Ancient Chinese family studies formed in the East Han，Only in the late Qing Dynasty did not decline。Start from the Tang and Song dynasties for inspection，Considering that the inheritance of the family learning is more mature during this period，Coinciding with the integration of North and South culture and the rise of the imperial examination system，The characteristics and functions of family learning are highlighted，You can see the "World → Scholars → Doctor" is an evolution process，"Family Studies -Imperial Examination -Scholars" is an interactive relationship; this process and relationship with the theoretical inspection of the social class flow，Can avoid the deviation of the problem of conceptual understanding，To accurately understand the specific situation of the inheritance of family inheritance in the Tang and Song dynasties and the real process of fusion of scholars。

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In ancient my country，General families leave it to the descendants of the descendants，This is used to spread the blood margin and portal。The bureaucratic aristocracy must also use the position of their power through the system and non -system ways，Try to let the descendants go along as possible。To the upper class family，Inheriting Tianzhai、At the same time of power，Also consider the extension of the ancestral knowledge，is the inheritance of family learning。The Han Dynasty has become popular.，Not as good as one "。The imperial examination system has made the ideal of "learning and excellence" has been implemented institutionalized。There are many praises in the epitaphs of the Tang and Song dynasties in the Tang and Song dynasties。The world advocates family studies，Those who have family studies pay more attention to inheritance。bet365 best casino games Scholars can bring official positions、Wealth and status，So home learning is also a family property，Try to combine the disciples and the apprentices when it is taught，Inheritance within the family family。The inheritance methods of family learning are mainly three: one is the father and brother and children，This is the most common way，No need to say more。The second is the good mother -in -law，The standard of ancient wives and mothers is the husband of the husband，Especially the Church，The mother in the family of taxis is not just a child and a child，There is also the responsibility of teaching children to study (although most of the children's homework)，The choice of marriage between the door is considered in this regard，European mother painting、The allusions of Chen's mother -in -law and mother -in -law tingling appeared in the Song Dynasty. It was not accidental。Third is a family learning inheritance method based on the collection of books，Books and do learning、Accumulation of learning is integrated，Leave home collection of books to descendants，Also inherited the knowledge of the family biography。

The specific situation of the family learning inheritance，It can be inspected from two aspects: region and disciplines。Based on the era of North -South cultural integration that occurred in the south and south of the Tang Dynasty and the economic center of gravity，Sort out the family learning inheritance of the north -south learning family，It can be initially summarized by the regional characteristics of monks inheritance: the number of "academic families" or "academic family" in the north is small、Large scale，Even when Jinshi literature became popular in the early days of the Sui Dynasty, the science of the classics was always dominated; the number of "cultural families" or "cultural family" in the south、Small scale，The history of science and literature，The literary family has the most (there are many knowledge families in the Sichuan Shu area specializing in science and history)。The learning bet365 live casino games family in the north has a long history，Mainly the old scholars in the gatekeepers since the Han and Wei Dynasties，Family studies have long been formed and have been inherited in an orderly manner; the south is mainly a scholar family who entered the imperial examinations developed during the Tang and Song dynasties (in detail)，To prevent the decline in order to prevent "not"，Very attached importance to the cultivation of children，At the same time, it is started to pay attention to the problem of inheritance。

Based on the background of the rise of the imperial examination system in the Tang and Song dynasties，Examine the family biography process of various disciplines (science) can be seen，Scripture is the "serious" learning of the clan class，Reading as an official is mainly to read the "Jing" as an official，Most of the scientists have family biography，It is also suitable for family biography; literature is the personalized creation of "talent"，Most of them have no family biography，It is also difficult to pass; history is a specialized science attached to the science，Father and son brothers are more common in writing and writing; skills (medicine、Cou -school、Law learning、Agriculture、Calligraphy and Painting) Although it is also inclined to biography，Because special intelligence is needed，In addition, it has always belonged to the edge discipline under the imperial examination system，Sometimes lack of people。Except for the Employment Examination of Imperial Exams from the Sui Dynasty to the Early Tang Dynasty，Later, I have always been based on classics，The most smooth home biography of Jingshu。In addition to the impact of the content of the imperial examination，The inheritance of each discipline (science) is also restricted by quality inheritance，This should also be an important perspective of the inheritance of the inspection family。

