on these materials, all angles of the Dunhuang society in the Middle Ages、Make a comprehensive inspection at all levels，Its results will provide a model or reference system for the specific appearance of the academic community in the academic community。Of course, this helps to promote people's further understanding of society in the middle of ancient times。For history，Anatomy such a sparrow，The significance will exceed the Dunhuang area，Dunhuang literature provides the necessary condition for anatomy this sparrow。

2. Dunhuang document provides a large amount of original information for us to further study the national history of the northwest region in the middle of the 9th century to the early 11th century。In the middle of the 9th century to the beginning of the 11th century, it was a period of major national changes in northwestern my country，But the record of historical records about this aspect is less，It is difficult to conduct in -depth system inspection。Dunhuang documents preserved a group of Chinese texts that reflect the national situation of the Northwest region during this period、Tubo、Back to 鹘、Yu Qiwen、Su Tewen's private document，For us in -depth discussion on the changes in the northwest region、The political, economic and cultural status of each ethnic group provides possible。

3. Dunhuang documents also provide materials for solving some major problems in ancient Chinese history。Dunhuang documents are not only important for understanding the Dunhuang area，Many of the materials also reflect the general situation of the Central Plains region。Chinese scholars have also done many jobs in using these materials。If the system is a major problem in ancient Chinese history，But before the Dunhuang documents were discovered，The research on the situation cannot be deepened。Chinese scholars are mainly discussed in accordance with the specific materials in Dunhuang documents，Draw a successful end to the dispute between the implementation of the average field system，and the essence of the average field system formed a new understanding。

4. Dunhuang in ancient bet365 Play online games times is a window for China and the world.。So，Dunhuang documents preserved a lot of information that reflects the exchange of economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West。Chinese scholars use these materials to explore China and India、Economic and cultural exchanges in Persia and other places，Exploring the trade and other topics of the Silk Road has achieved important results。But compared with the materials preserved in Dunhuang documents，Also do a lot of work。Especially in the Tang Dynasty，Dunhuang brought together China、Greece、India、Central Asia、Culture in different regions such as West Asia，These have different degrees of reflection in Dunhuang documents。The height of world cultural exchanges in the Middle Ages，Comprehensively and systematically excavated information about this in Dunhuang documents，It will be a major topic in the future Dunhuang learning。

For more than 100 years，Domestic and foreign academic circles have conducted in -depth system research on Dunhuang documents，To a large extent rewritten the history of China in China。

but，Because most of the Dunhuang documents are handwriting text from 1,000 years ago to more than 900 years ago，The text of many texts is more scribbled，Many text retains the weird glyphs that are not popular now，Some alternative symbols that have been used in writing are now not popular，These have brought almost irreplaceable obstacles to ordinary readers' reading。Due to the popular northwest sound of the Dunhuang area during the Tang and Song dynasties，So many of the general holidays in Dunhuang's documents are also different from ordinary ancient books;，Alternative words (other words) is also very common。Obviously，If the divergent handwriting Chinese characters in Dunhuang documents are not interpreted into the current printed standard，General readers will encounter great difficulties when reading directly。And，Due to many difficult factors above，The interpretation of Dunhuang documents is far more difficult than general ancient books.，Is a hard creative labor。For more than 100 years，Chinese and foreign scholars are sorting out、Dunhuang documents have achieved great achievements。But there are still a lot of writing books to be released，There are still many errors in the text that has completed the release，So，Comprehensive interpretation of Dunhuang documents is still an important task that the Dunhuang academic circles need to complete at present and in the future。I have been engaged in the identification and interpretation of Dunhuang documents for many years，There are some experience in how to correctly release Dunhuang documents，I am willing to share it with readers who are interested in this。

