Qing Dynasty was the heyday of the development of Jingdezhen glaze porcelain，Colorful porcelain from the beginning of the Qing Dynasty，to the enamel color porcelain in the Kangxi period、The pink porcelain of the Yongzheng Qianlong period，and even the light -colored porcelain in the middle and late Qing Dynasty，Rich category、strong artistic expression，It is an outstanding representative of Jingdezhen and even Chinese porcelain。Glaze Porcelain has important cultural and technological connotation，It is also a testimony of the mutual learning of the Eastern and Western Culture and Science and Technology Exchange。

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Colorful porcelain began in the Ming Dynasty。Kangxi period，Invented the glaze blue color and black color，thick and bright color，The most exquisite utensils。Its style is bold and rough，Gorgeous color，Mainly red、Huang、green、Blue、Purple、Black、Gold、Brown and other colors are mainly。Various decorative techniques，There are white land colorful、Blue Qing Di Mao Color、Blue Display Gold Colorful、Mi Di Mao Color、Red Earth Colorful、Blue Land Colorful、Ink Mark Color、Brother Glaze Colorful、Blue and White colorful colorful blue and white colorful blue and white colorful colorful blue and white color, etc.。Herbal body thick，Herbal body thick，Graduation in the middle and late stages。Yongzheng period，Colorful porcelain is elegant and soft，Most of the fine small artifacts，Driments tend to be sparse，Strokes become delicate，Revealed and dense combination is just right，Leave a larger blank。During the Qianlong period, it was descended，Solid colorful porcelain is relatively rare，Only the dragon and phoenix bowl of the official kiln and the December Linghuai Cup。Jiaqing、Daoguang period，Slightly small sample production，Like skimming guts, colorful dragon phoenix bowls、Flower Cup，But there are relatively small amount in the world。Tongzhi、During the Guangxu period, the colorful device of Kangxi appeared，Some imitated the dynasties of the Ming Dynasty and the Kangxi model、Figure records，The handwriting is very scribble。

enamel color was the color and color porcelain of the color and decoration of the copper fetal painting enamel vessel at the time，Also known as "Porcelain Painting Enamel Instrument"。It produced by the Creation Office of the Qing Palace，Creation in the late Kangxi，Bet365 app download prevalent in Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties，Then gradually stop burning。initial，Kangxi enamel color first used on Yixing Zisha tires，After the white porcelain tires used in vegetarians, various flower pattern colorful decorations，Although the three -dimensional sensation of the decoration is enhanced，Painted Exquisite。To the Yongzheng period，Production is more refined，Porcelain Tire White，thin as an egg shell，Painted Exquisite，Generally known as "Guyue Xuan"。Qianlong period，Advanced to thick tire enamel porcelain，Taking the material as the ground，Draw a variety of flowers on it。The theme of the picture is more abundant on the basis of Yongzheng enamel porcelain，Except landscape、Flowers and characters are outside the theme，It also imitates many porcelain with western painting。

Fancai starts in Kangxi，Profit in Yongzheng。The temperature is low，It is also known as "soft color"。Kangxi pink color production is thicker，Use carmine in the flowers of safflower，Other colors still use colorful production。To the Yongzheng Dynasty，Pink color, whether in the shape、In terms of tire glaze and painting skills，reached an unprecedented height。In painting techniques，Pink color uses "rendering method"。It is in the original pattern contour，First fill in a layer of glass white，Due to it opaque，Need to be emptied brush marks，Rendering again，Make flowers and clothing with strong lightness and darkness。Yongzheng Fancai has become the daily life porcelain of the upper society at that time，The most utensils of dishes，There are cups、Disc、can、Transformers' mallet bottle、Hexagonal bottle、Lantern bottle、pen holder, etc.。The pattern is the most，Peony、Rose、Begonia、Four seasons flowers are generally，There are also more character stories。To the Qianlong period，Pink color has become the mainstream of color porcelain，Guan Kiln and Min Kiln averaged a large amount of burning。Qianlong Fancai production often seal、Crash、Painting、Open light、color glaze、hollow、Packing、Various decoration techniques such as gold drawing are collected on one piece of utensil。Uses of utensils，Bowl for daily use、Disk、cup、Disc and various bottles，Literary Fang Tools、Furnishings and decorations are particularly many。

Lighty Cai is a new color porcelain created in Jingdezhen kiln in the late Qing Dynasty。The "shallow" technique and color species in traditional Chinese paintings (outline the outline with ink and rub it slightly，To light、Blue -based rendering) painting and decoration technology bet365 live casino games for porcelain。Common light -colored porcelain with landscape、Character、flowers and birds、Beast and other subjects into paintings，The "Three Masters" of Chinese Calligraphy and Calligraphy Art -Poems、Book、Draw on porcelain，The literary personality is clear，Not like traditional pink color dull。The raw materials used by shallow colors and the use of late Qing pink color are roughly the same，But the proportion of operating skills and raw materials is somewhat different，It is mainly reflected in "line" and "fill color"。Lighty Cai uses Zhu Ming materials and directly adds a certain amount of "snow white"，A transparent lead that can increase the brightness of the color material and the "pearl material" that plays a fixed role.，Therefore, "Zhu Ming material" contains "snow white"，After the work is completed, there is no need to cover it with "snow white"，can be burned to。

