bet365 Play online games The formation and development process of the multi -in -one pattern of Chinese civilization，The characteristics of Chinese civilization and their reasons，All have a clearer understanding。At the same time，He emphasizes，The results obtained by the project are preliminary and staged，There are many historical mystery waiting to be cracked，There are many major issues that need to reach consensus through empirical and research。For this，The academic world further studied many problems of the source of civilization，Recent "Chinese civilization and national definition of Chinese civilization and state formed in the field of vision of civilization" Summit Forum discussed this。Where，Scholars concentrated discussing the definition of civilization and the country，Elapsed a new academic perspective。"Archeology" version will publish relevant papers in the near future，Reader。

The country is a generalization of a civilized society。Definition of the country anyway，In fact, it is the cognition and understanding of the evolution and expression of the human society's political system and the form of expression.。Government forms and development roads presented by different countries in contemporary contemporary countries，Explain that any country based on limited materials forms theory，It is difficult to be regarded as "the four seas of the sea".。So，When exploring the origin and formation of ancient Chinese countries，It must be based on the historical evolution characteristics of ancient Chinese countries，Establish a sign of a country with Chinese characteristics。

　　The principle of determination of the state and its formation logo

When discussing the origin of civilization and the formation of problems in the country，Not only must determine the formation logo of the country，It is also necessary to fully consider its feasibility and applicability。Broadly，The country refers to having a common language、Culture、race、Bloodline、Territory、Government or historical social group。Where，Common language、Culture、race、Bloodline elements may originate from the national concepts since modern times，There Bet365 lotto review are often many ambiguities when defining the country。Sumid in the narrow sense，The country refers to a community formed by the crowd in a certain range。Ethnic groups in Chinese history usually refer to family or clan，It is the "Zhou people", "Qin people", "Han people" of the political attributes。There are also many multi -ethnic communities with different languages，Therefore, the concept of the narrow sense seems to have strong applicability。

Then，Analysis of the actual situation of the United Nations member states，Both the national constituent elements as "people、Territory and Government "(three elements) or" people、Territory、Government and sovereignty "(four element theory)，All are appropriate。That is to say，No matter how much people are、Territory regardless of size、Management regardless of level，Once you have internationally recognized and can effectively exercise jurisdiction，It already has the necessary conditions and basic features as a "country"。Although，The United Nations or other international organizations allow national sovereignty to have certain relatively characteristics，But it has not fundamentally changed the basic attributes of the sovereignty of member states。Return，Even the puppet government that is lost in sovereignty，It does not completely disappear as the significance of its national symbol。So，Population scale、The number of spatial scope and management level may not be the fundamental sign formed by the state。

More，From the perspective of globally，The regional differences of social and cultural evolution are difficult to ignore。such as text and metal wares in the Inca civilization in the Americas、Maya civilization and Aztec civilization may have or no，It is not suitable。So，To ensure the feasibility and applicability of the national formation logo，It is necessary to get rid of special or limited cases that are difficult to overcome.。In other words，Follow the scientific principles that comply with the laws of cognitive，is an effective way to overcome the blind establishment of a sign of the country。Only persistence from known to unknown、From partial to overall、From appearance to essential、From special to general cognitive laws，It is possible to build a logo for formation in accordance with China's actual and effective countries。

　　The particularity of the evolution of ancient Chinese countries

China is a relatively independent geographical bet365 Play online games unit，There are still several geographical small units at different levels under the terrain structure of the third -level staircase。Limitations based on ancient traffic conditions，and the ocean、Mountain system、The barrier of the Gobi Desert and the vast grassland，This unique geographical environmental characteristics not only make the formation and development of ancient Chinese countries have a relative independence，At the same time, it also has some specialties that are different from other parts of the world，The uninterrupted continuous development characteristics of national form and Chinese civilization are more prominent。

Dental -petal flower -type multicultural pattern is an important basis for shaping the characteristics of the continuous development of Chinese civilization。Multi -cultural pattern is in the residence revolution、In the process of social complexity reflected in the agricultural revolution and urban revolution，provides full fault tolerance and correction space for the exploration and practice of the social system and governance model。Multi -regional culture and society's one -way interaction and even integration，Not only does it enhance the unity between multiple regional culture (with Ding、鬲 鬲 鬲)，It also maintains the continuity of cultural and social integration evolution in a compatible and compatible way。Live of the mouth opened by the process of social complexity、Jacking Rope Notes、Book Deed Records and other historical memory methods，further established the foundation of the continuous development mechanism of "Based on History" for Chinese civilization。

