Bet365 app download

The ideal state of national governance is "good governance"，To achieve "good governance" requires the decision makers to grasp the development status and internal laws of the political system。So，In the process of moving towards the second century -old struggle goal that has established a socialist modern power in an all -round way，The study of the academic community urgently need to strengthen the research on policy feedback effects in the process of public governance in China，Identify the long -term impact of policy on the political system。Policy feedback theory originated from historical institutionalism，Since the 1990s, it has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of international politics and public management。Unlike the influence of politics that the theory of the classic policy and process theory, the influence of policies，Policy feedback theory mainly focuses on the impact of policies on politics。This theory believes that once the policy is generated，It will shape the current political environment and then affect the future decision -making process。That is to say，Policy is not only the result of the interaction of various elements in the political system，It is an important force to shape the political system and the political environment，Therefore, we provide us with a new perspective of understanding the policy process。Current，Policy feedback research in China has important theoretical and practical significance，The academic circles should pay attention to their attention。

　　Pay attention to policy feedback effect

First，Pay attention to the cognition of policies for the people、The shaping role of attitude and behavior。First，Policies will shape the people's identity of their identity。For bet365 live casino games example，my country's long -term promotion of the household registration system reform、"Same Tickets and Power" Reform、"Medical Insurance in Different Land" and other policies to change the concept of changing people's inner urban and rural areas，It has an important role in improving the sense of recognition and happiness of the people。Next，Policy design will affect the political performance of the people，Then affect its public participation。Political performance includes external performance (that is, the public believes that the government's response to their needs) and internal performance (that is, the public's recognition of their public participation ability)。If the policy design is too complicated，So cumbersome administrative procedure will reduce the political performance of the people，This leads to a decrease in public participation。Last，The reform of the "decentralization service" promoted from top and down in recent years not only helps improve government governance capabilities，It is also good for promoting public participation of the people，Enhance the satisfaction of the government。Last，The distribution function of the policy will affect the public’s public participation。When the policy is distributed to different people when the policy is distributed to different people，They will be mobilized to support or oppose the policy。For example，Based on different design carbon tax policies and real estate tax policies often cause social controversy。and win the success of the public support for the success of the policy。Many times，A policy that can be economically feasible has been strongly resisted by the people。Take the PX project (that is, the vicrofitne project) promoted by Xiamen and Dalian as an example，Although it will bring huge economic benefits to the place，But they have to stop because of the strong opposition from the people。Visible，Discussing the bet365 Play online games effects of the long -term preferences of the policy is of great significance to the effective implementation of policies。

2，Pay attention to the generation of policy on social groups、The impact of development and demise。Classic policy and process theory Consid by，Policy is the product of organized social group interaction。But in fact，The policy itself is also promoting the formation of social groups、Key factor for development and dying。For example，Family planning policy is raised to the height of basic national policy，National Group Organization, which the purpose of advocating family planning -China Family Planning Association (hereinafter referred to as the "Chinese Family Planning Association")。In the decades since then，Strict implementation of family planning policy，The Chinese Family Planning Association has also continued to grow and grow，It becomes an important force to promote the implementation of the national policy of family planning。Usually，After a new policy is promulgated，Social groups are more likely to be mobilized to take corresponding action than ordinary people。So，After the change of major policy，Social groups will become extremely active。The "Nujiang Hydropower Station" in 2003 and the 2005 "Jinsha River Xidu Luotu Hydropower Station" construction project caused the "joint voice" of dozens of non -governmental environmental organizations nationwide，China's private environmental protection organization has gradually developed from the initial environmental protection promotional activity stage to carrying out social supervision、Participate in the mature stage of activities such as the formulation of national environmental protection policies。

third，Pay attention to the role of policy in the social field and the establishment of the policy agenda。The past policy will affect the understanding of decision makers and the public's understanding of current social issues，Is this problem worthy of public attention and bet365 best casino games government actions? Should it be included in the policy agenda?，Since the reform of housing marketization，House prices are too high、Social problems such as unreasonable industrial structure are increasingly prominent，Then increase the risk of economic and financial markets。In recent years，Decision -making layers and the people increasingly feel the severe problems of the accumulation of real estate marketization policies。December 2016，The Central Economic Work Conference is proposed，"The house is used for living，Not used to speculate "" To accurately grasp the living attributes of the housing "。After many years of policy exploration，The party and the government have since completed the scientific identification of the important social problem attributes of housing。After the adjustment of an important policy，The agenda of my country's housing policy has gradually shifted to gradually build multi -subject supply、Multi -channel guarantee、On the track of rent and purchase。