　Family learning inheritance in the integration of scholars

The most enlightened problem of the fusion of the inspection is the Bet365 app download theory of social stratification and flow in sociology。Social classes mentioned in Sociology refer to wealth、Culture、Power and reputation, such as "status group" formed by people with similar positions, etc.，Scholars and Xun people belong to this class，They have wealth、Differences in power and marriage，More main is the difference between the spiritual level of culture (family science) and the reputation (door wind)。The taxis in the strict sense are just part of the "family"，They are not just wealth and privileges，It is also a culture and spiritual nobleman。These old scholars who came from the Han and Wei dynasties，Most of them have the same three -stage evolutionary path from rich to expensive to intelligent and then intelligent: usually ancestors' hard work，Become a nation with political and economic privileges;，Transforming into a taxi，Children have also inherited the culture of family learning，Optimized genetic quality; after the rise of the imperial examination system，And with these advantages, pass the imperial examinations and ranks among the officialdom，Continue to keep or even win a higher social status。

Although many real examples reflect the name of civilians and even poor children who pass the imperial examinations，Family family also changed the situation because of it，But this is an extreme case that is recorded because of scarcity。The habit of hunting habits based on the same "common things"，The example of the rich children often talked about by the ancients is also real，but also a minority，It is just referred to for the role of a warning，does not have universal significance。The fusion of scholars under the imperial examination system during the Tang and Song dynasties is a complex historical process，Can't simplify a few inspirational or warning stories。The learning required for the imperial examinations was "niche" culture at that time at the time，Not a popular mass culture。Participating in scientific examinations, especially in the exam, mainly the most cultural quality, bet365 Play online games a small number of people，This determines that the imperial examination test is still a matter of upper society，Shi children with traditional family learning advantages and excellent genetic qualities have always been the main force in the examination room。

From the original intention of the system design，The imperial examination system provides the opportunity to flow upward，Neither deliberately suppressed the clan，Do not deliberately take care of the Qi nationality，Instead, we must widely absorb talents at all levels，"Heroes of the World" into the Royal "彀 彀"，Play for the court together。In other words，It is a new screening of the original elite class with a cultural test，eliminate the already behind -lapse molecules，A sucking the newly emerged elite in，Together with a new elite class。The historical operation process of the Tang and Song dynasties was: The most smooth career under the imperial examination system is not the new "talent" literature，It is still a scholarly child passed on by the scriptures;，but differentiation -some decline，Some rely on the family learning advantages and genetic quality of generations，Continue to take the career through the imperial examination system，and fusion with the elite in the Lu people，Forms a new scholar -istic class。

This new type of filtering is not completed at one time，Is a continuous process。The name of the imperial examination cannot be hereditary，The new scholar -istic class formed in the imperial examination test, regardless of the scholar or the Xunbi，Their children may be eliminated at any time because of "not"。So，Cultivating more children's scientific examinations have become the only way to keep the door.，They also pay more attention to the inheritance of family learning。

　　Traditional Family Studies Paid ValueThe influence of career orientation

Traditional family learning and inheritance methods only exist in ancient my country，Taking home learning as a home property、Inheritance along the blood relationship is "small production" method，is the product of the bet365 live casino games economy of a small farmer。The West School of the West School in the late Qing Dynasty is getting stronger，The content of "learning" quickly expands and re -arrange the combination，Unreasonable Disciplines are not suitable for a family member to study and teach，The research and treatment of the history of science has gradually become scientific，Concentrated research and teaching at all levels of schools at all levels; coupled with the comprehensive socialization of people's production and life，Traditional family studies have been incomparable，The inheritance of the family learning is also out of date。

After disappearing the family learning inheritance method，Family learning is not as prosperous as before，But did not completely withdraw from the historical stage，Traditional learning families still exist，Especially the concepts advocated by family learning have always existed，Affects people's value concept and career orientation。In the early years of the Republic of China, Liu Yusheng divided the scholars since the late Qing Dynasty into three categories，"Shuang Shuxiang Family，Rise，Vulgarology，Different Tongmengjiao method，Different from adults。... taught by the family，Children's admission，Literacy starts with "Said"，Long and read as a text，Not in eight -strand trial post，Those who are abundant are mostly learned from history，Children's Xi，Long and Broadcom，The so -called not seeking life in high heads。Rise is learning without a source，Scholars study at the time of time "。His most important thing to pay attention to the Xiangshi Family，The new "rise" literati who does not have the foundation of the family，"Vulgarology" of practical technology categories，Those who advocate the origin of family learning should engage in traditional learning such as classics，Do not learn practical science and engineering subjects with waves。These claims of Liu Yusheng represent the orthodox concept of that era，It Bet365 app download is the continuation of the traditional family learning and advocating concepts。

　　(The author is the person in charge of the National Social Science Foundation "Research on the Research on the Inheritance of Home Study in the Tang and Song Dynasties"、Professor of Hebei Normal University)