　　bet365 Play online games Documents and original

Recognition or interpretation of handwriting text on Dunhuang documents，At present, most organizers are mainly based on the photos of the Dunhuang suicide books or the version of the photo printed with photos。In the early years, it mainly checked the miniature film based on the original shooting。This set of miniature film includes the main part of the "British Tibetan", "French Tibetan" and "National Tibetan" Dunhuang documents。2080s，Taiwan Xinwenfeng Publish，Popularity is wide，It is still one of the main maps that need to be referenced by Shunhuang's document。This is the first generation of Dunhuang document black and white picture。Micro -shrinkage film was made in the 1950s，At that time, photography equipment and technology were not good，As a result, many secular documents are blurred，It is difficult to identify，greatly affects the use of the use of this batch of information。The 1990s，Sichuan People's Publishing House launched the "British Tibetan Dunhuang Literature" (volume 1-14) large -scale document atlas，Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House successively launched the "Russian Tibetan Dunhuang Literature" (1-17)、"French Tibetan Dunhuang Western Region Literature" (1-34 volumes) and many domestic collectors' Dunhuang document，Beijing Library Publishing House published "National Library Collection Dunhuang Return" (1-146 volume)。These Dunhuang Dinghuang Dingwen Black and White Figure, which has been published since the 1990s，Re -photos with professional photographers used the advanced photography equipment at the time; printing used the electronic color division technology that was just popular at that time;，One version of one seal，To maximize the text content of Dunhuang documents to the reader，It can be recognized according to bet365 Play online games the text of most Dunhuang documents。This is the second -generation Dunhuang document black and white picture version。The second generation of black and white picture version has great progress than the first generation，But there are still a small number of vague graphics and text or modification written by Zhu Bi，and Zhu Pen sentences are difficult to recognize or cannot be recognized at all。and the colorful version of the Dunhuang document can solve the above problems to a large extent。

Due to the promotion of the International Dunhuang Study Project (IDP)，Now French National Library、China National Library、The Dunhuang documents of the three major collectors of the National Library of the British National Library have all or partially accessing the Internet。All of the Internet is the French National Library，Some of the Chinese National Library and the National Library of the United Kingdom。Institute of Oriental Literature Institute of the Federal Academy of Sciences of the Russia also participated in IDP，But the colorful version has not been able to access the Internet today。In recent years，The full -color printing version of Dunhuang documents is gradually popular，The collections of Japanese Xingyu Book House "The Secret of Dunhuang" and the "Dunhuang Literature of the Capital Museum" are all full -color prints。Current，"Fa Tibetan" and "Guotu Tibetan" full color version is also edited，It can be expected，Several years in the future，The collections of each major collector will publish a colorful version。

Of course，If the condition allows，It is best to check the original Dunhuang document。Just recognize text，No matter how good the color version, the color version is far from the original。I used to experience the experience of being engaged in Dunhuang's document for a long time，There is a metaphor for the image of Dunhuang documents in Shizhu: Watching the first generation of black and white picture version such as "Dunhuang Treasure" and microfilms is like walking at night; watching the second -generation black and white picture version of "British Tibetan Dunhuang Literature" seems to be like it is like On the downlink road of the moonlight; the original information of the document is like a downlink road in the sun。Check the original part of Dunhuang document，First, you can correct the interpretation error of the previously released version of the document，Secondly, you can recognize the text of Zhu Shu's text that cannot be displayed in the black and white map、Zhu Bi School Reconstruction and Zhu Pen Sentence Read，Once again, you can add a document and text ommented by the document version，The second is the text that can be recognized by the text that is unclear or unprepared at all in the interpretation of the previous record。Last，Check the original document，You can also understand the form of the document，Correct problems such as order errors in the previous version of the version of the version of the picture。In short，Directly check the original information, you can get a lot of information or the loss of the version of the version，greatly improves the quality of the correct interpretation of the text of Dunhuang documents。

For the collation and interpretation of Dunhuang documents，Documents and graphics and originals are always the most reliable basis。So when we release the social history literature of Dunhuang in British Tibet，The requirements for the members of the research group are: each document requires the verification of the interpretation according to the document version，checks at least three times; when checking the version of the version，Requires to print the interpretation，Press the picture version with your fingers，Check one by word and one word; during the interpretation process，First of all, try to see the original item。Due to the writing and preservation of Dunhuang's documents, they are very different，So as far as the text is interpreted，Not every document needs to check the original。Many documents copy specifications，The text on the version of the version is also very clear，Such documents generally do not need to read the original, which can be more accurately interpreted on the text。But the writing books on those version of the graphic version and the writing book with Zhu Bi added and changed，and the existing version of the text that is overlapping by paper，You need to check the original to solve。That is to say，In terms of single Dunhuang documents，Checking the original may not be necessary。But if it is in batches、Release Dunhuang Document，To ensure quality，Review of the original will become a Bet365 lotto review prescribed action。Therefore, our research team is in the process of compiling the "Release of the British Tibetan Social History Document"，The final draft of each volume has the program to check in the United Kingdom。

