Dan Chapter (1916-1989)，Han nationality，Gansu and politicians。Contemporary famous national issues theorist、Religious writer、Tibetan scholars。In the early years, he joined the party's peripheral progress youth organization -Guide River Youth Society; 1928-1937，Learn Tibetan Tibetan in La Ben Temple and Lhasa Domang Temple，Examine the study of Tibetan history and Tibetan Buddhism。1938，Go to Yan'an to participate in the revolution and join the Communist Party of China。1939，Working in the Northwest Working Committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China、Research on national policy。1942，The Deputy Director of the Minority Research Office of the Fourth Branch of the CPC Central Committee Investigation and Research Bureau。1946-1949，Worked the party's underground struggle at Longyou。After liberation of Linxia in 1949，Ren Linxia Division Administrative Supervision Commissioner。​​1950，Member of the National Affairs Committee of the Northwest Military and Political Committee and Deputy Minister of the United Front Work Department of the Gansu Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China。1951，An Assistant representative of the Northwest Military and Political Commission stationed in Canchen，escorted Ten Panchen Er Endei Return to Tibet。1952，As a member and Secretary -General of the Tibetan Working Committee of the Communist Party of China、Director of Policy Research Office。1958-1964，Deputy Director of the Institute of National Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences。1964-1977，Ren Vice President of Inner Mongolia University。1978，Director of the Institute of Ethnic Research of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，and have been elected as the president of the Chinese National Theoretical Research Association、Vice Chairman of the Chinese National Research Society、Vice President of China Formity Affectionate Society、Chinese Cultural Academy instructor, etc.。1983，Hiring and merged as a member of the China Local History Guidance Group and Deputy Leader of the Chinese National Chronicle Guidance Group。1985，The editor -in -chief of the "Encyclopedia of the Encyclopedia of China" editor -in -chief and deputy director of the National Editorial Committee。

China is a multi -ethnic country，Realized national equality、National unity and common prosperity，This is an important guarantee for establishing a good ethnic relationship and realizing social stability and development。From the date of establishment of the Communist Party of China，Especially since the founding of New China，Under the glory of the party's national policy，With the efforts of the majority of ethnic workers，Gradually realized equality、Unity、mutual assistance、Harmony Socialist New Ethnic Relations。among many ethnic workers，Ya Chaoya is one of the models trained by our party to study for national religious issues。Ya Chaoya is one of the main founders of the Chinese Marxist national religion theory。In his legendary life，experienced many historic events，From the national work during the War of Resistance Against Japan to the underground struggle of Longyou to the Xiahehe peace liberation，From Tibet peace negotiations to escorting Panchen Return to Tibet，All reflect his unique role in maintaining national unity and national unity，and the major contribution of the research and practice of national religious issues in his life and practice。

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Yazhang was born in a peasant family in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Linxia Hui, Gansu Province。Yajiazui is a beautiful small mountain village，Not far west is Kunlun Mountain -Prince Mountain in Northeast Northeast of Bayankala Mountain，Dan chapter is an ethnic religious study that comes out of the towering Prince Mountain。

The father of the tooth Laoshang is the only scholar in Yajiazui Village，It is also a famous cultural person in Hezheng County。Because the tooth chapter is the only boy at home，Extraordinary loved by parents，I have received school education since childhood，It laid a deep traditional cultural foundation。During his studies at bet365 best casino games Fenglin Academy，At the time of the Kuomintang Gansu Provincial Party Department special agent、The influence of Hu Tingzhen, Secretary of the Lanzhou Special Branch of the Communist Party of China，Receive revolutionary education and Marxism -Leninism education，Participated in the party's peripheral organization -Daohe Youth Society。This is the beginning of the teeth contacted the Communist and Communist thoughts。

Later，The father of the tooth Hanzhang was hired by Liangzhou Town to hire Master who manages the finance，But in 1928, it was implicated by the "River Incident" and was killed。Previous，To avoid implication，Its father's trustees sent the tooth to the largest temple of Tibetan Buddhism in Gansu ——，Be a little lama。1928-1930，Ya Chaoya learn Tibetan in Labrang Temple、Xiwen、Song Tibetan Scriptures, etc.，Played Tibetan、​​Basis of Tibetan and Tibetan Buddhism。After the father was killed，Yazhang returned to Linxia in 1931，Afterwards, move to Lanzhou，Study in Fifth Middle School in Gansu Province。