　　Technology connotation

Before the 1980s，System research on Ming and Qing glaze formulas and production processes。In recent years，The Palace Museum、The units of Jingdezhen Ceramics University and other units conducted preliminary analysis and research on the colorful color pigments of the Qing Dynasty，But relatively not enough system。1980，Zhang Fukang and others took the lead in analyzing the chemical composition of ancient glaze color，It is believed that the glaze is developed on the basis of ancient low -temperature color glaze，The same color elements of the two，It adds potassium oxide on the basis of low -temperature color glaze，belonging to PBO-SIO2-K2O ternary system。The study also pointed out that the use of boron and lead as the main melt introduced from the enamel color material introduced from the end of the West，The coloring elements of its yellow color and red color are 锑 and gold; the main coloring elements of Zicai are manganese、Cobalt and Gold，In addition, most enamel color materials contain arsenic。2009，Miao Jianmin and others to Kangxi, the Palace Museum、Make an analysis of enamel porcelain in the Yongzheng period，It is also pointed out that the enamel red color coloring element is gold，The main coloring element of green color is copper，Also contains tin; the coloring elements of enamel Huangcai are different，Raman analysis results show that the yellow color materials of enamel in the Kangxi period are lead、锑、The composite lead tin of the tin 锑 yellow，It is a variety unique to enamel color materials during this period，and the enamel color yellow color of the Yongzheng period is lead tin yellow，different from the Kangxi period。Although the study did not analyze the boron elements in enamel color Bet365 lotto review glaze，But it is of great significance for the in -depth understanding of the raw material formula and production process of enamel porcelain。The enamel materials used in the Kangxi period mainly depend on imports，There are fewer color varieties，In the Yongzheng period, you can make homemade enamel，Promote the rapid development of the production of enamel porcelain，Color varieties also gradually increase。

2014，Jia Cui, etc., further pointed out that the black color in enamel color contains boron elements and high content，There is no boron element in Huang Cai，This is basically consistent with Zhang Fukang's description of enamel，At the same time, it is also pointed out that the color materials on enamel porcelain are low -temperature lead glazes except for white color materials，Among them, black colors are from cobalt、Iron、Manganese color，Red Color by Golden Color，Green color from copper color，There are two kinds of green colors containing tin and tin -free; the coloring ingredients of yellow color materials are tin and 锑。This research also pointed out that the pink color is based on the colorful Kangxi，Affected by enamel and drawing on its production process creation and development，I think it started in Kangxi，Advanced in Yongzheng，and replace Kangxi colorful，The mainstream of becoming a glaze。

2018，Analysis of Ye Zhenglong, etc.，Red in pink pigments、Huang Cai's coloring element is iron instead of gold、tin and 锑 锑，Blue Color is mainly cobalt and copper，Green Color is mainly copper，No obvious features of coloring elements were found in Zicai，The speculation is by red color and blue、Green Color Integration。This study also believes，After Qianlong、The production of pink porcelain before the Republic of China is mainly based on the predecessor of imitation，Pink porcelain in the Republic of China introduced imported raw materials abroad，As a result, its pigment formula has changed to a certain amount。2015，Wu Yan and others analyzed the element composition of the painted porcelain painted materials in different periods of Jingdezhen.，Pointing out the ancient red and green color of Jingdezhen、The dark red glaze color on the specimen such as colorful and colorful and colorful is iron -tone，Huang Cai is colorful for lead tin，The carmine color in the Kangxi period is golden color with less than 0.1%of the content of less than 0.1%，Green material is two -valent copper ion colors。This research also points out，Jingdezhen Yuan、Ming、Several typical painted paint composition formulas on the Qing Dynasty glaze painted porcelain、Development and evolution law and Bet365 app download coloring mechanism，For protection、Reappearance and identification of ancient glaze porcelain in Jingdezhen is important。

　　Eastern and Western Exchange and Mutual Learning

Kangxi period，Jingdezhen pottery worker is inheriting Ming Jiajing、Based on the craftsmanship of Wanli Mark Colorful Porcelain，Invented the glaze blue color、Rich gold color and other color materials，Absorbing the style of prints and literati paintings at the time on the composition，formed the famous "Kangxi Colorful"，Reflected the aesthetic interest of Kangxi's prosperous weather and the aesthetic interest of different levels at that time。To the late Kangxi，Use foreign imported pigments to apply on the white porcelain tire made by Jingdezhen，Baked enamel porcelain。I will soon try to make some domestic enamel color，further promoted the development of enamel porcelain。Affected by enamel，Ceramics mixes the white letter stone with arsenic element into a lead melt、In glass powder，made into "glass white" pigment，and add "glass white" to other colors in a certain percentage，Forms a series of "powder" color tones with deep shades and shades，Draw on porcelain，Forms a light and soft pink decoration。Pink decoration with "glass white" base，Rendering technique of Chinese painting，Highlight the effects of yin and yang deep light，Gang Jian and rough painting with traditional multicolored decorations is very different。After the Xianfeng of the Qing Dynasty，Jingdezhen has burned the new variety of shallow color，The black glazed pigment with a thick and light black glaze is drawn on the white porcelain，Dye again to light、Water green、Grass green and other color materials，Low temperature burning，Its effect is similar to shallow colored paintings，Therefore, it is called "shallow color"。