　　Correctly handle the vulgar characters in Dunhuang documents

A few vulgar characters that are not popular in the Dunhuang document，is the first problem of the correct interpretation of Dunhuang documents。The first step is to identify the vulgar characters in the book are equivalent to which Chinese characters that are popular now。Identification of these vulgar characters requires some dedicated reference books，In ancient times, Tang Yan Yuansun's "Dan Lu Book"、Liao Liao's "Dragon Handbook"，All preserved a certain number of popular words in the Tang and Song dynasties。Modern Pan Zhong's "Dunhuang Vulgar Poems"、Jin Ronghua's "Dunhuang Vulgar Index" and Huang Zheng's "Dunhuang Vulgar Dictionary"。In addition，Some professional dictionaries、Dictionary also retains a lot of Dunhuang vulgar characters。Such as "Chinese Code", "Kangxi Dictionary", "Chinese Dictionary", "Chinese Dictionary" and "Chinese Calligraphy Dictionary"。In the actual release work，We use more are "Chinese Classics", "Dunhuang Vulgar Dictionary", "Chinese Dictionary" and "Chinese Dictionary"。

After identifying the custom words，How to deal with it in the interpretation，At present, there are also different understanding and different treatment methods in Dunhuang academic circles。Scholars engaged in language research tend to retain the custom in the interpretation，Place the positive character in the bracket，Put behind the vulgar characters。The advantage of this is that the reader can learn more about the information on the original，The disadvantage is that it will hinder the reader's reading，Reduce reading efficiency。and a considerable number of vulgar characters are not in the current font，Need a lot of words，will be released、Edition、The typesetting brings a lot of difficulties，Not only is it easy to increase the error rate，Publishing costs will also increase significantly。Some vulgar characters are weird，It is also difficult to create a block word with the same shape。Considering that the main purpose of most readers read the interpretation of Dunhuang documents is to understand or study its content，Do not care about whether the original word in the book is a vulgar or specified word，Our research team advocates providing a net -based interpretation from the academic community。The so -called "net school book" is the vulgar characters that can be recognized in the interpretation of the vulgar characters directly into regulatory Chinese characters，Not retaining the vulgar character prototype。"Jing School" Dunhuang document interpretation is convenient for readers to read quickly，A small number of language and text researchers hope to know the custom of writing books，You can read the document version directly。Actually，True to study the vulgar characters on Dunhuang writing，Definitely need to consult the version of the document or the original，​​Because only the graphical version and the original can retain the original form of the custom in the original flavor。

But because of the definition of Dunhuang vulgar characters, it is blurred，So，Even in the framework of the "net school"，The members of our research group will still have a dispute because of whether a vulgar word retains，At this time, you need to balance various professional reference books to determine how to deal with it.。For example "筭"，It is a "calculation" vulgar word in "Dunhuang Vulgar Dictionary"，Demonstrate this word directly as "calculation" should be said to be based on。But "筭" is a positive character in "Chinese Dictionary"，and in "Speaking and Solution"。Although the word in "The word" in "The word" is the chip of counting，But the meaning of "calculation" was already "calculated" during the popular period of Dunhuang documents，There are also specific use cases in ancient classics。This indicates that the above two words are different words in "Speaking"，Have different meanings，The meaning of "筭" and "calculation" in the Middle Ages has overlap or cross，But "筭" is still an independent word with two meaningful items。This looks like，It is not appropriate to think of "筭" as the vulgar character of "calculation"。So，When we encounter the meaning of "筭" as "calculation"，Take the method of retaining "筭"，Do not think of it as a vulgar word of "calculation"。Because of the "Dunhuang Vulgar Dictionary", the bet365 live casino games definition of vulgar characters is relatively broad，So in the process of identifying the common words，The relevant definition of professional dictionaries such as the dictionary of the dictionary and "Chinese Dictionary" and "Chinese Dictionary" can be determined how to deal with。

Vulgar characters are not only defined as blurred，Still with time。Vulgar words in a certain period，It may become a positive word in the next period。For example, the words "country", "for", "Xing"，In the Dunhuang documents, the vulgar characters of "country", "for", "Xing"，But now it is a standard positive word。Considering the characteristics of this liquidity of the vulgar characters，When we determine the vulgar characters in Dunhuang's documents，The word books in the Tang and Song Dynasties are the most authoritative basis。For example, the vulgar characters listed in words such as "Qianlu Word Book" and "Dragon Handbook" appeared in Dunhuang documents，We can be sure of it as a vulgar word。

　　Dunhuang documents in the form are close -easy mixed characters

How to deal with the shape in Dunhuang's document nearly easy -to -mix，Also organized、A difficult problems often encountered when I release Dunhuang documents。