1936，Introduction to friends，Ya Chaoying to Labrang (now Xiahe County), Gansu (now Xiahe County), the local Tibetan upper layer Huang Zhengqing's security command for duties，Start contact with national problems，Mainly Tibetan problems。In more than a year in La Bu Leng Temple，Dan chapter uses the convenience of work，An investigation and research on national issues was conducted。This period，The focus of the survey of the tooth chapter is mainly the profound impact of the Labrang Temple Politics and Education and Education A system on the Tibetan area of ​​Gansu。Yaizhang from Labrang Temple to Gansu Tibetan politics、Economy、Influence of culture，Learn the traction and dominant role of the temple's economic development in the Tibetan region，It is believed that the staying of Tibetan society in the feudal serf system is the fundamental reason for the long -term backwardness of the Tibetan area of ​​Gansu。

During this period，Ya Chaoya will also collect more than 100 "flowers" lyrics and long papers entitled "Flower" again，Published in the "Gansu Republic of China Daily" sub -publication。These works have become important achievements in studying "flowers" in the 1930s and 1940s，strongly promoted "Flower" learning research，Ya Chaoya has become a pioneer of research on Chinese traditional folk song "Flower"。

1937，Labrang Temple Great Living Buddha V, Jiamu Like Hutuktu (1916-1947), go to the three major temples of Lhasa，Need a secretary of Chinese Tibetan language。Dan chapter is proficient in Han and Tibetan words，The most suitable translation of Jiamu -like Hutuktu。Under the recommendation of Huang Zhengqing，Yazhang followed Jiamu to Lhasa，Living in Dazel Temple with a high political and education status and strong economic strength。The two of them are their peers，Have the same hobby。So，Yazhang has established a deep friendship with the fifth Jiamu -like living Buddha。Fifth Garmo Shoshi as the temple owner of Labrang Temple、Big Living Buddha，Min and easy to learn，Diligence，"Yongmai Kaiqin，Day and Night Somedies "，Deep Investigation Teaching，Deep Investigation Teaching。Jiamu -like Living Buddha, although young，But I am very concerned about the international and domestic situation，Collection of news from various places，and make people translate，I often ask people to discuss from people around international issues。He is a knowledgeable talent、Evolved Tibetan upper figures who are good at accepting new ideas and new knowledge，It provides a lot of help for the history and status quo of Tibet to study the history and status of Tibet。

Yazhang has a relatively comprehensive understanding of Tibetan Buddhism through Zhelong Temple，There are three important reasons for the prosperity of Tibetan Buddhism: First, the Tibetan people's devotion to Buddhism，is its strong mass foundation; the second is after the religious reform of Tsongkhapa，Tibetan Buddhism gradually grasped the power of Tibet's political and religious power; the third is due to the prosperity of Tibetan Buddhism，Tibetan people who enter the temple as the lama are increasing。Deta chapter also found in the survey，The unity of political and religion in Tibet is different from the unity of politics and religion in Labrang, Gansu。Tibet's political and religious unity system is not ruled by a family，Instead, the monk upper bet365 live casino games layer、Rule of rule composed of a trinity of nobles and officials。Long -term development，The integration of politics and religion formed in Tibet、The political system of the monk and customs and aristocracy jointly dictatorship，and the social form of feudal serfs based on feudal lord land ownership and serfs to feudal lords，seriously hinder the development of productivity in Tibet。At the same time，Ya Chazhang passed the investigation and research on the business and residents of Lhasa City，I have a comprehensive understanding of the situation of all strata in Tibet society，And the essence of Tibetan Buddhism and its understanding of social impact have improved another step。