Glaze Porcelain is an important variety of export porcelain exported porcelain in my country。After the transition period of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Jingdezhen porcelain industry recovery，Orders that have obtained the "Ivili" pattern，Re -occupied the European market。According to relevant scholars research，Ming Wanli thirty years to the 21st year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (1602-1682)，10.1 million pieces of Chinese porcelain trafficking through the Dutch commercial and ships。Swedish East India Company 1731-1813 A total of 132 Far Eastern Navigation，About 30 million pieces of transportation porcelain。Another Portuguese、UK、France, etc.，It also carried out a lot of trade with Chinese porcelain。In exported porcelain，In addition to blue and white porcelain，Glaze Porcelain is one of the bet365 live casino games most important varieties; characters with Chinese style、Animals、Landscape、Flowers and plants and other patterns，Also according to European noble preferences、Customized patterns，There are western figures、Flower、Rural Scenery、Noble Life、mythical legends, etc.，The most famous of which is coat porcelain。

Driven by product communication，China related porcelain technology has gradually spread、Affects all over the world，At the same time in culture and art, it also has a profound impact on countries around the world。Ming Dynasty，Longquan kiln celadon、Jingdezhen Blue and White、Colorful porcelain production technology has been passed to Japan、Vietnam、Thailand、Persian and other areas。For example, Thailand has always been processed into "Benchaarong" porcelain and "Lai Nam Thong" porcelain。In Europe，In 1710, Marson Porcelain Factory near the Eastern Germany Dreson became the first European factory to produce near Oriental porcelain。1712 years，French missionary Yin Hongxu records the porcelain making process of Jingdezhen，Posted with porcelain raw materials returned to Europe，The letter was published，The secrets of Chinese porcelain are publicly public，Europe has set off a porcelain raw material for kaolin and other porcelain、Fix the boom of Chinese porcelain。More and more factories in imitating Oriental Porcelain，For example, St. Klite Porcelain Factory, Paris, France，Italy Florence Porcelain Porcelain Factory，London, UK, Bao's Porcelain Factory、Woolst Porcelain Factory、Chelsea Porcelain Factory，Dutch Daerf Special Porcelain Factory, etc.。The input of Chinese porcelain deeply affects the lifestyle of people around the world、Cultural aesthetics, etc.，such as the exquisite and gorgeous artistic style of the glazed porcelain bred the romantic "Rococo" artistic trend，then affects modern European painting、Architecture、Arts and Crafts and other areas。

The exchange of world ceramic culture and technology is two -way。Development of Glaze Porcelain in the Qing Dynasty，not only inherited local technology and cultural elements，It is also deeply affected by the "ceramic road" porcelain export and imported foreign raw materials。As mentioned earlier，Imported pigments promoted the emergence of Chinese enamel porcelain。With the efforts of the Qing Palace，enamel technology and raw materials have been promoted to kiln yard in Jingdezhen area，Born pink porcelain，Finally completed the technology、From introduction to digestion、All processes of localization。Another，Customization of a large bet365 best casino games amount of Western -style porcelain，Make the decoration theme of Chinese porcelain also changes greatly，Foreign text appeared、Garden、Western landscape painting, etc.; Styling is also common to category that meets the needs of Western life。

President Xi Jinping pointed out at the opening ceremony of the Asian Civilization Dialogue Conference: "Civilization communicates due to diversity，Learn from each other due to communication，Developed due to mutual learning。"Overall，At present, the analysis and research of the academic community in the context of the Chinese and foreign economic and cultural exchanges are not enough，Also needs to sort out relevant literature and archaeological materials in the system，Further clarify the pigment of the glaze porcelain in the Qing Dynasty in Jingdezhen、Painted techniques、Style and other development laws，Performing Western raw materials、The influencing factor of technology，Serving the construction of the National Ceramics Cultural Heritage Innovation Pilot Zone in Jingdezhen National Ceramics Culture Heritage，Help Jingdezhen's cultural exchanges，Tell Chinese ceramic stories。

　　(This article is the National Social Science Fund's unprecedented unique studies project, "Ceramics Road" in the vision of Jingde Town, Qing Dynasty Glaze Porcelain Comprehensive Research (22VJXG025) phased results)

(Author is the Ancient Ceramics Research Center of Jingdezhen Ceramics University、Associate Researcher at the Archaeological Research Center of the State Administration of Cultural Relics; researcher of the Ancient Ceramics Research Center of Jingdezhen Ceramics University)