The shape of the form and the vulgar characters has a certain relationship。In the study of Dunhuang's vulgar characters，An important consensus is that the sideline with similar shapes can be written in the same shape or mixed。Ruwa、Every; melon、Claw; Rain、Two; Day、month;、Meat; clothing、Show、square; 扌、Wood; Cow、丬; 亻、彳; Guang、疒; text、、攴;, 罒; 艹,et al.。The above groups can be mixed in Dunhuang documents。When we encounter this type of words，No need to stick to the specific form of its side and head，The belonging of the word composed of the first edge of this type of side should be judged mainly based on the text。In the first part of the glyphs that can be written in the same shape or mixed,，Some Chinese characters that can be independent at the same time，Ruwa、Every; melon、Claw; Rain、Two; Day、month;、Meat; clothing、Fang; text、。The above groups of the above group are the first part of the group as an independent Chinese character，Of course in Dunhuang writing, it is also easy to mix。

In the long -term practice of we sorting up and release Dunhuang documents，Also accumulated some types of Chinese characters that are first and similar to the glyphs that can be mixed with the same shape。This kind of characters often cause trouble to correctly recognize the text of Dunhuang's written book，If the word "Ce" and "Rong" can be mixed in Dunhuang documents。

Can the two words above be mixed，We have gone through some tortuous understanding。As far as the words listed in the Dunhuang Vulgar Dictionary，The glyphs of these two characters are different。So at first we always wanted to distinguish these two words from glyphs。In terms of the structure of this word，It was generally considered "艹" and """ "" The upper part of the "strategy" is "", the upper part of" Rong "is"”，Therefore, we have tried to distinguish according to the upper part of these two words。later discovered，“"and""can also be mixed。such as S.2060 "Ethical True Scripture Li Rong Note": "The interest cannot be done，Forgotten and forgetful, noble is no reason. "According to the text, quoted""" Rong ", its upper structure should be"", but the actual handwriting and" 艹 "" 艹 """ It is difficult to distinguish。Since the upper structure of "Rong" and "Strategy" can be confused，We have tried to distinguish from the differences in the lower structure of these two words。But we later discovered，The lower structure of "Rong" and "Strategy" can also be confused。such as S.2053 "Hanshu" Volume 78 "The Biography of Xiao Wang" is "unwilling to be rescued for saving，and often difficulty in the scripture，Fear is the heavy responsibility "。From the perspective of text，above ""The word must be" strategy "，But its glyph is indeed like the word "Rong"。This，"Strategy" and "Rong" specific forms cannot distinguish。How to deal with this phenomenon，The internal opinions of our research group are not consistent。Someone suggests that the previous ""Rong"，School reform as "strategy"，Of course it is possible to do this。But after repeated considerations，We still decide to directly interpret it as the word "strategy"。

Different treatment of this word actually reflects two different interpretation ideas。It is believed that it should be released "honor"，School reform as a "strategy"，In fact, it is believed that the copied person wrote the Bet365 lotto review "strategy" into "honor"; it was directly interpreted as "strategy"，It is determined to be in a handwriting text，"Strategy" and "Rong" can be mixed in shape。We think，In the case where the two words are easily confused，It should be determined based on the text.。Dunhuang documentation for decades、In the practice of interpretation，The author has determined that a dozen groups of forms are nearly easy to mix，Including: "Strategy", "Rong"，"Collection", "pastoral" and "shepherd", "Mei"，"First", "Light"，"North" "Bi"，"Repatriation" and "Legacy"，"Stems", "莁", "筮"，"巠", "Witch"，"Zhi", "誈", "Praise"，"Today", "Ling", "He"，"Free" "Rabbit"，"Free", "Ding"，"Brother", "No."，"Serving" "Eyes"，"Bad" "Huai"，"Jun", "Ju"，"Damage", "Donation"，"shape" and "punishment"，"Bitter", "If"，"Su" "Suo"。

How to explain the phenomenon that can be written in the shape of this era or the phenomenon that can be mixed，The Dunhuang academic community is still exploring，or treat this type of character as a common word，or treat it as an error word。But if you think of it as an error word，According to the convention of classification, school should be changed，Although it makes sense，But knowing that the words can be mixed，Release the error word，The school is changed to the right character，It seems that there is something wrong with it。If you think of it as a vulgar word，It does not meet the definition of the current customs。The method we currently adopted is，Encountered the front group of the front groups nearly easy to mix in words，Even if its specific glyphs in the document are biased towards the "A" of "A" and "B" in the first group，But according to the meaning, it should be "B"，We will also directly release it as "B"，The difference in the glyphs in the document in the school record。

