Administrative Xuefu has a clear technical orientation as soon as it occurs，Main attention how to improve the treatment efficiency of administrative issues at the technical level。But because administrative behavior must involve the distribution of public value，With the continuous prominent role of the role of the administrative department in the national governance，The importance of administrative philosophy is also prominent。Philosophy as an administrative practice，Administrative philosophy is not "philosophy for philosophy"，and always dedicated to improving administrative practice，Improve people’s life with administrative practice。Under this overall goal，Administrative philosophy mainly formed the following three major research levels。

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It is always difficult for people to reach a consensus in the political field，Carrying out unanimous actions。To solve the inefficient governance of governance，Require administration to become a action system，Can quickly identify problems and take action，As a result, the technical construction of administrative administration。The administrative department is required to determine some problems that can be solved at the technical level of the political process.，and based on technical considerations to find and take effective countermeasures。From this perspective，Administrative itself is a governance technology for solving problems。

In this process，Administration follows a simplified logic，It clarifies administrative issues and find solutions by simplifying political complexity。Correspondingly，Administrative science is also mainly manifested as a science for finding simplified technology，Its function is to help the administrative department find a means to simplify administrative practice，bet365 live casino games So that the administrative department can simplify to build problems and take problems to solve problems。bet365 best casino games With the advancement of administrative science，The simplification ability of the administrative department is greatly improved，The tentacles of the administrative department have also been expanded to all aspects of national governance。

But，Simplified practice is not the same as reality。When a complex problem is simplified，On the one hand, it means that the simplified problems are solved; on the other hand, it also means that the simplified problem is solved，The original complex problem may still be suspended and unreasonable。So，I often see it in reality，The administrative department has already solved the problem that was scientifically defined very effectively，But the social relationship and social contradictions behind these problems have not changed substantially，The public can not have a sense of gain in the efforts of the administrative department。Long this time，The administrative department will be caught in the public's trust crisis。

The above phenomenon indicates，Administrative World is also a complex world，The results of the administrative department excessively rely on administrative science simplify the results of the problem，Often rejuvenation of complexity。In this case，The first level of the research of administrative philosophy is to explain the complexity of the administrative world to the public and the administrative department，Let all parties in administrative relations recognize，Not all the problems are solved。The imperfection of the world is a necessary condition for our better coexistence with the world，When this becomes a very extensive social consensus，The relationship between the administrative department and the public will become more harmonious，The administrative department can have the power to deal with those issues that are indeed technically solved。

The complexity of acknowledging the administrative world reflects the more comprehensive position of administrative philosophy，This is also bet365 best casino games the common trend of the development of contemporary knowledge。For example，In the field of medicine，This complex problem of health is often simplified into various diseases and risk factors，Science can maintain people’s health by looking for a proven or prevention plan for each disease。But scientific progress is while enhancing the ability to refine the risks of the medical department，It also clearly presents the interoperability between risks，Makes the response solution that determines the good harmless response plan for any kind of disease。In practice，This has also exacerbated the distrust between doctors and patients。So，Contemporary medicine increasingly emphasizes the common decision of doctors and patients，Let patients and professional institutions deal with complexity together。Of course，How to clarify the relationship between responsibility，It is a research task that needs to be undertaken by medical philosophy。Similarly，How to help the administrative department and the public assume the responsibility of responding to complexity，It is also the task of administrative philosophy。

　　Explore the meaning of administrative practice 

Modern administrative organizations are bureaucratic organizations，Administrative activities reflect the principles and spirit of bureaucracy。The bureaucratic system is the combination of two important social constituent elements of power and technology。The bureaucratic system is a technical power，or the bureaucratic system has completed the technicalization of power。On the one hand，It cuts off the personal attachment of the subject and the object through formal performanceism，On the other hand，It eliminates the value judgment of the executor by indicating the indicator of administrative instructions，This guarantees the executor focuses on improving execution efficiency。

In the operation of bureaucracy，The work of the main body of power is usually not manifested as the control of the object of power，bet365 live casino games Instead, it is manifested as formulating various task indicators，The reach of these indicators is a solution to the corresponding administrative issues; the work of power objects is not instructions to obey the subject of power，Instead, to complete a technical task indicator，Competition around completing efficiency。So，At the execution level，The bureaucratic system shows its effectiveness。Here，All task indicators are technical，instead of pointing to the clear moral purpose，The efficiency itself has become a kind of good。All the executors have proved their merits of the organization through efficient competition，Promotion of promotion in the bureaucratic level。