Most of the time from May 1928 to May 1938，。The status quo of the backwardness of the Tibetan area、The impact of Tibetan Buddhism on the Tibetan people and the Tibetan nation's turn liberation，It is the core question he has always been concerned about in the Qinghai -Tibet survey。Through many years of survey，Finally wrote more than 200,000 words "Qinghai -Tibet Investigation"，This is the first book in the tooth chapter to study national religion and Tibetan learning。Unfortunately，At the time of the publishing of the manuscript in 1946，But was destroyed by the enemy in the war of war，Failure to appear。

　　Yan'an Period: Start of the Study of National Theory and National Policy

During the period in Lhasa,，Dangya chapters see the full outbreak of the Anti -Japanese War from the newspaper、After the news of the second cooperation of the Communist Party of China，Decided to devote himself to the Anti -Japanese Salvation to save the country，and know that the Party Central Committee is already in Yan'an。April 1938，Denta with a repeated retention of Jiamu Living Buddha，Depart from Lhasa，Deting India、Singapore and other places，Running to Xi'an。July of the same year，Introduction to the Xi'an Office of the Eighth Route，Introduction to the Xi'an Office of the Eighth Route，Then transfer to Yan'an Shaanxi Public School General Academy，Learn Marxist theory，For example。October of the same year，Join the Communist Party of China，Delivery for national liberation and communism ideals for life。

early 1939，The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was established with Zhang Wentian as the secretary of the secretary、Li Weihan is the Northwest Working Committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (hereinafter referred to as the "Western Industry Committee")。Dental Chance was partially assigned by the Central Organization to the National Issue Research Office of the Western Engineering Commission，Ethnic work，It provides platforms and conditions for his theory of Marxism on national issues for the theory of Marxism on national issues。The main member of the "Return Ethnic Research Group" as the National Issue Research Office，Dental chapter participated in the drafting of the central government's guiding documents on the issues of ethnic minorities，That is, the "Outline of Return to the National Issues" and "Return to National Issues", which were drafted in April 1940。Through the research and writing of the book "Return to Nationalities"，Ya Hanzhang received a vivid Marxist education for the first time。

At that time，Research on the "Return" nation，Yazhang Chapters Depending on a lot of historical facts，Based on the in -depth research, the "Return to the National Issue" is the first book published by the Western Industry Commission on the issue of the issue of Chinese minority issues。This theoretical results not only pointed out the direction for the national liberation struggle at the time，also left valuable ideological inspiration for future generations，provides a scientific basis for the formulation of national policies for the CPC Central Committee，At the same time, the theoretical basis has laid the theoretical foundation for the formation of the autonomous policy of my country's ethnic region。

Starting in January 1939，Daising Chances has worked in the Western Engineering Commission for nearly three years，In order to promote the anti -Japanese rescue movement of the people in the Shaanxi -Gansu -Ningxin border area，While conducting the research on the "return" national problem，Organization appointed，Taking "Markha" as a pseudonym，Actively participated in the anti -Japanese rescue campaign of the "return" nation，And as an important organization contact work。February 1942，Dan chapter participated in Yan'an rectification Bet365 app download learning。April of the following year，Kang Sheng initiated trial and "Rescue Movement"，Dental Chances has experienced a severe test。

After the victory of the Anti -Japanese War，1946，Denta with the party's dispatch，As a member of the Longyou Working Committee、Minister of the Minority Work Department, etc.，Start doing Longyou underground work。Denta chapter pseudonym is Kangmingde，Actively carry out work，Movement of people of all ethnic groups，Strengthen the construction of party organization，Establish an underground party organization、Guerrilla and Guerrilla Base，Create a grass -roots party organization in 18 counties，Develop more than 5,000 party members，Formed a guerrilla team with more than 3,000 people。Longyou is Han nationality、Hui people、Tibetan and Dongxiang people and other multi -ethnic residential areas，Ya Chaoya has established a deep friendship with the ethnic minorities in his work，I have a deep understanding of the party's national work at the same time。