　　Select the school -based

Some Dunhuang documents have also been preserved in the handed down literature，There are also some Dunhuang documents that save the same content of the same content。In this case，Use different versions of the same content or to participate in the school，Not only helps to understand the different texts that appear during the circulation of Dunhuang documents，For the correct identification of writing the text、The quality of improving the interpretation is also important。Because many documents are not standardized，Dragon Flying Phoenix Dance，It is difficult to read，If there is no participation in the school，It is difficult to read。And，When encountering incredible text，Each interpreter will inevitably be subject to the preset psychological suggestion，That is, if you preset the identified handwriting text, when you are preset, which word is，Your judgment always deliberately or or unintentionally tilted your preset，The final result of the error。This situation is a psychological trap that every Dunhuang document organizer will try to avoid as much as possible，But under the circumstances of nothing，In fact, it is difficult to avoid。If you have participated in the school，The situation is completely different，Many text difficulties that can not be recognized by many hardships，Often can be solved in the control with the participating schools。

So，In the collation of our research group，Strict requirements for participating schools: If a text is passed down，is the schoolbook of handups; if a text has the same copy in Dunhuang documents，that is, the other Dunhuang book is the school book; if a text has both handed down，There are Dunhuang books，that is, the above two texts are the participation school。This is required to be in specific finishing work，An important job is to find all the participating schools as much as possible。Because Dunhuang documents and handed down literature are massive，So，Searching for school books is also an important basic skill for the correct release of Dunhuang documents。As for how to retrieve participating schools，Because the school -based school -based school book is generally classic，Retrieval is relatively easy，Depending on the general directory、Database or through the network can be found。Participating in Dunhuang's documents，In the early years, the index retrieval of the "Dunhuang's Lesses' General Eyes" and "Dunhuang Shippy's General Eye Index"，In recent years, there have been "The Title of Hanwen Dunhuang's Water Title Index"，It is more convenient to find the same name in the Dunhuang document。What needs to be explained is，The above indexes are the reference to the name of the Dunhuang school bet365 best casino games in Dunhuang in Dunhuang in the book of Dunhuang，It is inevitable that there are omissions and errors。So，If it is batch of finishing、Release Dunhuang Document，It is also necessary to collect the new naming results of Dunhuang academic circles for Dunhuang documents，or comprehensively check the Dunhuang document version of the current Dunhuang document，It is possible to retrieve the participation of the relevant documents to the maximum extent。

As far as the text of the same name in Dunhuang documents，Whether it is listed as a school -based，There is also a selection and confirmation question。Because Dunhuang documents are the product of this era，Many are personalized manuscripts，Its specific situation is far more complicated than the printing book。Many writing books with the same name，The content is very different; some different names，The content is the same。So we are now determining the schoolbook in Dunhuang documents，The basic principle is strict，There are only two writing contents that are roughly the same，Only text is different，Only listed as participating schools。Some texts can participate in the school，but not listed as a school -based。Of course，In terms of text recognition，Whether it is to find the same text or part of the text，It will help the quality of improving the interpretation。

　　Maximum referenceThe results of the previous finishing and release results

Because the Dunhuang testament has been organized for more than 100 years，So many documents have already sorted out release，When we are organizing a document，Of course, refer to the previous collation and research results。But due to the complexity of the Dunhuang testament，and the particularity of the arrangement of the flowing number in each collection place，Searching for the research information of a Dunhuang testament is not easy，Can't be roughly retrieved by the thesis directory like looking at other research information。Fortunately, there are now "National Library Research Dunhuang Return Research Book Research Directory Index" and "Research on the Dunhuang Return of the British Tibetan Fa"，It can easily retrieve British、Method、Sorting the three major collectors in China、Research Information。The above two indexes were published in 2001 and 2009，The research information after the publishing of the two books still needs to be released by the person to collect。The requirements of our research group in this regard are: When interpreting each document, we must collect the previous finishing results，No omissions are allowed, especially not omitted new and important compilation interpretation results。We must refer to these research information at work，Also listed it behind the interpretation of each document，allow readers to directly understand the research information about the document。

But if you have been engaged in the collation of Dunhuang literature for a long time、Research and Study，or in batches of Dunhuang documents，It should still be touched by important release results，This is also necessary academic accumulation。

Limited to space，Some important issues related to the correct interpretation of Dunhuang documents are not involved in this article，A alternative symbol in Dunhuang documents、Fang Yin Tong fake words、Alternative words such as homophonic。In addition, there is a combination、Name、qualitative、Ding Years and other questions，Also sorting out、Release the problems often encountered in Dunhuang documents。