People -oriented、and different thoughts are one of the important guarantees to maintain the continuous development of Chinese civilization。During the formation and development of ancient China，Administrativeization of religious power through sacrifice (Jedi Tiantong)，Place religious power under the king's or imperial power，Gradually established the unity of heaven and man (Taoist Nature)、People -oriented social governance system，The so -called "saint south and govern the world，Benefits of Human Mass "(" Book of Rites · Biography ")。The improvement of the ritual and music system in the Western Zhou Dynasty further clarified the humanistic governance thought，"The first king's system of ritual music also，Not with the desire of the pole and belly，It will teach the people to be bet365 live casino games good and evil (return) to humanity "(" Book of Rites · Music ")。

and，"China" since the Zhou Dynasty，Not a country in the general sense，The concept of not a specific geographical range，Instead, it refers to the belief in the etiquette system、Adhering to the "country of Zhongzheng" that adheres to fairness and justice，Political ethical norms and practical control capabilities with unified vassal states and even leading remote regimes。Long -term impact of ritual education，Plastic "harmony and differences" gradually transformed into a fusion "harmony and coexistence"，Silently reached cultural identity、System identity and ideological identity，thus laid the ideological basis of "Huayi Different" in the historical period。

In the historical process of continuous continuous development of ancient Chinese civilization，Any social stage usually has the evolution characteristics of the upper and down。Therefore，Earnestly sort out the phased characteristics of the historical development of ancient Chinese society，It deserves to help build a logo with Chinese characteristics。

　　Revelation of the national concept contained in pre -Qin historical books

In the "Zhou Li",，The Zhou Dynasty had a complete and huge historical official system，Xia Shang should also be similar to it。The legendary text was created by the historian of the Huangdi period, Cangjie，The history of the historian may be traced back to the Yellow Emperor。and，Historical officials often follow the hereditary system of generations for generations，and formed the professional spirit that does not avoid the ax and "Bingbi Straight Book"。What's more noteworthy is，The main responsibilities of the historian lies in the records and management of historical archives，Editing historical books is just a personal behavior of the stool。and until the Tang Dynasty，Only the court set up the History Museum is specially responsible for editing and repairing the history of the previous dynasty。According to the "Main Book Car", "Main Car", "Thief Cao Cao" in the scene of the portrait stone war of the Han Dynasty,，It can be known that the historian in the military must be expelled with the army，Real -time records of the generals and the situation of the war in the war。If you refer to the mouth of the mouth again、Jiezhu notepad and other historical memory methods，Ancient history legends may not have no factual basis。Only cautiously distinguish the content bet365 best casino games of the basic historical facts and the interpretation content of later generations，so as not to confuse the two。

The concept of the Xia and Shang dynasties on Wednesday, which has been popular since the Qin and Han dynasties，It should be established with the "Benji" of "Historical Records" as the main basis。In fact，In the pre -Qin classics，The phenomenon that "Yu Xia Shangzhou" is often seen is often seen。Such as "Zuo Zhuan" Zhuang Gong 32 years: "The National General will Xing，Ming Shen's descending ... Yu Xiashang Zhou has all ";" Book of Rites · Sacrifice ":" Yu Xia Shang Zhou，The King of the World also。"Confucius also said:" Tang Yu Chan，After the summer, Yin Zhouji，Its Righteousness One "(" Mencius Wanzhang ")。Obviously，The pre -Qin historians did not exclude the Yaoshun period outside the history of the dynasty history。That is to say，In the cognitive system of pre -Qin historians，The national form of the Yao Shun period can be compared with Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties，The difference between the inheritance of the highest power is only the difference between the Zen convergence and the hereditary system。But Zen greeted all the power transfer during the Yao Shun period，Power transfer at the second level has adopted hereditary system，such as 鲧、Yu、The power transfer phenomenon of the Xiahou Group Group reflected between the enlightenment。

