Current research and translations on the history of medieval bet365 promo codes in my country have extensively discussed the birth of bet365 promo codes and their institutional background，However, research from the perspective of legal history is still relatively weak。for example，What institutional environment made medieval bet365 promo codes stand out from the competition among higher education institutions at that time，Even had a crushing advantage and was imitated by later generations？How to obtain institutional protection for the legal person property and autonomous status of medieval bet365 promo codes？Why the Kingdom、Neither states nor municipalities nor their alliances can stably establish bet365 promo codes，And the church is its leading driving force？etc.。

The bet365 promo codes system is a unique product of medieval Western Europe。For comparison，The Eastern Roman-Byzantine Empire, which was roughly in the same period, although there was no shortage of higher education institutions，But they are either official schools，Either a private school。Although studies related to Byzantium often encounter the term "bet365 promo codes of Constantinople"，But it is not a real bet365 promo codes，It is only equivalent to higher official education。The Eastern Roman Empire even at its peak，Such as the Macedonian Dynasty (867-1057)，There is no and cannot be a true bet365 promo codes；Of course, Islamic or Chinese civilization systems do not have the institutional environment for universities to breed and flourish。

Universities (universitas) were a special form of medieval guilds，It is a corporate legal person (universitas personarum) with a high degree of autonomy，This nature and its organizational structure and governance are important reasons for the rise of universities。But what needs to be asked is，Legal property of the bet365 promo codes、Book Collection、Why can governance and even the personal safety of teachers and students be generally preserved and not violated in political disputes and even wars between princes？If these factors are not fully guaranteed，If bet365 promo codes teachers and students can be easily punished because of their political stance and even harm their families，Restricted personal freedom due to joint liability for debts，Or it may simply cause the legal person to be ordered to dissolve，It is impossible for a bet365 promo codes to be stably inherited，Its institutional model cannot be passed down and carried forward by future generations，It is even less likely to win the competition in the medieval education system and ultimately gain an overwhelming advantage。

Existing research fully shows that the creation of medieval universities and their autonomy first came from the protection and regulation of the church。But the Middle Ages lasted a long time，Why universities did not appear before the 12th century？The bet365 promo codes of Bologna, which was born in 1088, is generally considered to be the first bet365 promo codes，But modern scholars are more inclined to believe that this retrospective year is somewhat far-fetched。If the formal establishment of legal person identity and charter is taken as the decisive indicator，It was born in 1252 (Jacques Verger)。Because of this，Some people believe that the bet365 promo codes of Paris, founded in 1208, was the first real bet365 promo codes。This analysis is not a trivial entanglement，But to illustrate the fact that universities began to emerge only after the 12th century。Is this time period an accident?，There are still internal reasons，Significant relationship。This article will show，It was the Gregorian Reform and the resulting changes in the dual legal system and canon law that laid the institutional possibility for the birth and rise of universities。

The Gregorian Reform has attracted attention in Chinese academic circles mainly due to Berman (Harold J. Berman），It believes that the Gregorian Reform was the first revolution in the history of Western legal system，Since then, the papal system has begun to be constructed and promoted，The church began to become another relatively independent authority system for the secular power of the king。But he did not fully pay attention to the decisive significance of this reform and the construction of the canon law system it caused to the bet365 promo codes。For comparison，French legal historian Jean Gaudemet pointed out keenly，The dual coexistence of the royal government (status regni) and the church official office (status ecclesiae) formed after the church reform and the separation of dual legal jurisdictions were of decisive significance to the birth of the bet365 promo codes。Obviously，If the church is still vassal to the royal government as before，Lack of independence，The function of canon law to promote and protect universities is empty talk。

The role of canon law after the Gregorian reform in promoting the bet365 promo codes system is at least reflected in the following three aspects。First，The Middle Ages were an era of numerous charters，In this social atmosphere, the church also issued many charters，Like a bet365 promo codes charter。The bet365 promo codes's charter means that it has the status of a legal person under canon law (the same today)，At the same time, it also has the protection of canon law。Infringement of the rights of the bet365 promo codes legal person and its teachers and students may be subject to sanctions such as interdict。Prohibition is a category of punishment in canon law，Mainly refers to the prohibition on attending Mass and receiving Holy Communion and other sacraments。Prohibitions and penalties can be implemented jointly，When punishing princes and nobles, all citizens of the country can be implicated。In the Middle Ages, such sanctions were extremely powerful，Princes and dignitaries may suffer political disadvantages，Ordinary people are equivalent to being sentenced to regular social death，Everyday matters such as marriages and funerals will be affected。It is not difficult to understand that，If there is no such institutional environment，The autonomy of the bet365 promo codes and its relatively independent status cannot be realistically guaranteed，This also explains the basic reason why universities cannot appear in Orthodox areas and even other civilization circles。

