It is generally considered，The ritual is symbolic and acting、A set of behavior methods stipulated by cultural traditions。It can be sacred，can also be worldly，But it should be "super normal"。Earlier ceremony research theory is mostly concentrated in the category of mythology and religion，Ruergan and Turner both emphasize the role of rituals in religious activities。Religion as a socialized objective existence，The most important inner factor is religious concept and religious experience。Religious psychology special emphasis on the meaning of the internal psychological activity of the individual in the religious life，They regard the subjective feelings and experience of the personality of faith as the most essential thing in religion。

In prehistoric archeology，The most recognizable and most research ritual behavior is also closely related to religion or "pan -religious" activities，Therefore, the so -called ritual behavior in this article also refers to the content of this aspect。From the perspective of archeological research，The display of ritual behavior and the visual experience brought by the participants or viewers is the most worthy of attention。These behaviors of these behaviors in archeology，Both the construction of the macro level such as geographical landscape、Design and construction of the ruins (scene settings), etc.，There are also forms such as relics、Dimensions or even color and other micro -level content。

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Universe knowledge and ancestor worship 

The Niheliang site located in western Liaoning is by far the largest Hongshan cultural burial and sacrifice center。The site is located on the mountain beam around the front valley in front of the Hulu Hushan，The relics are distributed in a point -shaped distribution，16 places of core sites were found within about 50 square kilometers，67 places at other sites。The core location is open，Both are facing the Daling River and Mulan Mountain，The latter is magnificent，It looks like a pig or a bear head，It is considered bet365 Play online games to be related to religious beliefs。Most of these sites are concentrated in a east -west valley in front of the site。where，Discover the No. 1 location of the Goddess Temple and find the "pyramid -type building" location 13th place as the best vision。

■ Goddess mud plastic avatar author/Figure

Recent archeological excavation indicates，Niuheliang No. 1 Building Site No. 2 is composed of a building complex built on a tablet on the pad and masonry side walls，an area of ​​100,000 square meters。Very obvious，Niuheliang crowd to reshape the geographical landscape where the site is located，Northerly north -north -north direction ridge is axis，East、Raise layer by layer on both sides of the west，transform the gentle mountain into a layered、The sacred space containing a strong visual impact。Analysis of Sporo powder，The upper reaches of the Daling River where the site is located is warmer and wet，But the sample collected by the second place and the fifth place in Niuheliang contains a large number of herbs and shrub pollen，Grassland plant with artemisia is a large proportion。Environmental archaeologists think，This may be related to the influence of human activities。That is to say，Hongshan ancestors may consciously cut off tall Joe Mu，Clean the surface，To better display these ritual buildings。

The southernmost side of the goddesses are the most religious atmosphere ceremony。It is located at the bottom of the south of the first place in Niuheliang，Two drainage channels were found on both sides of the north，There is a road leading to the mountain -based building complex at the top of the top。The unearthed relics are mainly clay sculpture，Tall body，Some are even equivalent to three times the size of a real person。Some researchers think，They are the ancestors of the entire ethnic group，Respected by all members of the ethnic group。Niuheliang's second place is flat and open，Here I found the circular or square stones arranged in six east -west stones，Some people think that they have expressed the cosmic view of the early "Tianyuan Place" of the ancestors of Hongshan。A large number of tombs are also found below the relics of many stones，The burial items are mostly animal -shaped Bet365 app download jade。Analysis Digesty，Most of these jade articles show the transformation of the tomb owner、Conversion，and the ability to maintain the order of cosmic，They may be a small part of the cosmic knowledge。

　　Liangzhu Ancient City: 

High -level noble funeral meal 

Liangzhu culture, which is 5300-4300 years ago, is generally considered by the academic community as the earliest society in China and even East Asia，Liangzhu Ancient City condensed the representative elements of all aspects of its civilization development。The city site is divided into internal and external cities，The center of the inner city is Mojiao Mountain, which covers an area of ​​300,000 square meters，This is an artificially constructed rectangular platform，Emperor Grave Mountain with the south、Luchengmen constitutes a set of central axis symmetrical building complex。

■ Liangzhu Jade 琮 Author/Figure Figure

Like the Red Mountain crowd，Liangzhu people also highlight the importance and display of some places through the transformation of geographical landscapes，Building pyramid -type platform with pure loess piles to become their choice。but，No relics or relics that are closely related to religious rituals were found on these two soil platforms。There are many houses near Damo Kok Mountain，A large number of handicraft finished products and semi -finished products were unearthed from the Zhongjiagang River outside the east side of the city，Impressing frequent people here。Therefore，Damo Kaoshan is more likely to be a place for leaders to live and handle civil affairs，Perhaps a small amount of worldly ritual activities will be held。

Relatively speaking，What is closer to religious rituals is the anti -mountain in the northwest corner of the inner city。Anti -Mountain is also an artificially piled rectangular pier，Archaeologists found 11 high -level tombs on its southwest side，Most of the tombs are mostly buried with rich jade，Including 琮、璧、璜、钺 and cone, etc.。In the literature of later generations，Jade、Yuyu and Yuyu are commonly used rituals for sacrifices。Many jade articles are carved with exquisite and complex、The mysterious god -human beast facial pattern，The excavated person is called "God bet365 best casino games Embrois"。Many researchers have also proposed the religious characteristics of Liangzhu culture，Calling it "Divine Rights State"。Later，Some scholars discovered，Most of these carved jade wares are all the owners of the tomb owner，The entire funeral instrument does not show the social relationship of the tomb owner。and none of these so -called "altars" also found relics or relics related to religious rituals，They are more like a high platform prepared for the tomb，Even if there is a ritual behavior above，Also related to funeral。