Fourth，Pay attention to the impact of policies on the form of governance of government agencies。Policy requirements in different periods stipulate the direction of government agency reform。Take the field of environmental protection policy as an example，From December 1989，The Eleventh Meeting of the Standing Committee of the 7th National People's Congress passed the "Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China"，The new revised environmental protection law is implemented by January 2015，After each major policy change is the corresponding institutional reform。Established the State Environmental Protection Administration from 1998，Establish the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China in 2008，Establish the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China in 2018，The continuous enhancement of environmental protection agencies is behind the country's emphasis Bet365 app download on environmental policy fields。In other policy areas，The feedback effect of policy on institutional changes is also very obvious。For example，To further strengthen intellectual property protection，Promote the construction of an intellectual property system，Several Opinions of the State Council on December 2015 "The State Council's Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of Intellectual Property Rights in the New Situation" was released;、Improve the public safety system，In December 2016, the "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Promoting the Reform of the Reform of Disaster Prevention and Mergence System Mechanism" was released;、Telling changes in various aspects of Chinese stories and other aspects，To a large extent, it has a significant impact on the reform of government agencies in 2018。If the State Intellectual Property Office is reorganized、Establish the Emergency Management Department of the People's Republic of China，and the establishment of the State Administration of Radio and Television of the People's Republic of China。Policy is an important force to promote changes in government agencies，It will deeply affect the internal management of government agencies，Including institutional ability、Organizational structure、Operation methods and organizational culture, etc.。

　　Research on Improvement Policy Feedback Effects

There are rich policy feedback effects in the national governance process of our country。Since reform and opening up，Especially since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Party，Various social reforms in the process of continuous deepening reforms，Rulous、Medical、Education、Policy practice in the fields of health，Play an important role in the development of my country's social and political ecology。The feedback effect of exploring the policy is not only conducive to the logic of the academic circles to grasp the public governance、Deepen the understanding of the rule Bet365 app download of China，It also helps to guide decision makers to consolidate social consensus，Formulate the "good strategy" that meets the needs of the maximum most people。

Public policy as a codes and action guidelines for the formulation of specific goals for the implementation of specific goals in specific periods，is the basic means to achieve national governance。From the State Council to local governments at all levels，They will introduce thousands of policies every year。Most of the focal points we are paying attention to in the past are concentrated in the formulation and implementation process of policy，Although the academic and practitioners in recent years have also called for strengthening the evaluation of existing policies，Evaluation of the effectiveness of policy implementation，But there are still few scholars' influence on the impact of existing policies on the real political environment and future decision -making processes from the perspective of politics and formation.。

In fact，Policy profoundly shaped the concept of each participating subject in the political subsystem、Attitude and behavior，and thus affect the future decision -making process。That is to say，Policy itself will affect the subject of governance，shaping the governance process。But，Policy leads to decision makers、The process of changing the political relationship between social groups and the people is still a "black box" that has not been fully revealed。So，The academic community urgently needs to strengthen the attention of policy feedback effects，Scholars should refine from rich Chinese public governance practice.，To help us better understand the regular characteristics of policy practice。

　(This article is the "Government Innovation and Sustainable Research on Government Innovation and Sustainable Government under the Perspective of the National Natural Science Foundation of China: Empirical Research for Local Government of Chinese Government" (72004220) phased results)

(Author Unit: School of Public Management, Renmin University of China、Capital Development and Strategic Research Institute)