Second，The construction of the canon law system directly led to the depersonalization and publicization of ecclesiastical offices，This directly contributes to the stability of the church’s credit and financial capabilities。Without this premise，It is impossible for universities to be born and promoted。Berman said that the Gregorian Reforms made the church the first modern state in Europe，This wording may cause some controversy，But it contains considerable inspiring value。For comparison，The secular government of the Middle Ages was trapped in the feudal system，The phenomenon of privatization of power is common and legitimate，Royal marriage、Land rewards or sales will directly cause instability in jurisdictional entities and regions，The personality problem of power and governance、The government’s credit and financial capabilities therefore lack stability，So they cannot become the leading force in establishing and maintaining universities，The fate of short-lived schools such as the bet365 promo codes of Naples (founded in 1224) confirms this mechanism。

　Third，Universities are essentially higher education institutions，Teachers、Source of students、Curriculum system and academic certification are the most direct indicators and elements for its survival and development。Comparing Medieval Universities with Modern Universities，His current teaching staff、The sources of students and even the places where graduates work are highly international，such as the bet365 promo codes of Paris、Oxford bet365 promo codes, etc.。Therefore，If a bet365 promo codes degree is not recognized in Europe，It has no value in studying，It is impossible to have a stable source of students，Even survival may be a problem。Therefore，An international organization that can endorse this across Europe is very necessary。The integrated system of the church after the Gregorian reform and its strengthened international awareness and corresponding canon law institutional arrangements provide exactly this possibility。If we further consider that a large number of graduates are promoted to clergy and imams，The function of the Holy See’s endorsement is even easier to understand。Otherwise we cannot understand why the establishment of the bet365 promo codes of Leuven was the result of local nobles petitioning the Holy See，Because certification and endorsement functions such as the international academic certification system and curriculum standard system, which are extremely important to universities, cannot be provided by various countries，Only a highly integrated church and the institutionalized operation of canon law can meet this condition。

Although it seems today，Medieval bet365 promo codes and their systems still have various shortcomings，such as military、Navigation、Building、Mechanical、Animal husbandry、Practical subjects such as finance and taxation have not entered the formal curriculum system (the assertion that economic and social needs are the fundamental driving force for the creation and development of bet365 promo codes is therefore unconvincing)，But no doubt，Medieval bet365 promo codes are not a continuation of previous official schools，It is a revolution in the paradigm of dissemination and cultivation of higher knowledge，It has epoch-making significance in the history of human civilization。

Admittedly，Medieval universities were not a paradise，The history of its development is also long and tortuous，There are even cases of being involved in political struggles，Like a great schism in the church、Disputes between the Papal Party and the Imperial Party, etc.，But overall，(Corporate) autonomy constitutes the outstanding feature of the bet365 promo codes，This was also inherited by later modern universities。So，Humboldt bet365 promo codes regards bet365 promo codes autonomy and academic freedom as its basic principles，It is difficult to say that it is a product of the so-called Prussian national spirit，Rather, it is the inheritance and development of medieval traditions。

In short，Although the development and advancement of the medieval bet365 promo codes system was inseparable from the support of secular authorities，But the changes in European society and legal systems triggered by the Gregorian Reforms are the more fundamental factors。Without the dual jurisdictional separation of government-church and secular law-canon law，There is no nurturing environment for early universities，It is impossible to have a principled demarcation of government and bet365 promo codes powers。At the same time，The study of early bet365 promo codes history is also revealing to future generations what are the basic institutional elements that promote and protect academic prosperity and scientific research creativity。

　　(This article is a phased result bet365 promo codes National Social Science Fund’s special commissioned project sub-project “Research on the Far East Policy bet365 promo codes Holy See since the Cold War” (15@ZH009)

(Author’s unit: Qufu Normal bet365 promo codes Law School)