mid -November 1948，After to Lanzhou with a chapter of tooth，According to the requirements of the Gansu united front work in the Northwest Bureau，The focus of national work is placed in the Hui and Tibetans，Especially do the united front work on the upper -level Tibetan。First, two student party branches were established in Lanzhou，Second, I found Ma Foshan, a Hui leader who led the Hui Riot in 1943、Ma Ji's grandfather and son conduct party education，Third is to actively carry out Huang Zhengqing's fight for work。During this period，Dan chapter takes into account the overall situation，Careful implementation of the party's united front、National、Religious Policy，Focus on cultivating local minority cadres，Establish a grass -roots regime，Qing bandit anti -hegemony，Correctly solve national disputes，Clean up the "three horses" property，The foundation laid the foundation for the subsequent land reform。At the same time，It also developed the original "Gannan Minning" deputy commander、Tibetan living Buddha ribbonhar Jinbajiacuo Gong Danzheng joined the Communist Party of China。Ya Yinzhang has a deep impression on the history of Longyou's work，Miss the unforgettable years and his young comrades，These emotions are reflected in the book "Longyou Underground Struggle" he later wrote。

　　峥: for nation, Tibetan studies, religionBusy research with atheism

After the founding of New China，Ya Chaoye Tour Gansu、Tibet、Inner Mongolia、Beijing and other places to work。He has gone through bumps，But always firm revolutionary beliefs，Work hard for the party。At the same time，Unremitting pursuit for the Chinese national research cause、Diligence brush plowing，In national theory、Tibetan learning、Research on Religion and Formity Research has made a lot of contributions。

　　First, promote new development of national issues.After the founding of New China，When working in Tibet，Always pay attention to the study of national issues。1954，A long -term national debate that lasted for the formation of the Han nation in the academic world，It has attracted the interest in the theoretical research of Marxist national problems in the chapter in the chapter，To solve the problem of national formation problems that did not figure out during the Yan'an period。1958，After he was assigned to the establishment of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the Chinese Academy of Sciences，Study on the problem of the formation of the nation。How many years have been used，I carefully read the works of Mainlis on national issues，Formed around the nation、In -depth research on issues such as national concepts and national definitions。1962，He published in the "Discussion on the Unified Problem of the Nation" in the "People's Daily" in "People's Daily", "About the Origin and Formation of the Nation" and other articles，It clearly explains the point of view of Marxism on the problem of national formation。After that，He has published "On Modern Nations", "On National Assimilation and Ethnic Fusion", etc.，Paying a lot of hard work for the research on the formation of the nation，Promoting the major discussion of national formation and national concepts，Has made great contributions to the development of national theoretical research。

1978，After getting a thorough rehabilitation，Dan chapter is transferred to the director of the Institute of Nationality Research of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，bet365 best casino games This has created conditions for the further development of his advocacy and promotion of national research。First，He edited the articles about the formation of the past into a book，Title of "Research on National Formation"，Published by Sichuan People's Publishing House in 1980。This is an integration of the research results of the ethnic problem in the more than 20 years of the tooth chapter，Work for the nation、Study on national issues provides an important theoretical basis，In -depth research in related fields。1983，Ya Chaoya published "On the National Relations of the Socialist Period" in "Chinese Social Sciences"，Basic principles of Marxism on class struggle and national issues，Further analysis and exploring the nature and content of national relations in the socialist period、The relationship between national problems and class problems，How to further develop socialist relations，Delievers to the national theory at that time、Promoting national theoretical research，It has important practical value and theoretical significance。Next，Promote participating in the National Ethnic Research Work Planning Conference held in Kunming in 1979，Discussion and formulation of national problems theory、National History、National Language、Five -year plan for discipline research and other discipline research work。During the meeting，The Chinese National Research Society (now the Federation of the Chinese National Research Group) and the Chinese National Theoretical Research Association (now the Chinese National Theoretical Society)，Yazhang Zhang served as vice chairman and chairman，Make a lot of contributions to the new situation of creating a new situation of national theory。Last，Actively cultivate talents for national theoretical research。The first time at the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Social Science，In 1983，Driven the work of recruiting postgraduates from ethnic theoreticals such as the Central University for Nationalities。