View literature records and archeological discoveries，The national form of the Zhou Dynasty is relatively clear。Except the kingdom of Tianzi，Public in the five -class jue system、Hou、Bo can also establish a country; only child、Men cannot establish a country，It can only be used as a vassal of a certain master nation。"Zhou Li · Earth Officer · Datu" records: "The land of the public seals five hundred miles ... The place of the place is two hundred miles ...。"But" Book of Rites · King ":" The field of the emperor is thousands of miles，Gonghou Tian Fang Baili，Bo seventy miles，Zi Men Fifty Miles。Those who cannot be fifty miles，Not in line with the emperor，Attached to the princes Yong。"Mencius Wanzhang" Yiyun: "System of Heaven，Local thousands of miles，Gonghou is all square，Bo seventy miles，Zi Men Fifty Miles，Four Class。Not fifty miles，Not to the emperor，Attached to the princes，Yong Yong。"" Historical Records of the Chu Shijia "record，Chu Zi can only convey opinions through the Confucian Kingdom (that is, Zeng bet365 best casino games Guojun)，Old Son、Men can not reach the emperor。In archeological discovery，The number of "Bo" in the princes is the most，and more concentrated with Jin, Central and South China，Ru Bo、倗 等。Zhou Dynasty roughly determined the minimum space of the vassal states as a square 70 miles，Similar to contemporary administrative counties may be slightly larger，It is difficult to come out of the right before the Zhou Dynasty。

Whether the size of the vassal states under the same time is completely consistent，This fact also basically reflects the cognition and understanding of the country in the Zhou Dynasty，It can be used as an important basis for building a logo for the formation of ancient Chinese countries。

　　The formation logo of ancient Chinese countries

"Zuo Zhuan" so -called "major events of the country，Sacrifice and Rong "(" Zuo Zhuan "into 13 years)，Basically summarized the outstanding features of the early countries。"Ritual, righteousness and shame，Four Mitsules of the Country。Four Widow No Zhang，Guo Nai Destiny "(" Tuzi · Herders ")，further condensing the core ideas of early Chinese early national governance。Combined with the above，or the following five aspects can be used as a sign of the formation of the early Chinese countries。

First，Sacrifice symbol。Although the concept of "all things has spirit" infinitely expanded the sacrifice object，But National Sacrifice Activity，It mainly involves heaven、Di、Ancestral (cautious chasing far away), etc.。That is to sacrifice heaven and earth、Ancestral activity and its relics，can be used as one of the important signs formed by the country。

2，Military logo。Based on "City" and "Country"，Whether there is a defensive facility in the city wall and the standing military forces with military nobles and professional soldiers (burial weapons) as the core，It should be one of the important signs that maintain the compulsory social public power and measure whether the country formed。

third，etiquette logo。Is there a etiquette system based on the level system，Especially whether there is a cross -regional or cross -cultural fusion phenomenon in the ritual instrument that carries the etiquette system。

Fourth，Spatial logo。That is, the vassal states of the first level of the Western Zhou Dynasty as the reference standard，Measure whether there is a large settlement site that can control or surpass the county area today。

Fifth，Time Sexual Logo。Once a social organization that appears in a specific area，Regardless of whether the spatial scale of the Bet365 app download social organization of the neighboring area has reached or surpassed today's county area，All the trend of the era of Fengbang founded the country can be formed due to ripples or imitation effects。Just as "Zuo Zhuan" Ai Gong seven years: "Yu He's princes Yu Tu Shan，Perseverance of Jade。Today's Store，Countless ten 焉。"" The Seal of the King of the Han Committee "in the early Eastern Han Dynasty in Japan，can also explain this problem to a certain extent。

other，Whether it is knotting rope notes、Blogen or ears is still recorded，Conscious historical memory, especially the legend of heroes (ancestors)，It should also be related to the process of social complexity。The fundamental purpose of preaching historical memory such as hero ancestors，It should be consolidated by group consciousness，and strengthen the rationality and effectiveness of social organization management。

If the above signs appear in the form of aggregation，Dangcai thinks that the country has formed。

(Author Unit: School of Cultural Heritage of Northwest University)