Administrative phenomenology originated in Western countries from post -war reflection campaign，Use phenomenon theory and method，Proposal with practice、Action responds to the sectarian rule in the governance of Western countries、Democratic governance、Media politics and other major reality problems，A far -reaching impact on Western public administrative theory and practice。Start from the perspective of practice，It is the development process of reviewing Western administrative phenomenology，An important path to know its development trend。

The concept of "practice" in Chinese philosophy，often uses knowledge and action relationship as context，Indicates implementation、Meaning of Performance。Practical concepts in Western philosophy，There are multiple ways to express，Typical usage is three types，That is Aristotle's ethics and political practice、Science and technical practice of bacon、Marx's general practice (PRAXIS) based on the production of labor and social exchanges。Other practice/action philosophy (handlung/action)，All can be regarded as the above three practical paradigms。

bet365 live casino games Ancient Greek period，Aristotle divides people's activities into three types: theory、Practice、Production。The theory is contemplated，Explore general、inevitable、Eternal knowledge。Practice will use generally inevitable knowledge to be used for impermanence，Realize the improvement of ethics and politics。Production and processing things，Production items based on natural principles，Realization of the means of implementation。In ancient Greece，Human as a political animal，Treatment of urban -state affairs is the duty of citizens; slaves as speaking tools，Driven production task，Not the subject of practice。

Renaissance，With the development of science and technology，Bacon -based experimental method，Create inductive logic，Criticizing Aristotle's Three -Demonstration Logic，Combine the scientific factors in Aristotle theory with the technical factors in production，Science of practical philosophy -technical steering。After the rise of the bourgeoisie，Kant、Hegel Philosophy，Reflect that the bourgeoisie is both yearning for freedom and fear of revolution.，Restart the ethics of Aristotle's practical philosophy -political paradigm。Kant's Practice Criticism、The principle of philosophy of Hegelfa，Between the universal moral law (similar to the laws of nature) and the kind will of people bet365 Play online games (free will)、Make theoretical reconciliation between civic society (labor) and political countries，Establish idealist dialectics in logic。

After the victory of the bourgeois revolution，The opposition between capital and labor rises to the main contradiction of society。Marx dialectical materialism proposes "people are labor animals" and "people are the animals of society"，Gives the concept of practice with new connotation，Including production labor、Social communication、The overall practice including the political revolution。After the capitalism enters the monopoly stage，The bourgeoisie is competing for the market，Setting off war in the world，The significance and destruction power of science and technology are fully exposed。Hussels、Heidegger passes the phenomenon method，Social significance of reflecting on science and technology，Re -emphasizing the ethics of practice，The so -called practical wisdom，is to listen and follow the inner conscience。

After World War II，Western countries enter a wealthy society，Material products have exerted ideological instill function。Western countries transfer their domestic low -end industries to the majority of developing countries，Further relieve class contradictions，Lead the enthusiastic reduction of the working class revolution。In this background，Western Bet365 app download Marxism has abandoned the concept of Marx's production practice，Think that Marx's "outdated production method" is a "vulgar economics"。Facing Western diversified society、Consumer society、New difficulties of media politics，Western Marxism retains the concept of social communication in Marx，Drawing on the perspective of life of phenomenology，From ethics、Culture、Political level of life，Promote "lifestyle" change，Promote the cultural steering of the philosophy of Marxism in practice。

Looking at the development process of Western administrative phenomenology，Actual tradition is deeply affected by Aristotle、Bacon、Western Marxist influence，Strict philosophical baptism through phenomenon，Promote public administrative theory and practice，also caught yourself into a new theory and reality dilemma。

Science of Western Administrative Phenomenology -Cultural Practice Tradition。Affected by the intention of phenomenology，Western administrative phenomenology Criticize modern administrative science to imitate the way of thinking of modern natural science -objective neutral、In line with formal logic，I believe that public administration has subjective attributes，Carrying value judgment，Relying on Dialectic Logic，The way of thinking about phenomenon，That is, facing the matter bet365 best casino games itself，Perform strict descriptions，Drawing on the natural scientific paradigm of the contemporary era (for example，Relators、Quantum mechanics)，Promoting administrative paradigm conversion。At the level of language symbol，Western administrative phenomenology deeply reveals Western administrative discourse、Power behind the symbol system、interests and ideological operation mechanisms。but，It faces capitalist political and economic rule and media political structure，It is difficult to change reality，More essential imagination of phenomenon，Utopia that builds a public administration in consciousness，Finally caught in a subjective dilemma。

Ethics of Western Administrative Phenomenology — Political Practice Tradition。Affected by the subjective concept of phenomenology，Western administrative phenomenology advocates facing self -consciousness，Through self -reflection，Listen to self -conscience，Enhance moral judgment ability，Then pursue the priority discussion ethics between the subjects，Reconstruction of ethical consensus through dialogue，Improve the effectiveness of governance。but，Western administrative phenomenology often overestimates the moral practical ability of ordinary people，Underground and unreasonable institutional system The shape of the desire of people，Therefore, show self -debate，Try to convince others，Too much relying on the idealism bet365 Play online games of the dialectics of Hegel，Easy to fall into the state of relativeism of governance failure。

Society of Western Administrative Phenomenology — Traditional Tradition of Commission。Affected by the world concept of phenomenology，Western administrative phenomenon is due to the remote democracy of modern administrative management、Elite rule、Dissatisfaction with expert knowledge，Setting public administration in citizen participation、Community governance、On the basis of Lun Chang Life，Intention to realize the real people and social autonomy ideals。This kind of Western life politics and community politics，Try to retrieve through remote democracy in daily life and around the world、The precious ideal of the loss of high -level democracy，"It is essentially an idealistic hometown disease"。It is due to the way to communicate from production labor，Make social autonomy relatively lack of citizen participation，"New Tribeism" that people occasionally aggregate in daily life，It is also difficult to improve social communication adhesion。

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