　2，"Dalai Lama Biography" becomes the iconic work of new Tibetan studies。Since my youth，Yazhang has formed an inexplicable relationship with Tibetan history and religion。During the Yan'an period，He has written a manuscript such as "Research on Tibetan Issues"。As described above，He also wrote more than 200,000 words of "Qinghai -Tibet Investigation"，This is the first monograph in the research of toothing Zhangzang Academy，Unfortunately, it will be destroyed by the fire in the future。

After the founding of New China，Ya Chaoyuan escort the 10th Panchen Panchen Tibet and work in Tibet，Burn his enthusiasm for Tibetan studies。​​1950，Yazhang is transferred to the Deputy Minister of the United Front Work Department of the Gansu Provincial Party Committee of the Communist Party of China。Soon，The central government appointed him as a representative of Panchen Xingyuan assistant，escort Banrene Return to Tibet。This appointment is related to the important strategic deployment of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China，Also proficient in Tibetan Tibetan、The experience of many living Buddhas in the past is related。escort team returned to Tibet，Leaving Xining on December 19, 1951，4 months on the vast snowy plateau，Itinerary for nearly 2000 kilometers。April 28, 1952，The team of the escort Banchen arrives at Lhasa safely，Afternoon that day，Fourteen World Dalai Lama and Tenth Panchen Live Buddha achieved meeting in the Potala Palace，Tibetan national unity has taken an important step。

At the end of December 1952，Yazhang successfully completes the task of escorting Panchen Tibet，Leaving Shigatse Zashlunbu Temple back to Lhasa，As the Secretary -General and Director of Policy Research Office of the Tibetan Working Committee of the Communist Party of China。Yazhang has worked in Tibet for nearly 6 years，Excellent investigation and research extensively，Collect information，I did a lot of work to write works such as "The Biography of the Dalai Lama" and "Bangshan Erdei Biography"。

1953 summer，Ya Chaoya completed the first draft of the Dalai Lama Biography，About 260,000 words，This is a systematic work that systematically understands Tibet's modern history and Tibetan Buddhism。The book uses a lot of facts to clarify the two major issues that need to be clarified in Tibet at that time: first, the relationship between the Dalai Lama and the Banchen Ernes of the Dalai Lama in the past; Relationship，strongly responded to the conspiracy of Western imperialist countries Bet365 lotto review attempting to "split China"。1956，The United Front Work Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China printed hundreds of books as "internal readings"，For the central and relevant departments for reference。1959，Premier Zhou Enlai instructed Hu Qiaomu to recommend it to the People's Publishing House for public publication，But it did not work due to a variety of reasons。1963，This book is published by the Sanlian Bookstore's data room and issued a number of internal issuance。1984，People's Publishing House publicly published "Dalai Lama Biography"，After translating it into Tibet、Mongolian、Ying、German and other languages，Published and distributed at home and abroad，Cause a great response。"Dalai Lama Biography" is worthy of full affirmation，In the selection of the first "Chinese Tibetan Study Research Mount Everest Award"，Get the first prize of the Chinese monograph class。

"Biography of Banchen Erne" is the sister's article of "Dalai Lama Biography"。Earlier，The writing of this book is also in the plan of the tooth chapter。The task of escorting Panchen's return to Tibet provides him with a good opportunity to investigate and study the Banchen World Department，I have accumulated a large number of materials on the Banzhan World and Tibetan history。1958，When the tooth is tuned from Tibet，More than 100,000 -character materials collected to write "Bangson Biography"，All leave it to the Policy Research Office of the Tibet Working Committee。Dan chapter although I left Tibet，But the writing of "Bangsan Erne" always lingers in his heart。1984 "Dalai Lama Biography" was officially published，The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China also instructed the tooth to complete the "Biography of Panchen Erdene" as soon as possible。For this，He wrote to the then comrade of the leaders of the Tibet Autonomous Region at the time of the Tibet Autonomous Region，Illustrated information that I stay in Tibet，At the same time, I read the Chinese handmade manuscript information of Tibetan scholars。July 1985，He completed the manuscript of "Bangsin Erdney Biography"，In 1987。It can be said，"Bangson Erney Biography" is also the crystallization of the hard work of the dental chapter for more than 30 years。