This kind of behavior of building soil platforms in Pingdi and built tombs，There is a long history tradition in the Taihu Lake area，At least dates back to the Songze Cultural Period。From the main direction and road entering the inner city，Anti -Mountain happens to be in the most remote position，Quite privacy。Jiangjiashan on the south side of the mountain、Mulberry head also found a cemetery，They are distributed along the west side of the inner city，Far away from the frequent urban area of ​​the crowd，I hint that the place where these funerals are held are not open to the public。The above phenomena indicate，At present, the most representative ritual behavior of Liangzhu society seen by archeology -funeral of high -level nobles，Have a strong privacy。

　　Shi Ji Site: 

"Exotic" items and Shaman's ritual behavior 

Shenmu Shiji site is located in the north of the Loess Plateau、Maowu Su Desert South edge，Located in the middle of the Eurasian grassland and the Chinese Yellow River Basin。The site is divided into internal and external cities with stone walls，The total area of ​​more than 4 million square meters。The current archeological excavation is mainly concentrated in the Dongmen site of the outer city、The imperial city of the inner city and other residential sites。Dongmen site is located at the highest point of the site，Flag open，from the inside and outside the city、Duntai and "Gate" composition。outer city stone walls found jade shovel and jade，There are two pits burning 24 skulls under the ground，The deceased is mostly young women，It is speculated that the foundation related to the city wall。

■ Stone carving author unearthed at the site of Shijie/Supply Figure

The location of more bet365 best casino games religious ritual behavior evidence is the imperial city of the inner city。Created，Cut the mountain body layer by layer and build a stone wall，The overall staircase -shaped cone -shaped，The top area reaches 80,000 square meters。The surrounding stone walls are over 70 meters。from the gate of the city、Main Door Road、Plaza、Metropolitanians and other important ruins composition。The characteristics of the city gate are narrow、tortuous，The slope of the road reaches 19 °，Reflected the defense and prohibition of Huangchengtai。After passing the door site, you can enter a piece of more than 100 meters long、Tao of about 9 meters wide，The west side is the stone road on the top of the large platform，The north side is the southern wall of the large platform base。

The collapse and accumulation in the road and more than 70 stone carvings unearthed from the south wall，Most of the initial should be inlaid in the southern wall。Diversity of stone carving themes，Including animals、God Beast、Human head and symbols，Beast and human face are similar to the post -Shijiahe culture and Shandong Longshan culture jade carving pattern，Stone people may be affected by the Auknev culture southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Bibi。The contents of these stone carvings have not formed a complete set of narrative frameworks，and partially placed direction and position disorder，"No Close"。Recent，Discovery of an arc -shaped corner stone carving，It shows that they are made for the Taiwan base。So at least this explanation，The chaos of the stone carving position does not affect its functional implementation。The traces of the trample on the road are clear，No relics and relics related to ritual behavior，It is more likely to be a "art corridor" that shows diverse ideas and ideology。

The top part of the large platform is the place where the ritual behavior is frequently held。In the collapse of the east guard wall，I found a large number of relics related to ritual behavior。Including more than 20 pieces, it is considered to be communicated with God、Bone springs of the ancestor function of the ancestor function，More than 20 pieces of pottery eagle。other，At the top of the northern bet365 Play online games end of the east wall，More than 100 pieces of bone bones are also distributed in layers。Based on this speculation，The main ritual behavior of the ancestors of Shi Yan includes: worship (strength) worship as the concept of ritual，Drilling Board Bone as a means of ritual，Blow the Paradise Reproduction、Drinking and obsession。Near North Asia，Sa Manjiao from ancient times to the present，Many features are close to this。Many relics unearthed from the Ishili site also revealed that the Shijia society and North Asia、Contact between Central Asia Interactive Network。

　　Human transform geographical landscape 

To sum up，Niuheliang site、The ancient city of Liangzhu and the Shi Yan site both consciously transform the geographical landscape to enhance the display and sacredness of the ceremony venue。Whether it is the Yishan of Niuliang and Shi Ji，It is still the artificial tamping of the ancient city of Liangzhu，All to build tall towering、Layout ritual space，I hope to draw supernatural power from the mountains and rivers。

The Hongshan society represented by Niuheliang is worshiped with ancestors、Controlling astronomy and cosmic order is the concept of the main ritual，The crowd is generally involved，It has strong publicity and display。The builders of Niuheliang have no doubt that they also noticed the geographical landscape、Relic behavior and personal vision complement，Therefore，A lot of labor is consumed to create a "ceremony holy place"。The crowd of Shi Yan is more keen to show the stone carving "artwork" containing diverse ideas and ideology，Visitors to the surrounding or near areas show off their ability to obtain or produce exotic items。They live in the staggered zone of nomadic civilization and farming civilization，Dedicated affected by culture from North Asia，The ritual behavior also shows obvious Shamanism characteristics。Its ritual activities have strict access specifications，Not everyone can participate or watch。Relatively speaking，The ritual behavior of Liangzhu society is the most private。Positioning aristocratic tombs with artificial high platforms，and hold a funeral。Although the burial carved jade articles have obvious religious attributes，But bet365 live casino games the size and unearthed location indicate，They are all private items that are not manifested，The number of participating funerals is also very limited。Water conservancy facilities peripherals peripherals in the ancient city of Liangzhu，The huge amount of carbonized rice accumulation found in the Temple of the Chi Zhongzhong，and jade unearthed from the Zhongjiagang River、Stone、Semi -finished products and waste of lacquer wooden wares，All implied that the society is the most grassroots、The most fundamental motivation may still be secular economic activities。

These sites are relatively different in age，Located in different areas，represents the origin of Chinese civilization、Several key nodes of development。Many of their ritual concepts and behaviors are also absorbed by later Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties，Organic factors to build and shape a unified multi -ethnic country。

　　(Author is an associate researcher at the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)