The bureaucratic competition drives the executor to continuously improve efficiency，But can not tell the meaning of the executor's behavior。Under the condition of lack of meaning，Executors cannot invest enough judgment，Unable to understand the connection between the execution activities and other events，can only be mechanically put into energy to effectively complete the energy indicators。Results，The bureaucracy shows a structural stupidity。For example，In recent decades，Strengthening accountability becomes a common trend for governments to strengthen internal management，The basic way to strengthen accountability is the loser in the efficiency of sanctions，But this often cannot improve the overall efficiency of the organization，Instead, the task that leads to the easier to complete the executioner，or start false competition。The generalization of this phenomenon has caused the disconnection of administrative practice and society，Administrative Department "Efficiency for Efficiency"，Administrative staff "Competition for competition"。

For this，The second level of the research of administrative philosophy is to explore the meaning of administrative practice，Help all parties in administrative relations turn the administrative process into a meaningful Bet365 app download interaction。Administrative philosophy is not the validity selected by discussing means only with given goals，Instead of guiding people to think about the position of each relevant party under a given goal，Listen to each other's ideas，Then seek debugging the goals and means，or at least more fully understand。Reached this，Related parties can not only trust each other，It can also be more active and energy，This is conducive to injecting more emotions and wisdom into administrative operations。In this sense，Exploration of administrative significance does not necessarily reduce administrative efficiency，Instead, it may catalyze the "chemical reaction" between related parties，to improve administrative efficiency。

　　Activate the relevant party's reflection consciousness 

As a technical practice，Modern administration has a strong decision on color。In the era of scientific management，People believe that a "best way" can be determined through science; in the new public management era，People believe that competition can screen "Best Practice" in all fields。In recent years，The development of science and technology has continuously strengthened the logic of administrative decision -making theory。For example，With the rise of benchmark management，Under the standardized measurement and comparison，Who is good at a glance，Want to improve efficiency，All other departments must be aligned with benchmarks，Let the benchmark determine your development direction; as the rise of evidence -based decision -making，In any administrative item，All the highest level of evidence that can be collected together，It will inevitably be able to give the best solution in the scientific sense，There is no need for other discussions to discuss。The result of this development is，The administrative department is more and more like a machine，Administrative staff are more and more like parts，The entire administrative system is promoted by the continuous optimized algorithm model。

bet365 best casino games With the advancement of administrative science，The administrative department has obtained more and more measurement tools。When administrative experts put the measured data measured in the measurement model，It can always find the correlation between certain indicators、Cause relationship，From this, you can refine the solution of different effects。The method of constructing and solving this problem is considered more objective、More scientific，Avoid the administrative departments trapped by the wrongdoing of the wrongdoing due to the cognitive deviation of the relevant parties，to ensure that the administrative system is continuously optimized。

Modern administration is fundamentally serving people's survival and development，and people's reflection on their own situation is an important prerequisite for realizing their own development。No reflection，No progress will be made。When administrative rejection of people's reflection，It becomes a purposeless behavior。So，Contemporary administration always seems to be able to surpass itself at the level of system optimization，But the survival situation of people has not been significantly improved due to it。For this，The third level of the research of administrative philosophy is to activate the reflection consciousness of the administrative party，Guide relevant parties to think about every administrative value、Reasonableness of target and behavior、Applicable conditions、Alternative selection and other questions。When reflection becomes normal，Administrative practice will also become a practice of reflection，Can reflect on the rationality of its actions from time to time。Here，Normal reflection of the relevant parties injects the purpose for administrative operations，It restricts the administrative system to serve the purpose of serving people's survival and development，instead of becoming a self -existence，Even over -drove above all relevant parties。

In such a technical era today，Administrative Philosophy Research has special importance。If the study can continue to make progress at the bet365 best casino games above three levels，It will help enhance the trust between the public and the administrative department，Establish a meaningful interaction between the public and the administrative department，The purpose of the administrative service of the administrative service at the same time。

　　(Author Unit: School of Government Management of Nanjing University)