"The Biography of the Dalai Lama" and "Bangshei Erne Biography" discussed the history of more than 600 years in Tibet，It is the first time that Chinese scholars have used Marx's historical materialism and dialectical materialism methods to deeply study the monographs of the two living Buddha systems in Tibet and the history of Tibet。These two works have a specific academic status，It has important academic value and data value，Play an important enlightenment role in several generations of Tibetan scientific researchers and actual workers，Become the basic entry reading of Tibetan studies。

　　third，Study on the research of Marxist atheism and religious issues for propaganda and research。Religious issues and atheism are also the focus of dental chapters。1959 to 1966，Denta Charter wrote a number of articles on religious issues and atheism，Published in "Red Flag" magazine。where，"On the Policy of Religious Freedom"，It is an authoritative article for the first comprehensive explanation of the party's national and religious policy。This article and later published "About Religious Sungling Issues", etc.，All by the United States、Reproduction of the full text of Japanese magazines。Since then，Ya Hanzhang has published articles such as "Several Issues on Educational No Atheism" and "Education and" Ghost Opera "in newspapers，The origin of Marxism about the concept of divine theory and religion、The laws of development and demise explain，and combined with the actual situation of China，profoundly clarified the party's policy of freedom of religious belief。1964，These articles are compiled as a book "Intimines and Religious Issues"，Published by Shanghai People's Publishing House，Repecked in 1979。This is the first discussion on the use of Marxist views to study atheism and religious issues，I opened a precedent for propagating and studying Marxist atheism and religious issues。

In terms of atheism research, publicity and education，In 1978, under the active advocacy and participation of the tooth,，Establishment of the Chinese Faithful Society。Since then，When hosting academic conferences in the society，Yazhang Chapters submitted academic papers such as "The Relationship bet365 best casino games between the First Exploration of Chinese Influence" and "Confucius Doctrine and Chinese Infinement of the History of China" and other academic papers.，The horn of the study of the history of Chinese atheism in China。

1979，Ya Chaoya proposes the idea of ​​writing "History of Chinese Inficness"，It is also included in the key project of the "Sixth Five -Year Plan" of the National Philosophy and Social Sciences。Then，He hosted compilation，Mobilized more than 20 experts and scholars to start writing "History of China No Atheism"。The book is also included in the key project of the "July Five" planning of the national philosophy and social sciences，In 1986, the first draft of about 1.5 million words was completed in 1986，After careful revision。1989，Send 1 million words of manuscripts to China Social Science Press，However, he has been "the scientific research volunteer he wants to complete" for many years。1992，This huge book is officially published and distributed。Unfortunately，Yazhang did not see it during his lifetime。"Chinese History of False Theory" is the first large -scale monograph in China to explain the history of China's atheism development，Not only does it fill the blank of Chinese atheism research，It is a milestone for the establishment and development of the Familiar Discipline of China，And the study of atheist history of the world is also an important contribution。

Yazhang has been committed to promoting national unity and maintaining national unified cause，In national theory、Tibetan learning、Research fields such as religion and atheism all have important achievements，is one of the pioneers of the Chinese nation theory，Also Tibetan studies and religion、The main promoter of research -free research。As a revolutionary cadre、A member of a Communist Party，Loyalty to the party、Diligent work、Loyalty to the party、Perseverance Principles。Even if it was "knocked down" during the "Cultural Revolution"，The tooth chapter is not discouraged，Always upholding the spirit of revolutionary optimism。For example，During the supervision of Shijiazhuang's supervision of labor，He also wrote a memoir "Longyou Underground Struggle"。Such a variety，Danzhang's life values ​​of the dedication of society in the lifetime、Entrusted attitude and rigorous academic spirit，It has important inspiration for post -school。

Today，Reverse the ethnic theory of the tooth chapter、Religious and Tibetan research work trajectory and contribution，It is intended to motivate us to continue along the footprint of the predecessors，Inheritance and innovation development national theory、Research on Religion and Tibetan Studies，Promote the nation together、Prosperity of religious research，To promote national unity and progress、Casting the consciousness of the Chinese nation community、Realizing the contribution of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation。

　　(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Ethnicology and Anthropology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Chairman of the Chinese Korean National History Society)